A review of Solenysa spiders from Japan (Araneae,Linyphiidae), with a comment on the type species S. mellotteei Simon, 1894

The present paper gives a review of Solenysa species from Japan and provides a solution for the species bearing the generotype name Solenysa mellotteei Simon, 1894. A total of six species are recorded, including two new species Solenysa macrodonta sp. n. and Solenysa trunciformis sp. n. The species collected from Kawasaki (NSMT-Ar 11154) and Hachioji should be the generotype Solenysa mellotteei, with Solenysa akihisai Tu, 2011, syn. n. as its junior synonym. To distinguish these congeneric species from each other, their genital characters are provided in detail based on images collected by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy.     

On the function of male genital claspers in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stenomacra marginella</Emphasis> (Heteroptera: Largidae)

Male structures for clasping females during precopula interactions and mating (“claspers”) have evolved in many groups of arthropods. Several hypotheses regarding the function of claspers have been proposed. We describe how males of the true bug Stenomacra marginella (Heteroptera: Largidae) move their genital claspers during sexual interactions, and present the results of experiments in which we tested whether claspers are necessary to achieve intromission. When one and both claspers were partially amputated, the probability of successful intromission decreased from 62 to 0% and from 57 to 3%, respectively. Behavioral observations indicate that the claspers open the valves that cover the female genital opening. We consider the possibility that claspers in S. marginella may have multiple functions.     

在韩国危害红松球果的三种蛾类幼虫形态记述（鳞翅目）

详细地记述了韩国红松球果害虫冷杉梢斑螟Dioryctria abietella、赤松梢斑螟D. sylvestrella (螟蛾科)和小花尺蛾Eupithecia abietaria debrunneata (尺蛾科)幼虫的形态特征,并提供了形态特征图。     

中国丛螟亚科三种幼虫记述（鳞翅目：螟蛾科）

本文详细记述了中国丛螟亚科樟叶瘤丛螟Orthaga achatina Butler,橄榄锄须丛螟Macalla sp．和漆树缀叶丛螟Locastra muscosalis（Walker）幼虫的形态特征,并绘制了形态特征图,记述了为害习性。所有标本均保存在中国计量学院生命科学学院标本室。     

缘蝽科的比较形态学研究Ⅲ（异翅亚目：缘蝽总科）

缘蝽科的比较形态学研究　Ⅲ（异翅亚目：缘蝽总科）李新正（中国科学院海洋研究所青岛２６６０７１）１５棒缘蝽亚科（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｐｈｌｏｅｉｎａｅ）（图６８—８３）棒缘蝽类包括２８个属,除ＶｉｌｇａＳｔａｌ为新世界分布,ＣｅｒａｌｅｐｔｕｓＣｏｓｔａ和颗缘...     

Sexual Dimorphism of the Larynx of the Mongolian Gazelle (Procapra gutturosa Pallas, 1777) (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Bovidae)

The larynges (except for the epiglottis) of two adult Mongolian gazelles, one male and one female, were dissected. This species is characterized by a pronounced sexual dimorphism of the larynx. Dimorphism with regard to the size of the entire larynx and of the thyroid cartilage is about 2:1 whereas the difference of mean body mass is about 1.3:1 between males and females. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to other bovids, the larynx of the male Mongolian gazelle has a paired lateral laryngeal ventricle. However, in contrast to horse, dog, pig and many primate species also possessing such a paired ventricle, its rostral opening in the Mongolian gazelle is situated lateral to the corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilage. The neck of the laryngeal ventricle is embraced by the bifurcated cuneiform process of the epiglottis. Despite the enlarged laryngeal cartilages, the vocal process of the male arytenoid cartilage is relatively shorter than that of the female. The male thyroarytenoid muscle is clearly separated into a rostral ventricular muscle and a caudal vocal muscle whereas the female's, as in other bovids, is almost uniform. The lateral sac of the two-chambered laryngeal ventricle in the male projects laterally between the ventricular and the vocal muscle. As in the domestic bovids and in many other artiodactyls the larynx of the male Mongolian gazelle is lacking any rostrally directed membraneous portion of the vocal fold. Instead, the thick and tough bow-like vocal fold projects caudally into the infraglottic cavity and is supported by a peculiar pan-like fibroelastic pad. This resilient element, situated medial to the bipartite thyroarytenoid muscle, might be a homologue of the vocal ligament, eventually including lateral portions of the elastic cone. A fibroelastic pad is absent in the female. The resilient floor of the laryngeal vestibulum, ventral to the fibroelastic pad, is rostrally and caudally subducted by tube-like spaces. Evolutionary enlargement of the male larynx, including the vocal folds, and of the caudal portions of the vocal tract may have shifted the fundamental and formant frequencies to a lower register. The paired lateral laryngeal ventricle might produce an amplitude increase of the vocalizations assisted by differential action of the bipartite thyroarytenoid muscle. In addition, the peculiar shape, size and tough consistency of the male vocal folds may, as in roaring felids, assist in producing high amplitude and low frequency vocalizations. Perhaps the biological role of the enlarged male larynx of Procapra gutturosa has evolved in relation to its mating system. In the rutting season, dominant males establish individual territories and maintain harems. During prolonged courtship prior to mating, these males perform an acoustic display uttering loud and guttural bellows. In addition, the bulging ventral neck region of males may serve as an optical attractant for the females. Thus, the evolution of the enlarged larynx of the male Mongolian gazelle may have been favoured by sexual selection.     

