Evolution and phylogenetic relationships within Porinaceae (Ostropomycetidae), focusing on foliicolous species

A phylogeny of the lichen family Porinaceae using mitochondrial SSU rDNA sequences is presented, with special focus on foliicolous taxa. Fifty specimens of 28 mostly tropical species, representing eight species groups of Porina as well as the genus Trichothelium, were analysed together with species of other members of Ostropomycetidae, and using Agyriaceae as outgroup. We performed the phylogenetic analyses with a Bayesian approach and under the criterion of maximum parsimony. Four main clades can be distinguished: the P. nitidula-group s. lat. (including Trichothelium, P. papillifera and P. rubescens), the Porina epiphylla-group s. lat. (including the P. radiata-, the P. nucula-, the P. imitatrix- and the P. epiphylla-group s. str.) and two clades of the P. rufula-group. The genus Porina as understood by all recent concepts is paraphyletic, and Trichothelium is nested within the Porina nitidula-group. The non-setose P. repanda forms a monophyletic clade with Trichothelium. The tree does not support a monophyletic origin of substrate preferences or photobiont selection. Species-specific associations with morphologically different trentepohlioid photobionts mapped on the tree suggest that closely related mycobiont species switch between different types of algae.     

On the taxonomic status of the Antarctic amphipod crustacean genera Eclysis (Astyridae) and Bathypanoploea (Stilipedidae), with partial redescription of their type species and description of Bathypanoploea polarsterni n. sp.

The monotypic genus Eclysis K.H. Barnard, 1932 and its type species, E. similis Barnard, are redescribed based upon a newly discovered second specimen. The genus Bathypanoploea Schellenberg, 1939 is reviewed; B. schellenbergi Holman and Watling, 1983 is fixed as the type species. B. polarsterni n. sp. is described; Alexandrella pulchra Ren in Ren and Huang, 1991 is a new junior synonym of B. schellenbergi. The morphology of Eclysis and Bathypanoploea is examined, as well as their relationships to the Astyridae and Stilipedidae.See also Electronic Supplement at: http://www.senckenberg.de/odes/05-03.htm     

Phylogeny, biogeography, and species boundaries within the Alexandrium minutum group

The geographic range and bloom frequency of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum and other members of the A. minutum group have been increasing over the past few decades. Some of these species are responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) outbreaks throughout the world. The origins of new toxic populations found in previously unaffected areas are typically not known due to a lack of reliable plankton records with sound species identifications and to the lack of a global genetic database. This paper provides the first comprehensive study of minutum-group morphology and phylogeny on a global scale, including 45 isolates from northern Europe, the Mediterranean, Asia, Australia and New Zealand.Neither the morphospecies Alexandrium lusitanicum nor A. angustitabulatum was recoverable morphologically, due to large variation within and among all minutum-group clonal strains in characters previously used to distinguish these species: the length:width of the anterior sulcal plate, shape of the 1′ plate, connection between the 1′ plate and the apical pore complex, and the presence of a ventral pore. DNA sequence data from the D1 to D2 region of the LSU rDNA also fail to recognize these species. Therefore, we recommend that all isolates previously designated as A. lusitanicum or A. angustitabulatum be redesignated as A. minutum. A. tamutum, A. insuetum, and A. andersonii are clearly different from A. minutum on the basis of both genetic and morphological data.A. minutum strains from Europe and Australia are closely related to one another, which may indicate an introduction from Europe to Australia given the long history of PSP in Europe and its recent occurrence in Australia. A minutum from New Zealand and Taiwan form a separate phylogenetic group. Most strains of A. minutum fit into one of these two groups, although there are a few outlying strains that merit further study and may represent new species. The results of this paper have greatly improved our ability to track the spread of A. minutum species and to understand the evolutionary relationships within the A. minutum group by correcting inaccurate taxonomy and providing a global genetic database.     

中国蛇根草属(茜草科)二新记录种

报道了中国云南省南部发现的中国蛇根草属(Ophiorrhiza) 2新记录种:中泰蛇根草(O. ripicola)和小果蛇根草(O.rosacea),其中后者在中国被错误鉴定为变红蛇根草(O. subrubescens)。     

Ant assemblages in the taiga biome: testing the role of territorial wood ants

Summary Ants were collected with sets of pitfall traps in four coniferous-forest habitats in southern Finland. A three-level competition hierarchy concept was used to generate predictions on ant community structure. The levels of the hierarchy, and the respective predictions, from top to bottom were: (1) The dominant territorial wood ants (Formica rufa-group species), expected to exclude each other. (2) The other aggressive species, likely to be excluded by the F. rufa-group. (3) The submissive species, non-aggressive and defending only their nest, and thus likely to coexist with the dominants but in reduced numbers. As expected, the species of the F. rufa-group excluded each other, and the species number of the other aggressive ants was significantly cut down in the presence of the F. rufa-group. The aggressive species F. sanguinea and Camponotus herculeanus showed complementary occurrences with the F. rufa-group, and Lasius niger reduced occurrences. The number of the submissive species was not significantly affected by the F. rufa-group. However, pairwise correlation coefficients were significantly more often negative than positive between presence of the F. rufa-group and average proportion of pitfalls per set with a submissive species, each analyzed in turn. The result indicates that the F. rufa-group also reduced the colony densities of the submissive species. We conclude that in the taiga biome territorial wood ants are, after adjusting for physical vicissitudes of the environment, the major structuring force of ant species assemblages.     

