Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins in phenol-ethanediol-water (3:2:3, w-v-v) buffers at various pH values

Proteins were shown to migrate in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in buffered phenol-ethanediol-water (3:2:3, w/v/v) solvent mixtures. Under our conditions the mobility of the proteins investigated was dependent both on charge and size. An analytical method for the separation and identification of proteins is presented based on these observations.     

Characterization of the rat liver membrane proteome using peptide immobilized pH gradient isoelectric focusing

Membrane proteins are of particular interest in proteomics because of their potential therapeutic utility. Past proteomic approaches used to investigate membrane proteins have only been partially successful at providing a comprehensive analysis due to the inherently hydrophobic nature and low abundance for some of these proteins. Recently, these difficulties have been improved by analyzing membrane protein enriched samples using shotgun proteomics. In addition, the recent application of methanol-assisted trypsin digestion of membrane proteins has been shown to be a method to improve membrane protein identifications. In this study, a comparison of different concentrations of methanol was assessed for assisting membrane protein digestion with trypsin prior to analysis using a gel-based shotgun proteomics approach called peptide immobilized pH gradient isoelectric focusing (IPG-IEF). We demonstrate the use of peptide IEF on pH 3-10 IPG strips as the first dimension of two-dimensional shotgun proteomics for protein identifications from the membrane fraction of rat liver. Tryptic digestion of proteins was carried out in varying concentrations of methanol in 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate: 0% (v/v), 40% (v/v), and 60% (v/v). A total of 800 proteins were identified from 60% (v/v) methanol, which increased the protein identifications by 17% and 14% compared to 0% (v/v) methanol and 40% (v/v) methanol assisted digestion, respectively. In total, 1549 nonredundant proteins were identified from all three concentrations of methanol including 690 (42%) integral membrane proteins of which 626 of these proteins contained at least one transmembrane domain. Peptide IPG-IEF separation of peptides was successful as the peptides were separated into discrete pI regions with high resolution. The results from this study prove utility of 60% (v/v) methanol assisted digestion in conjunction with peptide IPG-IEF as an optimal shotgun proteomics technique for the separation and identification of previously unreported membrane proteins.     

Steroid-receptor quantitation and characterization by electrophoresis in highly cross-linked polyacrylamide gels.

Conditions for discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis have been defined in which progesterone receptors of chick oviduct cytosol and a variety of steroid-binding proteins from other sources are stable and amenable to quantitative analysis. The essential modifications from standard procedures include the use of (1) separation gels in which the cross-linking agent/acrylamide monomer = 15:85, (2) glycerol (10% v/v) in all phases of the Trisglycine-HCl buffer system (pH 10.2 in the separation phase during electrophoresis at 0 degrees), and (3) a layer of a charged reducing agent, thioglycolate, beneath the sample layer. Electrophoresis of untreated oviduct cytosol labeled with [3H]progesterone +/- competing steroids revealed a heterodisperse slow peak and a sharp fast peak. Both peaks displayed the steroid-binding specificity and saturability that are characteristic of intracellular receptors. Recovery of steroid from both the slow and fast components increased linearly with sample load up to 60 mul of cytosol (1.2 mg of protein)/gel (6 mm diameter). The specific progesterone binding detected by this technique was comparable to that detected by charcoal-dextran treatment or ion exchange filtration. Relative electrophoretic mobilities (Rf) of globular protein standards and steroid-protein complexes in cytosol and chick serum were measured in separation gels with total gel concentrations (T) systematically varied from 5 to 15% (w/v). Data were processed by computer programs to obtain weighted linear regressions of log Rf on T (Ferguson plots) and the joint 95% confidence limits of the slopes (-KR) and intercepts of these plots. Molecular radii (R) of the binding components and apparent molecular weights (M) were calculated from the linear correlation of R with KR 1/2 for the standards. The value of M is approximately 158,000 obtained for the cytosol fast component was independent of the length of the separation gel, the presence of a stacking gel or prior exposure of the cytosol to KCl. It was higher than expected from the sedimentation coefficient of 4.2 S in the same pH 10.2 buffer. Electrophoresis in 170-mm separation gels without stacking gels revealed that KCl extracts of protamine-precipitated cytosol contain a different receptor form, of lower net negative charge than the cytosol fast form. The results demonstrate the utility of electrophoresis in highly cross-linked gels of several concentrations to discriminate between various receptor forms and steroid-binding components of serum. This method may lead to overestimates of M for highly asymmetric receptor forms.     

