透视X线剂量率自动控制

透视X线剂量率自动控制是近代配置X线影象增强器电视系统的各类X线机所广泛应用的一项技术。其主要功能是:当人体透视各部位组织厚度及密度有变化时,无须人工调节透视kV和mA值,且能自动进行控制,选择最佳的X线剂量率,以保证X线电视信号相对恒定,监示器屏幕上图象亮度始终保持不变,供临床医生进行诊断。透视X线剂量率自动控制技术的应用使X线影象增强器电视系统更加趋于完善,给     

一种新的医学成像技术——电阻抗体层成像

目前,许多技术都可应用于人体组织的图像产生。其中X线放射成像是应用最古老且最广泛的技术,它根据人体吸收的X线的分布情况产生图像。测量X线吸收系数的X线计算机体层成像术(CT扫描)是一项可产生更多信息量的较新技术。其它技术有测量人体组织声阻抗变化的超声显像技术、放射性同位素显像技术、磁共振显像技术(MRI)和自动热摄影成像技术。电阻抗显像利用了电阻率作为测量参数,它通常称作电阻抗体层成像术(EIT)。 EIT(Electrical Impedance Imaging)是将组织的电阻作为测量参数,通过测量外     

假彩色图象增强技术在X线诊断上的应用

X线摄影技术的应用和人的视觉特性在自然科学领域内,人们利用摄影技术将外界大量有价值的信息记录在底片上。由于黑白底片对亮度非常敏感,能将影象亮度的微小变化变为密度差异记录下来,所以黑白底片所记录的信息不仅容量大而且十分敏感。X线片上的影象亦是利用X线穿透人体组织时,由于各种组织的不同密度对X线的吸收差异,形成不同的X线强度,致使底片上形成灰度不同的黑白影象。虽然一张黑白 X线片上包含着极丰富的灰度级,有大量的重要信息,但是作为传感器的人眼,对不同的黑白灰度级的辨别能力却很差,只有15～20个密度等级,所以即使是有经验的专家,在通常情况下也不能检测或分辨出大量信息。但是人眼对彩色却有非常     

基于知识的颅内出血（ICH）三维医学图像分割方法

本文描述一种基于知识的三维医学图像自动分割方法,用于进行人体颅内出血(Intracranial Hemorrhage,ICH)的分割和分析。首先,数字化CT胶片,并自动对数字化后的胶片按照有无异常分类。然后,阀值结合模糊C均值聚类算法将图像分类成多个具有统一亮度的区域。最后,在先验知识以及预定义的规则的基础上,借助基于知识的专家系统将各个区域标记为背景、钙化点、血肿、颅骨、脑干。     

建立检测腭咽闭合功能图像处理分析系统的研究

腭咽闭合不全是腭裂修复后最常出现的现象。目前采用纤维鼻咽内窥镜及鼻咽腔钡剂X线造影检查,进行腭咽闭合图像处理,多为定性观察和分析。即使是定量分析也均为手工进行描绘,然后再用键盘送入电脑进行计算,速度慢、步骤多、准确性差,难以在临床上推广应用。因此,建立一个适应于临床医师使用的,便于操作的分析系统迫在眉睫。硬件系统的构成及主要技术指标系统的硬件配置由下列框图所示(图一)。主要包括:主机、VFG—AT图像处理功能板,512×512高精度彩色监视器、录像机、数字化仪、视频打印机和激光或点阵式打印机。下面分别加以说明:     

红光透视技术——影像学的新纪元

长期以来，人们凭借短暂的X光照射来透视人体内部结构，但是这种方法或多或少总是含有对人体造成损伤的可能。近日，Duke大学的Warren等研制出一种用柔和的可见光透视人体的技术，它可能取代X光成为重要的影像学手段应用于基础医学和临床。     

对X射线在医学影像中的影响研究

人们利用X线穿透能力强的特点,根据人体不同的组织对X线的吸收程度不同,均匀的X线穿透人体组织后,其不均匀的分布其实就是人体组织的投影。把这种成像技术应用在医学上,就可以得到患病处的位置信息。文章介绍了X线的原理及在医学影像上的作用。     