Crossing and selfing experiments in theOrnithogalum umbellatum/augustifolium complex

The fertility relationships ofOrnithogalum umbellatum, O. angustifolium and 9 related taxa were studied.O. umbellatum andO. angustifolium, which are not interfertile, are both recognized as a comparium. Pollination of five species belonging to theO. umbellatum/angustifolium polyploid complex, i.e.O. umbellatum, O. angustifolium, O. baeticum, O. monticolum andO. algeriense, resulted in a moderate seed set. However, the seeds obtained after these interspecific crosses did not germinate. Six related species, i.e.O. exscapum, O. nivale, O. comosum, O. collinum, O. gussonei andO. woronowii showed a very low seed set after being crossed. One exception occurs:O. nivale ×O. exscapum. The seed set was also low after the complex species had been crossed with some related species, but there was one exception: both reciprocal crosses betweenO. monticolum andO. woronowii yielded some viable seeds. No other interspecific crosses gave rise to viable seeds. Bulbil-producing species have a lower seed set after self-pollination than species which do not produce bulbils.Biosystematic Studies on theOrnithogalum umbellatum/angustifolium Complex IV.—Previous contributions: (I–III):Raamsdonk (1982, 1985a, 1985b).     

崖壁植物太行菊与长裂太行菊全基因组大小及特征分析北大核心CSCD

太行菊(Opisthopappus taihangensis)、长裂太行菊(O.longilobus),为太行山特有多年生崖壁草本植物,菊科(Compositae)重要野生资源,具有较高的经济与生态价值。为确定适合两物种的全基因组测序策略,该研究利用流式细胞法和高通量测序技术,分析两物种基因组大小、杂合率、重复序列及GC含量等信息。结果表明:(1)流式细胞法估算太行菊基因组大小约为2.1 Gb,长裂太行菊基因组大小约为2.4 Gb。(2)高通量测序修正后太行菊基因组大小为3.13 Gb,重复序列比例为84.35%,杂合度为0.99%,GC含量为36.56%;长裂太行菊基因组为3.18 Gb,重复序列比例为83.83%,杂合度为1.17%,GC含量为36.62%。(3)初步组装后GC含量分布及平均深度存在异常,出现分层现象,可能是两物种基因组杂合率较高所致。综上结果表明,太行菊、长裂太行菊均属于高重复、高杂合、大基因组的复杂基因组,建议使用Illumina+PacBio测序组装策略,进行全基因组测序分析。     

Molecular evidence for species level divergence in African Nile Crocodiles Crocodylus niloticus (Laurenti, 1786)

Relationships of the newly discovered dwarf crocodiles from Mauritania were inferred from mitochondrial 12S sequences. Specimens from 13 different Crocodylus niloticus populations (from East Africa, West Africa and Madagascar) were compared. Additional representatives of the genus Crocodylus (one from Africa and one from Australia), the African genus Osteolaemus and the South American alligatorid Paleosuchus palpebrosus (as outgroup) were included in the analysis. Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian analyses yielded relationships that were strikingly different from currently prevailing phylogenetic hypotheses. Both analyses consistently revealed two groups, one consisting of the monophyletic West- and Central African populations and the other of a paraphyletic group containing the East African and Madagascan populations. High genetic divergence between those groups indicates separation on the species level. Furthermore ‘C’ cataphractus is clearly shown not to be a member of the genus Crocodylus. The resulting nomenclatural changes are discussed. To cite this article: A. Schmitz et al., C. R. Palevol 2 (2003).     

