New Material of Carex Subgenus Vignea from China

In addition, two new sections, Echinochlomorphae Y. L. Chang and Thomsonianae Y. L. Chang, two new combinations, C. duriuscula subsp. rigescens (Franch.) S. Y. Liang et Y. C. Tang (=C. stenophylla var. rigescens Franch.) and C. rochebrunii Franch. Subsp. reptans (Franch.) S. Y. Liang et Y. C. Tang (=C. remotae L. var. reptans Franch.) are made, and C. stenophylloides V. Krecz. is reduced to C. duriuscula subsp. stenophylloides (V. Krecz.) S. Y. Liang et Y. C.Tang.     

白阿魏蘑粗提物抗氧化和抗肿瘤活性的研究

本文利用不同溶剂对白阿魏蘑次生代谢物质进行了分级分离提取。以DPPH.和ABTS.+法检测各部分抗氧化活性,结果发现乙酸乙酯相活性最高,进一步纯化得到4个较高的活性部分,暗示有较强的天然抗氧化剂存在。以MTT法检测体外抗肿瘤活性发现石油醚相抗肿瘤活性最高,对人卵巢癌细胞的IC50为175.28μg/mL。上述结果为白阿魏蘑进一步开发提供了理论与实验依据。     

The antioxidative activity of traditional Japanese herbs

The objective of this research was to examine the radical scavenging activity of traditional Japanese herbs. Samples used in the experiments were gennoshoko (Geranium nepalense var. thunbergii), yomogi (Artemisia vulgaris var.indica), senburi (Swertia japonica), iwa-tobacco (Conandron ramondioides), sarunokoshikake (Elfvingia applanata), kanzo (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch) and matatabi (Actinidia polygama). The water-soluble components of the herbs were extracted in boiling water, and the volatile oil was extracted by a distillation apparatus or steeping in some organic solvents such as petroleum ether and ethyl ether. The radical scavenging activity was determined by the decrease of free radicals of DPPH detected by both colorimetric assay and HPLC method at 517 nm. The extracts of gennoshoko, yomogi and iwa-tobacco showed remarkable radical scavenging activity. The volatile oil of yomogi obtained by distillation or steeping in organic solvents had especially strong antioxidative activity.     

蛹虫草无性型菌丝体提取液体外抗氧化活性研究

分别测定了蛹虫草无性型菌丝体不同溶剂提取液在不同抗氧化模型中的抗氧化作用。结果表明,各种提取液对二苯基苦味酰基苯肼自由基(·DPPH)和羟自由基(·OH)均有显著的清除作用:在50mg/mL时,去离子水、70%乙醇和70%丙酮提取物对DPPH自由基的清除率分别为89.2%、83.6%和75.9%;70%乙醇提取物在30mg/mL时对·OH自由基的清除率达到100%;在50mg/mL时70%丙酮和去离子水提取物的·OH自由基清除率分别为95.6%和89.6%。在一定浓度下,各提取液对邻苯三酚自氧化也均有抑制作用;不同溶剂提取物的还原能力强弱为:70%乙醇>去离子水>70%丙酮。各种提取物的抗氧化组分不同,提取物浓度与抗氧化性成正相关。     

不同种竹笋及笋壳提取物抗氧化活性的研究

采用醇提法,分别对毛竹、麻竹、雷竹的竹笋及笋壳进行醇提,并对醇提物进行抗氧化活性测定.对DPPH·、OH·、O2-·自由基的清除作用分别通过分光光度法、邻二氮菲法、邻苯三酚自氧化法进行测定,相对还原能力、总抗氧化能力的测定则采用普兰士蓝反应法和FRAP法.结果表明:不同种的竹笋及笋壳的醇提物含量与自由基清除能力、相对还...     

Antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts from the twigs of Cinnamomum osmophloeum

Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kaneh. is an indigenous tree species in Taiwan. In this study, phytochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts from the twigs of C. osmophloeum were investigated for the first time. The extracts were obtained successively using liquid-liquid partition to yield n-hexane (Hex), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (BuOH) and water fractions. The antioxidant activities of C. osmophloeum twig extracts were examined using various antioxidant assays, such as DPPH, NBT, reducing power, lipid peroxidation using mouse brain homogenates, metal chelating ability, and photochemiluminescence (PCL). In addition, total phenolic contents were also determined. Results revealed that the BuOH fraction exhibited the best performance in DPPH assay, NBT assay, reducing power assay and lipid peroxidation using mouse brain homogenates assay. Furthermore, the BuOH fraction has the highest total phenolic contents (496.7 mg of GAE/g). Consequently, kaempferol-7-O-rhamnoside was also isolated from the antioxidative BuOH fraction and its activity was also confirmed. These results demonstrated that ethanolic extracts of C. osmophloeum twigs have excellent antioxidant activities and thus it has great potential as a source for natural health products.     

甘草提取物的体外抗氧化活性

为研究甘草提取物的体外抗氧化作用,采用60%乙醇回流提取甘草(LF),甘草粗提物(LF0)通过AB-8吸附树脂纯化制取甘草精提物(LF1),对LF0和LF1主要活性成分的含量进行测定。分别采用DPPH法、2-脱氧-D-核糖法和NBT-NADH-PMS体系、β-胡萝卜素-亚油酸体系测定LF0和LF1对1,1-二苯基-2-苦苯肼自由基(DPPH.)、羟自由基(OH.)、超氧阴离子自由基(.O-2)的清除能力以及LF0和LF1的总抗氧化能力;通过对LF0和LF1还原能力的测定分析LF0和LF1的抗氧化活性。研究结果显示,LF0和LF1能有效清除.O2-、DPPH.和OH.,具有良好的总抗氧化能力和还原能力,且LF1的作用比LF0好。     

Antioxidant activity of brown alga Saccharina bongardiana from Kamchatka (Pacific coast of Russia). A methodological approach

The present study aims to investigate the levels of polyphenols and antioxidant activity in one of the most important commercial species of seaweeds in Kamchatka, an edible brown seaweed Saccharina bongardiana. Six extracts of S. bongardiana, acetone, methanol, ethanol, and the respective 70 % aqueous solutions, were assessed for total phenol content in order to determine the most efficient extracting solvent. The total phenol content was measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and expressed as phloroglucinol equivalents (PGE). The antioxidant tests used were 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, linoleic acid-β carotene oxidation inhibiting assay, and Fe²⁺ ion chelating method. Higher phenolic contents were obtained using aqueous organic solvents, as compared to the respective absolute solvents; 70 % acetone was found to be the most efficient solvent (1.039 mg PGE 100 mg^?1 dry algal powder). High significant correlations were noted between total phenol content and the tested antioxidant activities; so the aqueous organic extracts exhibited the highest antioxidant activities versus DPPH radicals (EC₅₀ values of 0.6–1.1 mg dry weight (DW) mL^?1), linoleic acid-β carotene oxidation (74–78 % at 0.8 mg DW mL^?1), as well as ferrous ions (EC₅₀ values of 5.0–7.9 mg DW mL^?1). Some methodological recommendations regarding the assays used and the expression of results are proposed.     

樟芝发酵液和菌丝体提取物抗氧化性能研究

采用甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇对樟芝发酵液和菌丝体进行提取,对其不同提取物进行还原力,DPPH、羟基自由基、超氧自由基、过氧化氢清除能力,亚铁离子螯合能力等抗氧化能力的测定。比较发酵液提取物和菌丝体提取物的抗氧化效果,比较不同提取剂提取物的抗氧化效果。结果显示:(1)发酵液提取物还原力最高的为异丙醇提取物,亚铁离子螯合能力最强的为乙醇提取物;DPPH清除能力乙醇和异丙醇提取物最高都达到97.88%;羟基自由基清除能力最高的为乙醇提取物,达到84.22%;3种提取物的超氧自由基清除能力都较高,具有最高清除率的异丙醇提取物达到94.89%;过氧化氢清除能力最高的为乙醇提取物的97.53%。(2)菌丝体提取物还原力最高和亚铁离子螯合能力最强的均为乙醇提取物;DPPH清除能力最高的为乙醇提取物的89.95%;3种提取物的羟基自由基清除能力普遍偏低,最高的仅为异丙醇提取物的37.28%;超氧自由基清除能力则普遍较高,最高为甲醇提取物的90.05%;过氧化氢清除能力最高的为乙醇和异丙醇提取物,最高清除率均为95.06%。抗氧化性能的研究比较,为进一步开发利用樟芝提供了依据。     