西门子ANGISCOPY X线剂量检测电路改进探讨

一、自动剂量控制原理 我院使用西门子ANGISCOPYX线TV系统剂量检测控制电路如图,图中光电倍增管为检测X线剂量元件,装于X线影像增管输出屏透镜之后,以检测图象的亮度信号,并把亮度信号转换为电信号。该机器所用光电倍增管转换特性是:当光电倍增管工作电源至最佳状态;其转换的最小、最大电压为0至     

软骨和癌组织X光机

日前,日本东京大学研制成功一种能拍摄软骨和癌组织图像的新型X光机。众所周知,传统X光机用于拍摄容易吸收X射线的骨骼和脏器影像,但吸收X射线很少的软骨等难以拍摄清楚的图像。     

数字乳房X片中的伪彩色增强应用

利用数字图像处理中伪彩色理论,讨论了灰度一彩色变换函数,并用合适的线性变换函数对数字乳房X片进行处理。处理后的图像与原数字灰度图像相比较,可分辨性明显提高。可以利用这种变换,辅助医疗诊断,从而降低乳房癌的漏诊和误诊率。经验证,经过伪彩色增强后的数字乳房X片病灶区域的可分辨性明显优于原数字图像,有较高的临床价值。     

Comparative performance evaluation of a flat detector and an image intensifier angiographic system both used for interventional cardiology procedures in adult and pediatric patients

PurposeTo compare two angiography systems of different image capture technology, one with flat detector (FD) and one with image intensifier (II), in terms of entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) rate, detector dose (DD) rate and image quality (IQ), in interventional cardiology procedures concerning both adult and pediatric patients.Materials and methodsIn order to determine ESAK and DD rates, a digital dosimeter and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plates were used. For the evaluation of IQ, two contrast objects (the Leeds TOR 18FG and a 5 mm-thick Aluminum plate) were used and two figures of merit were defined in fluoroscopy and cine acquisition modes. Measurements of ESAK, DD rates and IQ were made for various fields of view, pulse and frame acquisition rates.ResultsFor the particular setup used in this study was noted that ESAK values in the II system were generally larger than the respective values in the FD system (on average 70% for fluoro mode, 5 times for cine mode). When halving the fluoroscopy pulse rate, reduction in ESAK was not proportional, in fluoroscopy mode. Image quality evaluations indicated that II performs better in terms of low contrast sensitivity (LCS) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than the FD system which performs better regarding high contrast resolution (HCR). However, when considering image quality in relation to ESAK the FD system performs better than the II system (with the exception of low thicknesses and zooms for high pulse rates in the fluoroscopy mode).ConclusionsThe FD system, generally, provides a better image quality–dose relation than the II system although II unit provides better LCS and SNR. This means that with the right adjustments to both systems, FD unit is able to provide same image quality with lower dose. However, newer technology does not automatically imply better image quality and further investigation is necessary for deriving safe conclusions for units which utilize different capture technology.     

A Reference-Free Method for Brightness Compensation and Contrast Enhancement of Micrographs of Serial Sections

Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of an organ or tissue from a stack of histologic serial sections provides valuable morphological information. The procedure includes section preparation of the organ or tissue, micrographs acquisition, image registration, 3D reconstruction, and visualization. However, the brightness and contrast through the image stack may not be consistent due to imperfections in the staining procedure, which may cause difficulties in micro-structure identification using virtual sections, region segmentation, automatic target tracing, etc. In the present study, a reference-free method, Sequential Histogram Fitting Algorithm (SHFA), is therefore developed for adjusting the severe and irregular variance of brightness and contrast within the image stack. To apply the SHFA, the gray value histograms of individual images are first calculated over the entire image stack and a set of landmark gray values are chosen. Then the histograms are transformed so that there are no abrupt changes in progressing through the stack. Finally, the pixel gray values of the original images are transformed into the desired ones based on the relationship between the original and the transformed histograms. The SHFA is tested on an image stacks from mouse kidney sections stained with toluidine blue, and captured by a slide scanner. As results, the images through the entire stack reveal homogenous brightness and consistent contrast. In addition, subtle color differences in the tissue are well preserved so that the morphological details can be recognized, even in virtual sections. In conclusion, compared with the existing histogram-based methods, the present study provides a practical method suitable for compensating brightness, and improving contrast of images derived from a large number of serial sections of biological organ.     

