西北地区生物多样性特点及其研究思路

在探讨西北地区生物多样性特点的基础上,院述了西北地区生物多样保护研究的现状,分析了生物多样性面临的危机。在此基础上,提出了西北地区生物多样性研究的方向和具体思路：１．编目和监测系统研究;２．稀有濒危动植物的保护生物学研究;３．迁地保护和人工繁育,扩大人工种群的研究;４．生物多样性恢复的研究;５．生物多样性持续利用研究。     

棕榈藤育种研究进展

对国内外棕榈藤的资源保护、遗传多样性以及繁殖技术等方面的研究进行了概述 ,提出了棕榈藤研究所面临的问题 ,并借鉴其它植物育种现状提出育种策略     

分子生物学方法在微生物多样性研究中的应用

微生物多样性是生物多样性的重要组成部分。由于微生物和大生物（动、植物）相比,存在着多种显著差异,因此其多样性,保护及利用也有所不同,尤其是研究方法亟待完善,提高。近年来,分子生物学方法广泛用于微生物多样性的研究并取得了一系列研究成果。本文从四个方面加以介绍：１）微生物总ＤＮＡ制备及其遗传多样性检测方法;２）１６ＳｒＲＮＡ基因序列研究;３）核酸杂交分析技术;４）ＤＮＡ动力学的研究。今后的发展趋势是加     

中国棕榈藤资源及其分布特征研究

棕榈藤是一种重要的非木材林产品,在全球生物多样性保护和经济发展方面起着重要的作用。通过查阅相关文献、野外调查和标本鉴定,对中国棕榈藤植物的种类组成、地理分布类型及特点进行了研究。结果表明:(1)中国分布有较丰富的棕榈藤植物资源,共计3属40种(含变种),在云南、海南、广西等12个省区均有分布,其生长习性以攀援型为主。(2)中国棕榈藤植物表现出明显的水平和垂直地带性分布规律;水平地域性分布明显,形成了西南(云南西双版纳)和东南(海南省)两大分布中心,而其他区域分布的种类相对较少;海拔1000m以下地区分布的种类较多,有一定数量的广布种。(3)中国棕榈藤植物可划分为10个分布区类型,其中,以热带亚洲(印度-马来西亚)分布型的种类为主,特有种也占有一定比例;种类的分布与中南半岛、南亚棕榈藤植物区系有密切的联系。     

嵊泗列岛潮间带群落生态学研究Ⅰ．岩相潮间带底栖生物群落组成及季节变化

对嵊泗列岛岩相潮间带底栖生物群落的研究表明,受盐度及海岸开敞度影响,该列岛岩相潮间带生活着低盐性、广盐性及高盐性３种类型群落．多毛类数量,从西部到东部呈逐渐增加的趋势,软体动物密度和生物量顺序分别为ＳＳ４＞ＨＬ３＞ＳＪ２＞ＤＹ１和ＤＹ１＞ＳＪ２＞ＨＬ３＞ＳＳ４;甲壳动物分别为ＤＹ１＞ＳＪ２＞ＨＬ３＞ＳＳ４和ＳＳ４＞ＨＬ３＞ＳＪ２＞ＤＹ１;藻类生物量顺序为ＨＬ３＞ＳＳ４＞ＳＪ２＞ＤＹ１．垂直分布上,多毛类数量,断面ＤＹ１及ＳＪ２为中湖区＞低潮区＞高潮区,断面ＨＬ３及ＳＳ４为低潮区＞中潮区＞高潮区;软体动物、甲壳动物和藻类生物量顺序均为中潮区＞低潮区＞高潮区．藻类生物量一般以春秋季最高,夏季较低;底栖动物生物量,ＤＹ１以夏秋季生物量较大,冬季最小,ＳＪ２、ＨＬ３分别以春秋生物量最大,ＳＪ２以冬季最小,ＨＬ３以春季最小．     