A new method for the preparation of band 3, the main integral protein of the human erythrocyte membrane

Band-3 protein from human erythrocyte membranes was isolated, without using detergents, by a two-step procedure: (1) The peripheral proteins were removed from the membrane by treatment with 10% acetic acid. (2) The remaining lipoprotein complex was solubilized in approximately 92% (v/v) acetic acid and then separated into its components by preparative zonal electrophoresis in a gradient made up of acetic acid, water and sucrose. Band 3 was recovered from the gradient at a yield of 60 - 70% and purity of about 95%. Approximately 25 mg of band 3 could be prepared in one run. The protein is soluble in aqueous solutions, even in the absence of organic solvents or detergents. In addition to band 3, the proteins stained by periodic acid/Schiff's reagent (the sialoglycoproteins) are also separated from the other proteins.     

Hydrophobic-interaction chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography in the presence of acetonitrile. A two-step purification method for human prolactin

Described is a two-chromatographic-step preparative-scale technique for the purification of human prolactin from a frozen pituitary homogenate. The method utilizes hydrophobic interaction chromatography on the mildly hydrophobic adsorbent phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B and anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose in the presence of acetonitrile. Human prolactin was solubilized at pH10.0 after a prior extraction of pituitaries at pH4.0, the acid pH being ineffective at solubilizing human prolactin but capable of solubilizing large amounts of interfering protein. An 11-fold increase in the potency of the solubilized human prolactin was achieved in this manner. Prolactin could be adsorbed to phenyl-Sepharose at low ionic strengths (I<0.01); few other proteins were adsorbed under these conditions. This is a demonstration of the hydrophobic nature of human prolactin. The amount of phenyl-Sepharose was limited to the minimum (35mg of protein/g of phenyl-Sepharose) necessary to adsorb human prolactin, further reducing the uptake of other pituitary protein. Desorption was achieved by using an acetonitrile gradient (0–30%, v/v), resulting in a purification of human prolactin of 85-fold and recovery of 78%. Acetonitrile (20%, v/v) was also included in all buffers for DEAE-cellulose chromatography, increasing the resolution and recovery of human prolactin, apparently by minimizing non-ionic interactions with the matrix. Prolactin (10mg) was recovered from 63g if pituitaries, an overall recovery of 58%. It was homogeneous by gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, contained less than 0.1% somatotropin (growth hormone), on iodination demonstrated more than 95% binding to excess anti-(human prolactin) serum and could be displaced from anti-(human prolactin) serum in a manner indistinguishable from the serum of a patient with a human prolactin-secreting adenoma.     

Chromium-associated 32P-labeling of proteins

The incubation of proteins with chromium (Cr3+ or Cr6+) in the presence of 32P ([gamma-32P]ATP or H3(32)PO4) at room temperature for 10-30 min resulted in the labeling of these proteins with 32P. The 32P-labeled proteins could be separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identified by exposure to X-ray film. The characteristics of this procedure included: the optimal chromium concentration was 100 microM; the minimum requirement of each protein was 1 microgram; the optimal pH value was between 6 and 8; metal ions such as V5+, Mn2+ and Fe3+ strongly inhibited the effect of chromium, whereas Ca2+ and Mg2+ had little effect. It was concluded that chromium binds to the proteins and forms a complex with 32P to achieve the 32P-labeling of the proteins. This technique can be applied for the rapid preparation of 32P labels on protein markers for gel electrophoresis and for the identification of unknown protein species.     