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melothria maderaspatana in vitro</Emphasis>

In this study, an aqueous extract of leaves from Melothria maderaspatana was tested for in vitro antioxidant activity. Free radical scavenging assays, such as hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radical and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethyl-enzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, and reducing power assay, were studied. The extract effectively scavenged hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radicals. It also scavenged DPPH and ABTS radicals. Furthermore, it was found to have reducing power. All concentrations of leaf extract exhibited free radical scavenging and antioxidant power, and the preventive effects were in a dose-dependent manner. The antioxidant activities of the above were compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ascorbic acid, and α-tocopherol. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the M. maderaspatana extract could be considered a potential source of natural antioxidant.     

In Vitro Antibacterial and Antioxidant Studies of Croton roxburghii L., from Similipal Biosphere Reserve

In vitro antibacterial activities of acetone, ethanol, methanol and water extracts of leaves and bark of Croton roxburghii L. studied against ten human pathogenic bacterial strains showed significantly higher activity in acetone extract and least activity in case of aqueous. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of all extracts ranged between 0.62 and 10 mg/ml, while minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranged from 1.25 to values greater than 10 mg/ml. The antioxidant assays viz. DPPH, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, iron reducing and iron chelating assays along with total phenol and ascorbic acid content were carried out with aqueous extracts of leaves and bark. While the total phenol contents in leaves and bark extracts were 0.766 ± 0.014 and 0.735 ± 0.028% respectively their ascorbic acid contents were found to be 0.252 ± 0.019 and 0.431 ± 0.013% respectively. DPPH activities in both (leaves and bark) extracts increased with the increase in concentrations. Iron chelating capacity of leaves extract is significantly higher than that of the bark. Leaves extract showed an increase in percentage of scavenging property with the increase in concentrations. Plant extracts showed low amount of iron reducing property at all concentrations. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging properties of bark was low than that of the leaves.     

In vitro antioxidant activity of Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. aerial parts

The methanolic extract of the aerial part of Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. (Rubiaceae) was screened for antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH) quenching assay, 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) cation decolorization test, ferric reducing power (FRP), scavenging capacity towards hydroxyl ion (OH*) radicals and nitric oxide (NO) radical inhibition activity using established assay procedures. Total phenolics and total flavonoid contents were, also determined. The plant yielded 210 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g phenolic content and 55 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g flavonoid content. The extract exhibited high antiradical activity against DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide and hydroxyl radicals with EC50 value of 82, 150, 130, and 170 microg/ml, respectively. The FRP increased with increasing concentration of the sample. The antioxidant activity of the extract was comparable with that of the standard butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT). High correlation between total phenolic/flavonoid contents and scavenging potential of different reactive oxygen species (R2 = 0.785-0.998) indicated the polyphenols as the main antioxidants.     

Extraction of defatted rice bran with subcritical aqueous acetone

Defatted rice bran extracts were obtained by subcritical treatment using aqueous acetone as extractant. Treatment with 40% (v/v) acetone at 230 °C for 5 min yielded an extract with the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (0.274 mmol of ascorbic acid/g of bran), total carbohydrate (0.188 g/g of bran), protein (0.512 g/g of bran), and total phenolic contents (88.2 mg of gallic acid/g of bran). The effect of treatment temperature (70-230 °C) was investigated using 40% (v/v) acetone, and the extract under 230 °C treatment showed the highest levels of all the determinations described above. The extracts obtained with various concentrations of aqueous acetone were subjected to UV absorption spectra and HPLC analysis, and the results showed changes in composition and polarity. Antioxidative activity evaluated against oxidation of bulk linoleic acid of the extract obtained with 80% (v/v) acetone was higher than that not only of the extract from subcritical water treatment but also of that obtained 40% (v/v) acetone treatment.     