黑山晋枣芽培养及值株再生研究

以珍稀、优质黑山晋枣液芽为外植体建立了原种无性繁殖系。继代繁殖培养基（ｍｇ／Ｌ）：ＭＳ＋ＢＡ０．１＋ＩＡＡ０．１和ＭＳ＋ＢＡ０．１＋ＩＢＡ０．５,培养３０ｄ平均苗高３．０－３．３ｃｍ,芽繁殖系数３．３－３．５;生根培养基为ＭＳ＋ＩＡＡ０．１＋ＩＢＡ０．２及ＭＳ＋ＩＡＡ０．２＋ＩＢＡ０．２两种,生根率８３．３％,培养４０ｄ平均具根苗高达４．９９ｃｍ,一次成苗,简化程序,缩短成苗期。移载成活率８３．０     

永瓣藤的营养繁殖

对中国稀有濒危植物永瓣藤（ＭｏｎｉｍｏｐｅｔａｌｕｍｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅＲｅｈｄ．）的自然营养繁殖特性进行了调查,并进行了迁地保存及人工营养繁殖试验,结果表明：（１）永瓣藤在自然生境中主要靠营养繁殖来维持种群生存,但受其生境郁闭度的影响,繁殖率较低。（２）人工扦插繁殖是永瓣藤生物多样性迁地保存的有效方法。（３）生根剂处理能提高扦插繁殖率,尤以ＡＢＴ１的效果最佳。（４）压条繁殖是一种培育大苗的可靠方法,但有一定的局限性。     

芋的组织培养

１植物名称芋（Ｃｏｌｏｃａｓｉａｅｓｃｕｌｅｎｔａ）品种江汉芋（多子芋类型）。２材料类别茎尖及微芽。３培养条件分化培养基：（１）ＭＳ＋６－ＢＡ３．０～５．０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１（单位下同）＋ＮＡＡ０．５;（２）ＭＳ＋６．ＢＡ１．０～２．０＋ＮＡＡ０．５。诱导生根培养基：（３）ＭＳ＋６－ＢＡ１．０～２．０＋ＮＡＡ０．１。培养基（１）、（２）中另加蔗糖３０ｇ·Ｌ－１,培养基（３）中加蔗糖１０ｇ·Ｌ１,琼脂６～７ｇ·Ｌ－１,ｐＨ５．８～６．０,１２１℃高温高压灭菌１５ｍｉｎ左右。光照度１５５～２０００ｌｘ,光…     

冬瓜的组织培养及快速繁殖

１植物名称台湾冬瓜（Ｂｅｎｉｎｃａｓａｈｉｓｐｉｄａ）。２材料类别顶芽、带腋芽的茎段。３培养条件（１）预培养的培养基：１／２ＭＳ和１／２ＭＳ分别添加０．１、０．５、１．０ｍｐ·Ｌ~（－１）（单位下同）ＮＡＡ、６－ＢＡ、ＺＴ、２,４－Ｄ。（２）诱导丛生芽培养基：①ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡＩ＋６－ＢＡ４;②ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡ２＋６－ＢＡ３;③ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡ３＋６－ＢＡ２;④ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡ４＋６．ＢＡ１。（３）生根培养基：⑤１／２大量元素减半的ＭＳ培养基;⑥１／２ＭＳ;⑦ＭＳ。培养温度：２５～２８℃,光照度２０００～２５０…     

海南岛土地资源人口承载力研究

以土地资源综合体为研究对象,在生产力类型模糊区划的基础上,从土地资源物质能量投入与转化入手,采用科学方法计算了海南岛的土地生产潜力、食物结构和人口承载量．结果表明,海南岛５类土地资源的平均生物生产潜力为５．２５×１０４ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２,折合标准粮为２．３６×１０４ｋｍ·ｈｍ－２;低中高３种食物结构方案的人口承载量分别为１．９５７３、１．５４８１和１．２９５７×１０７人口,供养人口为５２．５、４２．０和３４．５人·ｈｍ－２．目前人口占各方案可供养人口的比例已分别达到３４．２％、４３．３％和５１．８％,按当前人口增长速度计算到２０１０年这个比例将达到４４．５％、５７．５％和６８．７％．     

Rattan,rubber, or oil palm: cultural and financial considerations for farmers in kalimantan

Forest-based farmers are faced with rapidly changing economic opportunities due to many factors. In response, farmers are changing their main economic activities and land uses. This study compares the financial costs and benefits of the principal land use options in two sub-districts of East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Financial benefits of oil palm plantation, traditional rattan gardens, intensive rubber plantation, and traditional rubber plantation are compared on a land unit basis. Oil palm is by far the most profitable, followed by rattan gardens. Rubber production, at current prices, is not profitable. Benefit-cost ratios and returns to labor, which better reflect the farmer perspective, reveal that rattan is more attractive, with oil palm in a strong second place. Non-financial considerations also help to explain the resilience of the rattan garden system. The conclusions summarize the findings and offer options to counter the strong negative impact of recent events on the rattan farmers.     