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLUBLE ACIDIC LIPOPROTEINS FROM RAT BRAIN SYNAPTIC VESICLES

—Highly purified fractions of synaptic vesicles were prepared from rat cerebrum or cerebral cortex by density gradient centrifugation. Treatment of synaptic vesicle fractions by autoincubation, freeze-thawing and sonication in an isotonic alkaline-salt medium or in 0·1-0·3% (v/v) Triton X-100 released increasing quantities of synaptic vesicle protein and phospholipid into solution. When the soluble synaptic vesicle proteins were extracted with 0·1% (v/v) Triton X-100, the insoluble residue consisted mostly of 5–8 nm-thick membranes resembling the limiting membranes of intact synaptic vesicles. This finding, together with other considerations, suggested that the soluble proteins and accompanying phospholipids originated from the interior of the synaptic vesicles. A 0·3% (v/v) Triton X-100 extract of synaptic vesicle was fractionated by ultracentrifugal flotation and dialysis into three lipoprotein fractions: a low density lipoprotein (d < 1·21 g/ml), a high density lipoprotein (d = 1·21–1·35 g/ml) and a very high density lipoprotein (d > 1·35 g/ml). The phospholipid contents of the low, high and very high density lipoprotein fractions were 0·74, 0·38 and 0·20 mg/mg of protein, respectively. All three apolipoproteins had a high ratio of acidic to basic, and of polar to nonpolar, amino acids, and were rich in glycine, alanine and serine. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the alkaline-salt and Triton X-100 extracts of synaptic vesicles at pH 8·8 resolved a single anionic component which stained for protein, lipid (Sudan black B; iodine) and anionic groups (acridine orange). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of synaptic vesicle extracts at pH 2·7 in 5 m urea and 0·25% (v/v) Triton X-100 resolved about 20 protein components. However, the protein profiles of electropherograms of the Triton X-100 and alkaline-salt extracts differed in certain respects, suggesting that these media to some extent solubilized different proteins. However, most of the protein bands in electropherograms of the Triton X-100 and alkaline-salt extracts also stained for lipid and anionic groups. In addition, two lipoprotein components in the alkaline-salt extract and four in the Triton X-100 extract contained carbohydrate. Isoelectric focusing of synaptic vesicle extracts resolved 6–8 protein fractions. The major fraction in Triton X-100 and alkaline-salt extracts had an apparent isoelectric point of approximately 4·2 and contained 0·24 mg of phospholipid per mg of protein. Soluble synaptic vesicle proteins released by incubating, freeze-thawing and sonicating in the alkaline-salt medium, and protein fractions of the latter obtained by electrofocusing had an absorption maximum of 260–265 nm which was enhanced in a cold 0·5 n perchloric acid extract, an observation suggesting the presence of a bound nucleotide. These findings demonstrate that rat brain synaptic vesicles contain a heterogenous array of soluble acidic lipoproteins which vary in buoyant density, lipid content, amino acid and carbohydrate composition and electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels. These acidic lipoproteins apparently comprise the bulk of the macromolecular contents of synaptic vesicles and probably serve as ‘carrier’ proteins for the binding and sequestration of the neurotransmitters.     

Matrix vesicle annexins exhibit proteolipid-like properties. Selective partitioning into lipophilic solvents under acidic conditions