Evaluation of the nutritional profile and antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activities of Padina gymnospora (Phaeophyceae)

The use of cholinesterase inhibitors and antioxidants is currently considered as an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). There is also a growing trend to use nutraceuticals for cognitive impairment. Since natural product-based drugs offer better hope for the treatment of AD, the present study was aimed at evaluating the nutritional profile of the brown seaweed Padina gymnospora and investigating the antioxidant and inhibitory effect of different solvent extracts of P. gymnospora on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes. The nutritional profile of P. gymnospora includes large amounts of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, proline, chlorophyll, fibre, minerals, fatty acids and amino acids, along with antioxidants such as vitamins C and E. Antioxidant activities of various solvent extracts of P. gymnospora were assessed by the DPPH scavenging assay, nitric oxide scavenging assay, reducing power assay and FRAP assay. Acetone extracts showed significant DPPH radical and nitric oxide scavenging activity with IC₅₀ values of 402 ± 9.12 and 441 ± 48.16 µg ml^–1 respectively and aqueous extracts had better reducing potential. Among the different solvent extracts, the acetone extract showed the highest inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values <150 µg ml^–1 for both AChE and BuChE. Qualitative phytochemical screening of P. gymnospora revealed the presence of flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. Overall the results suggest that the seaweed Padina gymnospora may be a good nutraceutical candidate for discovering drugs against AD.     

Antioxidant properties of Plumbago zeylanica, an Indian medicinal plant and its active ingredient, plumbagin

Plumbago zeylanica (known as "Chitrak") is a useful Indian medicinal plant. The root of the plant and its constituents are credited with potential therapeutic properties including anti-atherogenic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective properties. To examine possible mechanisms of action of P. zeylanica (Chitrak), in relation to its reported beneficial properties, antioxidant effects of the aqueous/alcoholic extracts of root, corresponding to medicinal preparations, and the active ingredient, plumbagin, were studied. Methods used included: ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), radical scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), lipid peroxidation in rat liver mitochondria induced by different agents, and estimating phenolic and flavonoid content. In FRAP/DPPH assays, boiled ethanolic extracts were the most effective, while in the ABTS assay boiled aqueous extracts were the most efficient. These extracts also significantly inhibited lipid peroxidation induced by cumene hydroperoxide, ascorbate-Fe(2+) and peroxynitrite and contained high amounts of polyphenols and flavonoids. To examine the mechanisms of action in detail, antioxidant and pulse radiolysis studies with plumbagin were conducted. The hydroxyl (.OH), alkyl peroxyl (CCl(3)OO.), linoleic acid peroxyl (LOO.), and glutathiyl (GS.) radicals generate a phenoxyl radical upon reaction with plumbagin. The bimolecular rate constants were: .OH, 2.03 x 10(9) dm(3)mol(-1)s(-1); CCl(3)OO., 1.1 x 10(9) dm(3)mol(-1)s(-1); LOO., 6.7 x 10(7) dm(3)mol(-1)s(-1); and GS., 8.8 x 10(8) dm(3)mol(-1)s(-1). In conclusion, our studies reveal that extracts of P. zeylanica and its active ingredient plumbagin have significant antioxidant abilities that may possibly explain some of the reported therapeutic effects.     

Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of Broussonetia papyrifera fruits

Fruits of Broussonetia papyrifera from South China were analyzed for their total chemical composition, and antioxidant activities in ethanol and aqueous extracts. In the fruit of this plant, the crude protein, crude fat and carbohydrates was 7.08%, 3.72% and 64.73% of dry weight, respectively. The crude protein, crude fat and carbohydrates were 15.71%, 20.51% and 36.09% of dry weight, respectively. Fatty acid and amino acid composition of the fruit were analyzed. Unsaturated fatty acid concentration was 70.6% of the total fatty acids. The percentage of the essential amino acids (EAAs) was 40.60% of the total amino acids. Furthermore, B. papyrifera fruit are rich in many mineral elements and vitamins. Total phenolic content was assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteau assay, whereas antioxidant activities were assessed by measuring the ability of the two extracts to scavenge DPPH radicals, inhibit peroxidation, and chelate ferric ions. Their reducing power was also assessed. Results indicated that the aqueous extract of B. papyrifera was a more potent reducing agent and radical-scavenger than the ethanol extract. GC-MS analysis of the ethanol extract showed the presence of some acid-containing compounds. The changes in total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in B. papyrifera from four different regions grown under normal conditions were assessed. The antioxidant activity of different extracts was positively associated with their total phenolic content. These results suggest that the fruit of B. papyrifera could be used in dietary supplement preparations, or as a food additive, for nutritional gain, or to prevent oxidation in food products.     