Location of the O-methyl groups in the O polysaccharide of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola

The O-methylation pattern of the O polysaccharide (OPS) of the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola GSPB 1552 was revealed by methylation (CD₃I) analysis, Smith degradation, and NMR spectroscopy. Together with the major O repeats consisting of -rhamnopyranose ( -Rhap) and -fucofuranose ( -Fucf), there are minor repeats (30%) containing 3-O-methyl- -rhamnose ( -acofriose), which is 2-substituted in the interior repeats and occupies the terminal non-reducing end of the OPS. It was suggested that the methylated O repeats are linked to each other nearby the non-reducing end of the OPS and that the ‘biological’ O repeat of the OPS has the following structure:

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Evolutionary relationships among aquatic anamorphs and teleomorphs: Lemonniera, Margaritispora, and Goniopila

The hypothesis that similar conidial morphologies in aquatic hyphomycetes are a result of convergent evolution was tested using molecular sequence data. Cladistic analyses were performed on partial sequences of 28S rDNA of seven species of Lemonniera, one species of Margaritispora and one species of Goniopila. Lemonniera has tetraradiate conidia with long arms, whereas Margaritispora and Goniopila have typically globose (isodiametric) conidia, with short conical protuberances in a stellate or quadrangular arrangement. Lemonniera and Margaritispora have phialidic conidiogenesis and both produce dark, minute sclerotia in culture whereas Goniopila has holoblastic conidiogenesis and does not produce sclerotia in culture. Goniopila produces a microconidial phialidic synanamorph in culture. All three genera have schizolytic conidial secession. Molecular analyses demonstrate that Lemonniera species are placed in two distinct clades: one within Leotiomycetes; the other within Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes. Margaritispora is placed with Lemonniera species within Leotiomycetes. Goniopila and Lemonniera pseudofloscula are placed within Dothideomycetes. No morphological character was entirely congruent with the molecular derived phylogeny. This suggests that for the group of species studied, conidial shape is not a reliable indicator of phylogeny but more likely the result of convergent evolution in response to the aquatic environment.     

Phylogenetic analysis of questionable tetraploid species in Roegneria and Pseudoroegneria (Poaceae: Triticeae) inferred from a gene encoding plastid acety1-CoA carboxylase

To evaluate the phylogenetic relationships of questionable tetraploid species Roegneria alashanica Keng, Roegneria magnicaespes (D.F. Cui) L.B. Cai, Roegneria elytrigioides C. Yen et J.L. Yang, Roegneria grandis Keng and Pseudoroegneria geniculata (Trin.) Á. Löve, the single copy sequences of the plastid acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene (Acc1) were analyzed among the five species and the related diploid and tetraploid species. The results indicated that: (a) R. alashanica contained one set of modified St genome which was closely related to the E^e genome, and the other set of genome was closely related to the P genome; (b) R. magnicaespes contained one set of St genome, the other set of genome might be closely related to the P genome. There are close affinities between R. magnicaespes and R. alashanica; (c) R. elytrigioides contained two sets of St genomes, and it is reasonable to be treated as Pseudoreogneria elytrigioides (C. Yen et J.L. Yang) B.R. Lu; (d) the genome of R. grandis should be designed as St^gY. The St^g genome was a differentiated form of the St genome in Pseudoroegneria and was homoeologous with the Y genome in Roegneria; (e) the genomic constitution of P. geniculata was similar to that of R. magnicaespes and R. alashanica and distinctly related to P. geniculata ssp. scythica (E^eSt). They should be treated as different species in different genera; and (f) the Y genome was possibly originated from the St genome, and was sister to the St, E^e, E^b and W genomes.     

Populationsstatistische Analysen bestätigen die Heterogeneität vonOphrys „arachnitiformis“ (Orchidaceae)

Statistical population analyses have been carried out on so-calledOphrys arachnitiformis, partly sympatricO. sphecodes s. l. as well as on other species ofOphrys (O. holosericea, O. exaltata, O. apulica, O. cornuta, O. biscutella, O. bertolonii, O. bertoloniiformis.). Altogether 63 populations with 521 individuals were studied in regard to 54 morphological parameters. — It can be shown thatO. arachnitiformis is an extremely heterogeneous assemblage which includes taxa of most diverse origin, different degrees of stability and nomenclatorial rank. Only common trait is their very diverse relationships withO. specodes s.l.—The basionymO. arachnitiformis Gren. & Phil. refers to a colour variant ofO. sphecodes Mill. subsp.sphecodes only, and is not applicable to other segments of the assemblage.A late flowering, morphologically and biologically well isolated group of populations from southern France without any perceptible hybrid influence is established as a new species:Ophrys splendida Gölz & Reinhard. Populations from north and central Italy with distinct characters but hybrid influences fromO. holosericea/O. exaltata are calledO. tyrrhena Gölz & Reinhard.O. morisii, an endemic to Sardinia, represents an independent species of still obscure evolution. The hybrid interpretation ofO. catalaunica is statistically corroborated, but somewhat modified. For the remaining segments ofO. arachnitiformis investigated (from Castilia, Dalmatia, and the Monte Gargano) no formal taxonomic proposals are made, but some suggestions about their genesis are possible.