Calcifiable proteolipids present in mineralizing tissues have been postulated to enhance apatite deposition by structuring membrane phosphatidylserine molecules into a conformation conducive to mineral formation. To examine whether proteolipid-like molecules are present in mineralizable matrix vesicles (MV), the vesicles were first extracted with chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v), and then with chloroform/methanol/HCl (200:100:1, v/v) and the organic-soluble proteins subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. Protein fractions were analyzed by Coomassie Blue staining and by immunoblot analysis of electrophoretically transferred MV protein with antisera to the 33- and 36-kDa annexins. We found that several MV proteins selectively partitioned into the lipophilic milieu under acidic conditions; however, very little protein did so at neutral pH. The principal organic-soluble MV proteins had molecular masses of 14, 33, and 36 kDa, with lesser bands at 28, 30, and 68 kDa. Immunological analyses revealed that the 33- and 36-kDa proteins were the MV annexins; the 14-kDa protein appeared to be hemoglobin, based on NH2-terminal sequencing. Our findings indicate that under acidic conditions the 33- and 36-kDa MV annexins undergo a conformational change which imparts a marked increase in the hydrophobicity of the proteins. While these observations reveal that the annexins possess proteolipid-like properties, radiolabeling and immunoprecipitation studies using [3H]myristic acid in chondrocyte cultures indicate that the MV annexins are not myristylated. Amino-terminal sequence analysis of the peptides generated by site-specific cleavage of the 33- and the 36-kDa MV annexins at tryptophan residues indicate that the 33 kDa is highly homologous to anchorin CII, a protein known to bind type II collagen, while the 36-kDa protein shares close homology with endonexin II, a tyrosine kinase substrate.     

A high-yield method for the isolation of hydrophobic proteins and peptides from polyacrylamide gels for protein sequencing

A methodological approach is described which allows the isolation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic proteins and peptides in high yield. The technique consists of (1) preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, (2) protein elution from polyacrylamide gels with an organic solvent mixture composed of formic acid/acetonitrile/isopropanol/H2O (50/25/15/10, v/v/v/v), and (3) purification of eluted proteins by size exclusion chromatography on a Superose 12 column using this organic solvent mixture as eluant. The efficiency of this technique was tested with radioactively labeled polypeptides. These proteins were reaction center from Chloroflexus aurantiacus, bacteriorhodopsin, halorhodopsin from Halobacterium halobium, bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, alpha-chymotrypsinogen A, and cytochrome c. The elution recoveries from polyacrylamide gels were 77-95%; the final yield after chromatographic purification was still 67-76% (with one exception). Subsequent amino acid sequencing was possible without further sample treatment. The sensitivity of the method described was found to be at least 20-30 micrograms protein.     

COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF HIGHLY BASIC PROTEINS OF OX BRAIN AND RAT BRAIN. MICROHETEROGENEITY OF BASIC ENCEPHALITOGENIC (MYELIN) PROTEIN

(1) The total amount of highly basic proteins in acid extracts of whole ox brain, ox white matter and ox grey matter was determined quantitatively after electrophoresis on 5% polyacrylamide gels at pH 10-6 in the presence of 8 M-urea. (2) Ox white matter gave 13 mg and ox grey matter 2 mg of highly basic proteins per g fresh tissue on treatment with 0-03 n -HCl. The yield of total basic proteins of ox white matter increased to 17-6 mg/g fresh brain on stepwise extraction at pH 3-0, 2-0 and 1-0; the extract at pH 3.0 accounted for 90 per cent of the total basic proteins. (3) The high encephalitogenic activity of the fraction of highly basic proteins extracted at pH 3.0 from ox white matter indicated that these basic proteins were derived from myelin. It is suggested that the amount of basic proteins in a sample of brain extracted under these conditions is proportional to the amount of white matter in the sample. (4) The encephalitogenic (myelin) basic protein fraction was homogeneous with respect to molecular size but could be resolved into at least six components by electrophoresis at high pH. (5) The myelin basic proteins extracted from ox white matter had lower electrophoretic mobilities at high pH than did those of two basic proteins of rat brain apparently derived from myelin.     

Outer Membrane Proteins of Escherichia coli III. Evidence that the Major Protein of Escherichia coli O111 Outer Membrane Consists of Four Distinct Polypeptide Species