Feeding strategies to increase small ruminant production in dry environments

In the low-rainfall areas of much of Africa and Asia, small ruminants represent the principal economic output, contributing a large share of the income of farmers. Animal numbers have increased over the last two decades, driven by a rising demand for animal products and subsidized feed price (e.g. barley, maize). Side effects of this and changing climatic patterns are increasing desertification, resulting in a decline in rangeland resources, which are often insufficient to meet current demand, coupled with a fall in total feed resources due to overgrazing, ploughing of marginal land and soil erosion. Consequently, goats and sheep are facing serious nutrient shortages. These animals often depend on low quality crop residues (e.g. straws, stubbles) and expensive feed supplements. Technical solutions to some of these problems are available, for example the advantageous use of fodder trees, shrubs and cactus has been demonstrated. Conservation through ensiling and the use of feed blocks (FB) gives greater efficiency of use of a wide range of agro-industrial by-products (AGIBPs). But their adoption has been slow, often because of lack of knowledge of the farmers’ problems and expectations. Adaptive research of technologies and management practices are needed, to provide the policy and institutional support for wider adoption of improved production and resource management practices. Some research–development projects based on the farmer participatory approach have resulted in improved crop and livestock technologies being introduced. On-farm surveys and in-depth economic analyses have shown that these pioneer projects have contributed significantly to the welfare of farmers in dry areas. The lesson learned from these projects is that “by working hand-in-hand with rural communities, agricultural researchers and extension specialists, it should be possible to refine and promote technologies and policies that might help ensure sustainable livelihoods and enhance the productive capacity of drylands everywhere”. Success stories of technology transfer projects include the Mashreq and Maghreb project (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas [ICARDA]-coordinated project).     

The rattan trade of Northern Myanmar: Species, supplies, and sustainability

Although Myanmar exports millions of dollars of rattan cane each year, the last systematic treatment of rattans in this country was done over 100 years ago, and virtually nothing has been written about the collection and trade of this important forest resource. Here we report the results from a study of rattans in the Hukaung Valley Tiger Reserve in northern Myanmar. A total of 15 species of rattan were encountered; seven species are new records for Myanmar and two species are new to science. Inventory transects revealed that the density of commercial rattans in local forests averages 40.5 canes ≽4m long/hectare. Populations of all species appear to be actively regenerating. The current pattern of rattan exploitation, however, is largely uncontrolled and will eventually lead to resource depletion unless some form of management is implemented.     

Ecological benefits assessment: A policy‐oriented alternative to regional ecological risk assessment

As the focus of many environmental and resource management decisions shifts to larger ecological units such as watersheds and ecoregions, the respective roles of ecological risk and ecological benefits must be reassessed. At larger ecological scales, risk becomes much more difficult to characterize because of the focus on the system rather than individual species. However, quantifying the monetary value of many ecological benefits is also difficult because no direct measures of their value exist, and the indirect techniques used by economists are not fully accepted in some policy‐making settings. This dilemma may be resolved by considering ecological resource/service flows, which are ecological benefits in physical rather than monetary units. By assessing the whole range of resource/service flows and the changes to each that would result from different management/control alternatives, scientists would be able to provide policy‐makers a much better basis for their decisions, and the resulting assessment would characterize changes in ecological features that are more familiar to both policy‐makers and the public.     