The ACIST power injection system reduces the amount of contrast media delivered to the patient, as well as fluoroscopy time, during diagnostic and interventional cardiac procedures

The ACIST injection system is an automatic power injection device that allows for online control of injection rate and volume of contrast. Limited data is available whether this technology allows reducing use of contrast and fluoroscopy time. Accordingly, we compared the use of this system to manual injection among 450 consecutive patients who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography and/or angioplasty who were randomly assigned to either manual contrast injection (control; n=198) or to the ACIST system (study group; n=252). The amount of contrast, fluoroscopy and total procedural times were recorded for each patient. In the diagnostic group, the mean total amount of contrast (including wasted) was reduced by 63% when the ACIST was used compared to control (100+/-42 ml versus 163+/-56 ml; P<0.001, respectively). When only the net amount of contrast delivered to the patient was considered, the differences were smaller (20%, P=0.004). During angioplasty, the amount of contrast was also lower in the ACIST group (206+/-65 versus 230+/-69, P=0.008), whereas no difference were noted in net amount of contrast. Fluoroscopy time was significantly shorter in the ACIST group compared to control both during diagnostic catheterization (4.7+/-3.5 min versus 6.3+/-5.5 min, respectively; P=0.014), and angioplasty (16.7+/-9.1 min versus 19.6+/-12.4 min, respectively; P=0.05). Routine utilization of the ACIST system during diagnostic and interventional procedure significantly reduced the total amount of contrast media used and fluoroscopy time.     

A new mechanism for neuronal gain control (or how the gain in brains has mainly been explained)

One of the more prosaic but necessary features of almost any information processing system is gain control. All such systems must have some way to adjust the relationship between input, which can vary dramatically depending on changes in the environment, and output, which is almost always required to remain within a limited range of amplitudes. While the volume control on a radio or the brightness control on a computer monitor are not the most exciting or highly touted features, imagine such devices without these forms of gain control. Many an engineer can attest to the large effort required to design automatic gain controls in telephones, cameras, and radio transmitters.     

Dynamic decorrelation as a unifying principle for explaining a broad range of brightness phenomena

The visual system is highly sensitive to spatial context for encoding luminance patterns. Context sensitivity inspired the proposal of many neural mechanisms for explaining the perception of luminance (brightness). Here we propose a novel computational model for estimating the brightness of many visual illusions. We hypothesize that many aspects of brightness can be explained by a dynamic filtering process that reduces the redundancy in edge representations on the one hand, while non-redundant activity is enhanced on the other. The dynamic filter is learned for each input image and implements context sensitivity. Dynamic filtering is applied to the responses of (model) complex cells in order to build a gain control map. The gain control map then acts on simple cell responses before they are used to create a brightness map via activity propagation. Our approach is successful in predicting many challenging visual illusions, including contrast effects, assimilation, and reverse contrast with the same set of model parameters.     

Comparison of OPS imaging and conventional capillary microscopy to study the human microcirculation.

Orthogonal polarization spectral (OPS) imaging is a new clinical technique for observation of the microcirculation of organ surfaces. For validation purposes, we compared OPS images of the nailfold skin with those obtained from conventional capillary microscopy at rest and during venous occlusion in 10 male volunteers. These images were computer analyzed to provide red blood cell velocity and capillary diameters of the same nailfold capillaries at rest and during venous occlusion. Results showed that OPS images provided similar values for red blood cell velocity and capillary diameter as those obtained from capillary microscopy images. OPS imaging, however, provided significantly better image quality, as shown by comparison of image contrast between OPS imaging and capillary microscopy. This made image analysis better and easier to perform. It is anticipated, therefore, that OPS imaging will become a new and powerful technique in the study of the human microcirculation in vivo because it can be used on human internal organs.     