Previous studies have shown that the outer membrane of Escherichia coli O111 gives a single, major, 42,000-dalton protein peak when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at neutral pH. Further studies have shown that this peak consists of more than a single polypeptide species, and on alkaline SDS-gel electrophoresis this single peak is resolved into three subcomponents designated as proteins 1, 2, and 3. By chromatography of solubilized, outer membrane protein on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose followed by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 in the presence of SDS, it was possible to separate the 42,000-dalton major protein into four distinct protein fractions. Comparison of cyanogen bromide peptides derived from these fractions indicated that they represented at least four distinct polypeptide species. Two of these proteins migrated as proteins 1 and 2 on alkaline gels. The other two proteins migrated as protein 3 on alkaline gels and cannot be separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In purified form, these major proteins do not contain bound lipopolysaccharide, phospholipid, or phosphate. These proteins may contain a small amount of carbohydrate, as evidenced by the labeling of these proteins by glucosamine, and to a lesser extent by glucose, under conditions where the metabolism of these sugars to amino acids and lipids is blocked. All of the proteins were labeled to the same extent by these sugars. Thus, it was concluded that there are at least four distinct polypeptide species with apparent molecular masses of about 42,000 daltons in the outer membrane of E. coli O111.     

Development of a proteomic approach to monitor protein synthesis in mycotoxin producing moulds

In general, proteome studies compare different states of metabolism to investigate external or internal influences on protein expression. In the context of mycotoxin production the method could open another view on this complex and could be helpful to gain knowledge about proteins which are involved in metabolism (enzymes, transporters). In this short technical report, we describe a new protocol suitable for protein preparation for whole proteome analysis ofFusarium graminearum. Cell lysis was performed by grinding the mycelium with liquid nitrogen. Proteins were extracted with TCA/acetone and then cleaned; the isolated proteins were separated in a 2D-gel electrophoresis system (BioRad) using different pH gradients. The protocol established seems also generally applicable for other mycotoxin producing fungi. Presented at the 29th Mykotoxin-Workshop, Fellbach, Germany, May 14–16, 2007 Financial support: Cusanuswerk (doctoral scholarship)     

High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of basic as well as acidic proteins.

A previously described two-dimensional electrophoresis procedure (O'Farrell, 1975) combined isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecylsulfate slab gel electrophoresis to give high resolution of proteins with isoelectric points in the range of pH 4–7. This paper describes an alternate procedure for the first dimension which, unlike isoelectric focusing, resolves basic as well as acidic proteins. This method, referred to as nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis (NEPHGE), involves a short time of electrophoresis toward the cathode and separates most proteins according to their isoelectric points. Ampholines of different pH ranges are used to optimize separation of proteins with different isoelectric points. The method is applied to the resolution of basic proteins with pH 7–10 Ampholines, and to the resolution of total cellular proteins with pH 3.5–10 Ampholines. Histones and ribosomal proteins can be readily resolved even though most have isoelectric points beyond the maximum pH attained in these gels. The separation obtained by NEPHGE with pH 3.5–10 Ampholines was compared to that obtained when isoelectric focusing was used in the first dimension. The protein spot size and resolution are similar (each method resolving more than 1000 proteins), but there is less resolution of acidic proteins in this NEPHGE gel due to compression of the pattern. On the other hand, NEPHGE gels extend the range of analysis to include the 15–30% of the proteins which are excluded from isoelectric focusing gels. The distribution of cell proteins according to isoelectric point and molecular weight for a procaryote (E. coli) was compared to that of a eucaryote (African green monkey kidney); the eucaryotic cell proteins are, on the average, larger and more basic.     

Identification of Cultivar Differences in Seed Polypeptide Composition of Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) by Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Seed polypeptides from several cultivars of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) have been compared by means of a two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Protein was extracted from the defatted peanut meal by homogenizing in 5 millimolar K₂CO₃-9.5 molar urea. After addition of Nonidet P-40 (2%, v/v) and dithiothreitol (0.5%, w/v) the solution was centrifuged at 25,000 g. This procedure led to solubilization of more than 95% of the total protein. The clear supernatant fraction was then subjected to two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, employing isoelectric focusing in the first dimension and electrophoresis in presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate in the second. After examining several cultivars, it was possible to construct a composite map to include all of the polypeptide species found among all of the cultivars examined. At least 74 major and between 100 and 125 minor components were detectable by Coomassie blue staining. The majority of these had isoelectric points between pH 4.4 and 8.0, and molecular weights between 16,000 and 75,000. Several different cultivars have been compared using this method and it has been shown that considerable variation exists among the major polypeptides present. The method should prove valuable for analyzing different genotypes and selecting varieties with a particular storage protein make-up, as well as for following compositional changes that occur during seed development and germination.     