Using the choice experiment method in the design of breeding goals in dairy sheep

Market failures are the main cause of poor acknowledgement of the true impact of functional sheep traits on the management and economic performance of farms, which results in their omission from the breeding goal or the estimation of non-representative economic weights in the breeding goal. Consequently, stated-preference non-market valuation techniques, which recently emerged to mitigate these problems, are necessary to estimate economic weights for functional traits. The purpose of this paper is to present an example of the use of a choice experiment (CE) in the estimation of economic weights for sheep traits for the design of breeding goals. Through a questionnaire survey the preferences of sheep farmers are recorded and their marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) for 10 production and functional traits is estimated. Data are analysed using random parameter logit models. The results reveal unobserved preference heterogeneity for fertility, adaptability to grazing and resistance to disease, thus highlighting that these traits are appreciated differently by farmers, because their needs are diverse. Positive MWTP is found for Greek breeds, high milk production and lambs with low fat deposition, for which there is high demand in Greek markets. On the other hand, MWTP for the cheese-making ability of milk is negative, stemming from the fact that sheep milk prices in Greece are not formulated according to milk composition. In addition, farmers seem to understand differences between udder shapes and attribute different values to various types. This application of the CE method indicates that communication channels among farmers and breeders should be established in order to enhance market performance and to provide orientation to the design of breeding programmes. Non-market valuation can be used complementarily to market valuation techniques, in order to provide accurate estimates for production and functional traits.     

生态系统综合评价的内容与方法

生态系统综合评价是系统分析生态系统的生产及服务能力,对生态系统进行健康诊断,做出综合的生态分析和经济分析,评价其当前状态,并预测生态系统今后的发展趋势,为生态系统管理提供科学依据。从总体上讲,综合评价更强调生态系统一系列产品与服务功能之间的权衡,具有很强的实践意义。许多学者对不同的生态系统服务功能进行了经济价值评估,但缺乏对生态系统的产品、服务、健康与管理之间关系的进一步探讨。对生态系统服务功能评价、健康评价的生态管理与预测进行了系统论述,目的是提出生态系统综合评价的框架,指导生态系统评价行动及生态系统管理。     

Small-scale utilization of rattan by a Semai Community in West Malaysia

The role rattan plays in the life of a small Semai community in West Malaysia is discussed. Of the 24 rattan species occurring in the study area, four are frequently used for binding, housebuilding, basketry, fish traps and snares, and other artifacts. These are briefly described and some illustrated. Some species are used for food, medicinal, and ritual purposes. The Semai have a profound knowledge of nature and have a good concept of rattan systematics that comes very close to scientific classification. Demand for rattan for commercial use threatens the rattan populations and has led to heavy depletion of some of the most useful species.     

Environmental Impacts and Scarcity Perception Influence Local Institutions in Indigenous Amazonian Kichwa Communities

Much of the literature on common-pool resources has focused on elucidating the social mechanisms and local institutions that lead to the regulation of common-pool resources. There is much less information about how management regimes translate into environmental impacts or how environmental impacts influence the emergence of management decisions. We use quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate the link between forest condition, agricultural change and the emergence of common-pool resource management regimes in two indigenous Kichwa communities in the Ecuadorian Amazon. We show that forest condition is linked to agricultural production and that the perception of common-pool resource scarcity influences the emergence of management regimes. We argue that population pressure, market forces and resource scarcity, which are usually associated with measures of agricultural change can also promote the emergence of common-pool resource management regimes.     

石漠化治理过程中农民参与意识与响应——以广西壮族自治区河池地区为例

基层农民在石漠化治理中有着不容忽视的作用,但对其态度及参与意愿的了解相对较少。基于参与性调查方法,按不同石漠化程度,对广西河池地区环江县、都安县、大化县33个屯154户居民石漠化治理过程中参与意识与响应进行了调查。结果表明,了解石漠化的农民所占比例较小,且随石漠化程度的增加反而减少。影响农民石漠化治理参与意识的主要因素是农民的文化程度和年龄,但生态示范区内农民参与意识要远好于非示范区。生态农业模式能被多数农民所接受,但因存在成本、农产品销路、技术等问题而实施难度大。政府支持的经济发展模式往往具有经济生态双重效益,但实施过程复杂;农民自发形成的发展模式通常具有收益高及操作简单等特点,但规模往往较小,且受市场影响较大。因此,石漠化治理过程中,一方面需要加强对重度石漠化地区农民的宣传教育,同时充分发挥生态示范区的作用,增加示范区的辐射范围;另一方面,在支持已有发展模式的同时,应重点支持种桑养蚕、手工品加工等农民自发形成的发展模式,并开拓农产品市场。总之,在石漠化治理过程中,政府加大支持力度,科研单位提供技术指导,农民群众积极配合,形成政府-科研单位-基层农民共同参与的石漠化治理模式。