铺地锦竹草水提取物主要成分及抗氧化活性研究

以市售铺地锦竹草为材料制备其水提取物,采用分光光度法测定总黄酮、总花色苷、总糖等主要活性成分含量,采用ICP-MS质谱仪法测定提取物中18种金属元素的组成和含量,最后采用分光光度法研究提取物的体外抗氧化活性。结果显示,铺地锦竹草提取物中黄酮含量为2.04%,总蛋白含量1.83%,总糖含量55%,总花色苷含量7.2%,Ca、Mn、Mg等有益微量元素含量较高,Pb、Hg、Ag、Co、Ge等有害重金属微量检出或未检出。提取物清除DPPH·的IC50达0.265mg·mL^-1,清除·OH自由基IC50为1.16mg·mL^-1,1mg提取物的总还原力与39μgVc相当,对亚铁离子未表现出有规律的螯合力。以上说明铺地锦竹草提取物中天然活性成分含量较高,有害重金属极微,具有良好的抗氧化能力,其抗氧化活性是由多种活性因子通过协同作用机制起作用的,具有开发为功能性食品的良好潜力。     

Consequence of the antioxidant activities and tyrosinase inhibitory effects of various extracts from the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ferulae

This study was initiated to screen the antioxidant activities, tyrosinase inhibitory effects on the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ferulae extracted with acetone, methanol and hot water. The antioxidant activities were performed on β-carotene–linoleic acid, reducing power, DPPH, ferrous ions chelating abilities, and xanthine oxidase. In addition to this, phenolic compounds were also analyzed. The methanolic extract showed the strongest β-carotene–linoleic acid inhibition and high reducing power as compared to other extracts. The scavenging effects on DPPH radicals, the acetonic and methanolic extracts were more effective than hot water extracts. The strongest chelating effect was obtained from the methanolic extract as compared to the tested synthetic antioxidant. Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, vanillin, ferulic acid, naringin, resveratrol, naringenin, hesperetin, formononetin and biochanin-A were detected from acetonitrile and hydrochloric acid (5:1) solvent extract. Xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of acetonic, methanolic, and hot water extracts of P. ferulae increased with increasing concentration. The results suggested that consumption of P. ferulae might be beneficial to the antioxidant, xanthine oxidase, and tyrosinase protection system of the human body against oxidative damage and others complications.     

Antioxidant activity,acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibitory potential of Pulmonaria officinalis and Centarium umbellatum extracts

In this study several investigations and tests were performed to determine the antioxidant activity and the acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibitory potential of Pulmonaria officinalis and Centarium umbellatum aqueous extracts (10% mass) and ethanolic extracts (10% mass and 70% ethanol), respectively. Moreover, for each type of the prepared extracts of P. officinalis and of C. umbellatum the content in the biologically active compounds – polyphenols, flavones and proanthocyanidins was determined. The antioxidant activity was assessed using two methods, namely the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and reducing power assay. The analyzed plant extracts showed a high acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibitory activity in the range of 72.24–94.24% (at the highest used dose – 3 mg/mL), 66.96% and 94.03% (at 3 mg/mL), respectively correlated with a high DPPH radical inhibition – 70.29–84.9% (at 3 mg/mL). These medicinal plants could provide a potential natural source of bioactive compounds and could be beneficial to the human health, especially in the neurodegenerative disorders and as sources of natural antioxidants in food industry.     

球孢白僵菌不同菌株清除自由基活性评价

选择不同来源的12株球孢白僵菌,分别测定菌丝体2种溶剂提取物在不同抗氧化模型中的抗氧化作用。结果表明,不同溶剂提取物对二苯基苦味酰基苯肼自由基(DPPH)和羟自由基(.OH)均有清除作用,但是清除自由基的活性不同,乙酸乙酯提取物对.OH的清除作用最为显著,活性较高,最高清除率达到71.54%。甲醇提取物活性均较低,30 min时甲醇提取物对DPPH和.OH清除率最高分别为36%和38.96%,12株白僵菌间的清除自由基活性有较大的差异。