     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

Chemotaxonomy of the Oscillatoria-Phormidium complex

Five species of Phormidium and eight species of Oscillatoria were compared in terms of carotenoids, biliproteins, protein profiles and α-esterases, leucine aminopeptidase and phosphatase zymograms. The data from protein profiles and α-esterase zymograms support morphological criteria in recognizing four groups of conspecific taxa: O. tenuis, O. amoena, and O. animalis; O. chalybea and O. formosa; P. foveolarum and P. luridum var. olivacea; and P. persicinum and P. ectocarpii. Problems of Cyanophycean taxonomy are considered in terms of biochemical adjuncts to conventional criteria in characterizing and distinguishing species.     

秦岭芍药属植物及其地理分布修订

在野外调查的基础上,结合查阅标本和文献比对,对秦岭地区芍药属(Paeonia)植物及其地理分布进行修订。结果表明,秦岭地区分布有芍药属8个野生种及1个栽培种,可分为牡丹组(Section Mouton DC.)和芍药组(Sect. Paeonia)。地理分布格局研究表明：芍药组内4个种：草芍药(P. obovata)、美丽芍药(P. mairei)、芍药(P. lactiflora)、川赤芍(P. anomala subsp. veitchii)和牡丹组中的牡丹(P. suffruticosa Andrews)、紫斑牡丹(P. rockii)为秦岭广布种,卵叶牡丹(P. qiui)和杨山牡丹(P. ostii)为秦岭中东部分布种,矮牡丹(P.jishanensis)为秦岭东部分布种。根据修订,给出了秦岭地区芍药属植物分种检索表。     

Biological control of crown rot of bananas with Pichia anomala strain K and Candida oleophila strain O

The antagonistic activity of two yeast strains (Pichia anomala (E.C. Hansen) Kurtzman, strain K and Candida oleophila Montrocher, strain O) against the parasitic complex responsible for banana crown rot was evaluated. The strains were applied at three different concentrations (10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸ cfu/ml) and their efficacy tested in vivo on three separate fungi (Colletotrichum musae (Berk. & Curt.) Arx, Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, and Cephalosporium sp.) and on a parasitic complex formed by association of these three fungi. At the concentrations used C. musae appeared to be the most pathogenic. The complex showed intermediate aggressiveness between C. musae and both other fungi.Statistically significant antagonistic effects were observed on C. musae, F. moniliforme, and the fungal complex. The highest protection level (54.4%) was observed with strain O added at 10⁸ cfu/ml on crowns previously inoculated with the fungal complex. The level was lower when the fungi were inoculated separately.Furthermore, the antagonistic effect was strongly reinforced when strain O at 10⁸ cfu/ml was applied 24 h before fungal complex inoculation (59.9%), as compared to its application 15 min (24.3%) or 3 h (27.3%) after fungal complex inoculation. Bananas showed increased susceptibility to the fungal complex from March to June, and this influenced the level of protection by yeast, which decreased over the same period. A strict negative correlation (R² = 0.83) was highlighted between susceptibility of banana to crown rot and protection provided by yeast.     

IMI与K标本室中生于大戟科植物上链格孢属的种Ⅱ.大戟属,铁苋菜属和守宫木属上的种

本文系作者继大戟属(Euphorbia L.)、守宫木属(Sauropus B1.)和铁苋菜属(Acalypha L.)植物上链格孢属(Alternaria Nees)真菌研究(Zhang, 1995)之后,对生于大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)其它属植物上一些链格孢真菌种级分类单位评鉴结果的后续报道.内容包括:一个新种,巴豆生链格孢(A. croronicola T. Y.Zhang & J. C. David), Macrosporium compactum Cooke:对其模式标本(holotype)进行T订正、巴豆链格孢[A.crotonis kamal,Singh & Kumar]:提出关于新模式(neotype)标本的建议;对蓖麻链格孢[A. ricini(yoshii)Hansford]典型性状作了补充描述.此外,还在大戟科其它一些植物上检查到长极链格孢[A. longissima Deighton et MacGarvie]和细极链格孢[A. tenuissima(Nees ez Fr.) Wiltshire]。     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Phylogeny of Caragana (Fabaceae) based on DNA sequence data from rbcL, trnS–trnG, and ITS

Phylogenetic relationships of 48 species of Caragana (Fabaceae: tribe Hedysareae) and one representative each of Astragalus, Calophaca, Halimodendron, and Hedysarum are estimated from DNA sequences of the rbcL gene, trnS–trnG intron and spacer, and ITS region. At least one representative of all five sections and 12 series within Caragana are included. Analyses yielded strongly supported clades corresponding to sections Caragana, Bracteolatae, and Frutescentes. The species of section Jubatae are distributed among three strongly supported clades, i.e., one with the species of section Bracteolatae, another with two species of section Spinosae, and a third as sister to section Frutescentes. All but the last of these six clades are corroborated by at least one unambiguously traced morphological character. The placement of the other four species of section Spinosae are not well supported and lack unambiguous morphological synapomorphies, and the samples of Calophaca and Halimodendron nest within Caragana with weak support.