Development of ovule, megagametophyte and early endosperm in representative species of Rhododendron L. (Ericaceae)

PALSER, B. F., PHILIPSON, W. R. & PHILIPSON, M. N., 1989. Development of ovule, megagametophyte and early endosperm in Rhododendron L. (Ericaceae). Complete development of ovule, megagametophyte and early endosperm is compared for 15 species (almost complete for four additional species) representing all subgenera and most sections of Rhododendron. In all the ovule is anatropous, unitegmic, tenuinucellate with the lateral and micropylar nucellus disintegrating completely. The integument has a tanniniferous epidermis, starch around egg apparatus and micropyle, an endothelium and hypostase. Differences occur in time of closure of the micropyle and its final length, total proportion of ovule occupied by gametophyte and by formation of ovule tails only in section Vireya. Megagametophyte development follows the Polygonum pattern in all species. A single archesporial cell becomes the megaspore mother cell directly, and the chalazal spore of a linear tetrad functions. Between the eight-nucleate stage and maturity the micropylar end of the gametophyte elongates into the micropyle. Starch is characteristically present in the mature central cell. The pollen tube penetrates porogamously and double fertilization is rapid. Endosperm development starts promptly and is cellular, first forming a linear row of four cells. The zygote elongates slightly but does not divide during the stages followed. Differences may occur in time of enlargement, orientation of some mitoses, some cellular characteristics, amount of starch present and final size of megagametophyte. Rare abnormalities occur.     

Comparative morphological study on the genus Leptura Linnaeus of China(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lepturinae)

A comparative morphological research was done based on the morphological characters of 21 species from Leptura in this paper. The results indicated that 18 morphological characters, such as the ratio of the lower eye lobe to genae, the relative length of antennae segments, the shape of maxillary palpi apex, prothorax, elytra apex and elytral maculae can be used to identify species in the genus. Meanwhile, the color of elytra and the size of elytral maculae could not be used to identify species from Leptura. In addition, the shape of 7th abdominally sternal apex, the length of antennae and the ratio of the first hind tarsal segment to the second can be used to distinguish the male and the female.     

Comparative morphology and evolutionary aspects of the reflective under wing scale-pattern in Fritillary butterflies (Nymphalidae: Argynnini)

The wing scale ultrastructure of the reflective under wing pattern found in many Argynnini butterflies are examined for all recognised genera and subgenera and compared to that of some basal Heliconiini. A true reflective pattern probably evolved once within the Argynnini. But the phylogenetic information in these structures is limited due to a high degree of homoplasy in the scale ultrastructure related to the reflective patterns. The degree of specialisation is also homoplastic. The general morphological modification responsible for the reflective patterns seems to be a “closing” of the large windows, which generally occupy most of the inter-ridge space on the abwing surface in the scales of higher Lepidoptera. The fact that the Argynnis niobe morphs with a silvery pattern have scales with ‘closed windows’ whereas the Argynnis niobe morphs without a silvery pattern have typical non-reflective scales with very large windows supports this conclusion.The degrees of modification of the scales, including whether both cover and ground scales or only cover scales are modified, are to some extent correlated to the degree of reflectiveness in the wing pattern. Boloria eunomia has, as the only species, more modified ground scales than cover scales.     

Differentiation and diversification of follicular cells in polytrophic ovaries of crane flies (Diptera: Nematocera: Tipulomorpha and Trichoceridae)

To gain insight into the evolution of differentiation pathways that are involved in the follicular cells' morphogenesis in dipteran ovaries we have undertaken the comparative morphological analysis of the follicular cell behavior in crane flies, representatives of more ancestral nematocerous flies. This analysis revealed that initially the organization of the follicular epithelium in the species under study shows significant similarities to that reported in the ovaries of true flies (Brachycera), indicating that the ancestors of dipterans must have evolved a common and specific system of the early patterning of their follicular epithelium. On the other hand, in contrast to Drosophila and other advanced brachycerans, the follicular cells in the studied nematoceran ovaries do not exhibit any migratory activity. Instead, they were found to change their relative position but only within the epithelial layer. These "translocations" appeared to depend merely on cell shape changes. Although the "immobility" of the follicular cells in the ovaries of crane flies results in the lower number of their specialized subgroups when compared with the true flies, the functional homology between particular subsets of follicular cells can be postulated. We suggest that the anterior polar cells and the micropyle forming anterior terminal follicular cells in crane fly ovaries have their counterparts in the brachyceran anterior polar cells and border cells, respectively.     

The monophyletic origin of a remarkable sexual system in akentrogonid rhizocephalan parasites: A molecular and larval structural study

We use sequences from the nuclear ribosomal genes, 18S and 28S to analyze the phylogeny of the Rhizocephala Akentrogonida including two species, Clistosaccus paguri and Chthamalophilus delagei, that are critical for understanding rhizocephalan evolution but have not previously been part of a molecularly based study. In addition we use light and scanning electron microscopy to compare the cypris larvae of C. paguri, Sylon hippolytes and two species of the family Thompsoniidae, since this larval stage offers a suite of characters for analyzing the evolution of these otherwise highly reduced parasites. The Rhizocephala Akentrogonida form a monophyletic group nested within a paraphyletic “Kentrogonida”. C. paguri and S. hippolytes are sistergroups confirming the monophyly of the Clistosaccidae that was originally based on similarities in the cypris larvae. We find numerous LM and SEM level similarities between the two species, many of which appear to be correlated with their specialized sexual system, where male cyprids use an antennule to implant cells into the virgin female parasite. Some of these traits are also found in cyprids of the thompsoniid species. We conclude that the special cypris morphology and the implantation of males by antennular penetration was present in the stem species to the Thompsoniidae and the Clistosaccidae and emphasize the power of larval characters in rhizocephalan systematics. C. delagei is a sister group to Boschmaella balani and the two are nested deep within the Akentrogonida. This confirms the monophyly of the Chthamalophilidae and falsifies the theory that C. delagei should represent the most primitive extant rhizocephalan. Instead, chthamalophilid rhizocephalans represent some of the most highly advanced members of the parasitic barnacles.