Web-based platform for patient dose surveys in diagnostic and interventional radiology in Bulgaria: Functionality testing and optimisation

In the period 2013–2016 the National Centre of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection (NCRRP) at the Ministry of Health of Bulgaria has developed a web based platform for performing national patient dose surveys and establishing Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs). It is accessible via internet browser, allowing the users to submit data remotely. Electronic questionnaires, specific for radiography, fluoroscopy, image guided interventional procedures, mammography and CT, were provided. Short and clear manuals were added to guide users and minimise human errors. The web-based data collection platform is functional and is currently being used for performing the third national dose survey in Bulgaria, launched in 2016. Data analysis is facilitated due to the standardisation of collected data and their storing. Using the platform, the participating facilities can establish their typical dose levels based on the median value, and compare them to DRLs. A disadvantage of the platform is the need to enter data manually, but it is opened for future upgrades for automatic data harvesting and analysis. Various practical approaches were used to overcome the lack of qualified human resources and insufficient understanding of the DRL and dose tracking concept and to motivate facilities to submit data.     

化学饱和法脂肪抑制技术在上腹部MRCP 成像中的应用

目的:探讨化学饱和法脂肪抑制技术在上腹部磁共振检查中的应用。材料与方法:使用的机器为美国马可尼公司生产的Elips 1.5T磁共振成像仪,常规检查上腹部病人,研究对象的条件:在自动匀场时出现单水峰的位置与Y轴不重叠,选择40例病人做两次扫描,第一次是匀场自动完成后进行扫描;第二次是在匀场时通过人为的干预,使得FID最大的水峰调整到Y轴上,提交后进行扫描,对40例的图像进行自配对,比较压脂图像质量。结果:压脂序列图像:自动匀场完成后重T2加权T2/C薄层图像均含有脂肪信号,经最大信号投影重建胰胆管图像也含有脂肪信号,整体图像对比度差;经人工干预手动调节使水峰的最高点与Y轴重叠,扫描所得图像不含脂肪信号。结论:快速动态自动匀场可以使MRI图像质量得到显著改善,在自动匀场时通过人工的干预可获得高质量的压脂图像是必需的。     

光生物学与光医学中的新技术及其应用

近几年内,光子生物学与光子医学发展非常快,本文主要从四个方面介绍了近期内在光子生物学与光子医学领城内取得的重要进展：(1)双光子技术,可检测胚胎活组织、确定生物的非损伤激发光阈值、对人体肌纤维进行三维成像;(2)光镊技术,用于研究细胞的应变能力、细胞膜的弹性、跟踪并描述单个分子之间的结合以及操纵DNA分子;(3)光学探针技术,检测疾病、研究构象变化;(4)光学成像技术,主要集中介绍对肌动蛋白的成像方面。     

Arterial imaging with computerized fluoroscopy

Computerized fluoroscopy (CF) allows visualization of any segment of the arterial vascular system with intravenous injection of small volumes of standard iodinated contrast media. Because it avoids the risk of arterial puncture and the need for hospitalization, this technique is safer and more economical than standard arteriography. Because of these advantages, CF is likely to expand the role of arteriography in the clinical management of vascular disease. Computerized arteriographic imaging requires an intravenous power injection of 40 to 60 cc of iodinated contrast media. Immediately after injection, six to ten fluoroscopic images (1/15 sec duration) are obtained at 1.5-sec intervals. The first image serves as a mask from which subsequent images are serially subtracted by means of a digital video image processor. The sequence of different images is contrast enhanced and stored on a video disk. Video images are converted to hard copy arteriography with a standard multiformat camera. Technical failures (<5%) may result from patient motion, inadequate peripheral venous access, or extravasation of contrast media. Nearly 600 computerized intravenous arteriograms have been performed in 240 patients with peripheral vascular disease. Qualitative com-parisons with standard arteriograms suggest a close correlation between these two imaging techniques. Computerized fluoroscopy allows the identification of atheromatous plaque ulceration, stenoses, occlusions, and aneurysms. This method has been used to visualize the aortic arch and its branches, the cervical and intracranial vessels, the abdominal aorta, and arteries of the extremities. Computerized fluoroscopy has great potential as a method for safe, simple diagnostic screening and assessment of the postoperative patient.