蝴蝶兰叶片蛋白质提取及双向电泳体系优化

通过对蛋白质提取、IPG胶条选择、上样量、水化方式、聚焦条件等方面的优化,建立蝴蝶兰叶片蛋白质的双向电泳体系。结果表明,采用酚抽提法提取蝴蝶兰叶片蛋白质的纯度较高,复溶较完全;双向电泳优化体系选用24 cm pH 3～10 NL的IPG胶条,被动水化,上样量为1.35 mg,B1程序进行等电聚焦,12%分离胶进行第二向电泳,考马斯亮蓝G-250染色。该方法获得分辨率较高、重复性较好的蝴蝶兰叶片双向电泳图谱,蛋白数点多达1163个,可以满足蝴蝶兰蛋白质组学研究和分析。     

Continuous free-flow electrophoresis separation of cytosolic proteins from the human colon carcinoma cell line LIM 1215: a non two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteome analysis strategy

The conventional approach for analyzing the protein complement of a genome involves the combination of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometric based protein identification technologies. While 2-DE is a powerful separation technique, it is severely limited by the insolubility of certain classes of proteins (e.g. hydrophobic membrane proteins), as well as the amount of protein that can be processed. Here, we describe a simple procedure for resolving complex mixtures of proteins that involves a combination of free flow electrophoresis (FFE), a liquid-based isoelectric focussing (IEF) method, and sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Resolved proteins were identified by peptide fragment sequencing using capillary column reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)/mass spectrometry (MS). An initial demonstration of the method was performed using digitonin/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EDTA extracted cytosolic proteins from the human colon carcinoma cell line, LIM 1215. Cytosolic proteins were separated by liquid-based IEF (pH range 3-10) into 96 fractions, and each FFE fraction was further fractionated by SDS-PAGE. Selected protein bands were excised from the SDS-PAGE gel, digested in situ with trypsin, and subsequently identified by on-line RP-HPLC/electrospray-ionization ion trap MS. Our results indicate that FFE is: (i) an extremely powerful liquid-based IEF method for resolving proteins; (ii) not limited by the amount of sample that can be loaded onto the instrument; and (iii) capable of fractionating intact protein complexes (a potentially powerful tool for cell-mapping proteomics). An up-to-date list of cytosolic proteins from the human colorectal carcinoma cell line LIM 1215 can be found in the Joint Protein Structure Laboratory (JPSL) proteome database. This information will provide an invaluable resource for future proteomics-based biological studies of colon cancer. The JPSL proteome database can be accessed through the World Wide Web (WWW) network (http://www.ludwig.edu.au/jpsl/jpslhome.html).     

Aluminum modifies the viscosity of filamentous actin solutions as measured by optical displacement microviscometry

Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) is a highly resolving technique for arraying proteins by isoelectric point and molecular mass. To date, the resolving ability of 2-DE for protein separation is unsurpassed, thus ensuring its use as the fundamental separation method for proteomics. When immobilized pH gradients (IPGs) are used for isoelectric focusing in the first dimension, excellent reproducibility and high protein load capacity can be achieved. While this has been beneficial for separations of soluble and mildly hydrophobic proteins, separations of membrane proteins and other hydrophobic proteins with IPGs have often been poor. Stimulated by the growing interest in proteomics, recent developments in 2-DE methodology have been aimed at rectifying this situation. Improvements have been made in the area of protein solubilization and sample fractionation, leading to a revamp of traditional approaches for 2-DE of membrane proteins. This review explores these developments.     

Electrophoretic isolation and partial characterization of a glycoprotein of the submandibular glands of the mouse

A protein has been isolated from the water-extract of the submandibular glands of the mouse, after Biogel P-300 column passage, followed by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 4.3 and subsequently at pH 8.9, designated the AM1 protein. The isolated protein was electrophoretically pure in 7.5, 10 and 15% polyacrylamide gels both at pH 4.3 and at pH 8.9. Likewise, by electrophoresis in 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel only one protein band could be detected. Of the total amount of the water-extractable submandibular proteins the recovery of this protein component comprised 3 to 5 per cent. The molecular weight was estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 28 000, both in 7.5 and 15% gel. The isoelectric point was determined by isoelectric focusing in 4.8% polyacrylamide slabgel to be 4.85. The amino acid analysis showed that the ratio of acidic amino acids (Glx plus Asx) to basic amino acids (Lys plus Arg) is 2.3. The glycoprotein consists of protein for 77.4 per cent and of carbohydrate for 22.6 per cent. The molar ratio of the carbohydrates was GlcNH2:GalNH2:Man:Gal:Glc:Fuc:sialic acid = 22.0:1.3:3.0:1.7:10.0:2.6:0.3. The glycoprotein was not secreted from the submandibular glands by stimulation with cholinergic (acetylcholin) or adrenergic (noradrenalin) drugs both in vitro and in vivo. So, it appeared that this glycoprotein could be characterized as a cellular, non-secretory component of these salivary glands.     

Spectrophotometric assay, solubilization and purification of brain 2'':3''-cyclic nucleotide 3''-phosphodiesterase.

1. A spectrophotometric assay of 2':3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.37) based on the use of an acid-base indicator and a buffer having identical pKa values is described. The assay is simple and rapid; it was particularly convenient for monitoring the enzyme activity at various stages of purification. 2. Several proteinases were examined for their ability to solubilize 2':3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase from delipidated brain white matter. Trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) and elastase (EC 3.4.21.11) appeared to be more effective than the other proteinases examined. Trypsin, however, caused inactivation; elastase was therefore chosen to solubilize 2':3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase. When a partially purified preparation of 2':3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase was treated with elastase, 2':3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase was solubilized nearly quantitatively. Elastatinal, a specific inhibitor of elastase, specifically inhibited the solubilization with elastase. 3. 2':3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase was purified from bovine brain white matter by: (i) delipidation; (ii) solubilization with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide; (iii) gel chromatography on Sepharose; (iv) ethanol precipitation and resolubilization by digestion with elastase; (v) chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex; (vi) affinity chromatography on 8-(6-aminohexyl)amino-2'-AMP-Sepharose. 4. The purified enzyme migrated as a single protein band on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis at pH 4.3 and on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis; the estimated mol.wt. in the latter electrophoresis was 27000-31000. Gel filtration of the purified enzyme through Sephadex G-150 indicated a mol.wt. of 31000. Therefore the purified enzyme is a monomer protein with a mol.wt. of approx. 30000.     

Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of membrane proteins

Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) is one of the most powerful separation techniques for complex protein solutions. The proteins are first separated according to their isoelectric point, driven by an electric field across a pH gradient. The pH gradient necessary for the separation according to isoelectric point (pL) is usually established by electrophoresing carrier ampholytes prior to and/or concomitantly with the sample. The second dimension is usually a separation according to molecular size. Mostly this separation is performed after complete denaturation of the proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2-mercaptoethanol (SDS-PAGE). This standard method has considerable disadvantages when relatively hydrophobic membrane proteins are to be separated: cathodic drift, resulting in nonreproducible separation, and the denaturation of the protein, mostly making it impossible to detect native properties of the proteins after separation (e.g., enzymatic activity, antigenicity, intact multimers, and so on). The protocols presented here take care of most of these obstacles. However, there is probably no universal procedure that can guarantee success at first try for any mixture of membrane proteins; some experimentation will be necessary for optimization. Two procedures are each presented: a denaturing (with urea) and a nondenaturing method for IEF in immobilized pH gradient gels using Immobilines, and a denaturing (with SDS and 2-mercaptoethanol) and a nondenaturing technique (with CHAPS) for the second dimension. Essential tips and tricks are presented to keep frustrations of the newcomer at a low level.