加味参苓白术散对COPD大鼠血清IL-8和TNF-α的影响

目的:观察加味参苓白术散对COPD肺脾气虚证大鼠血清IL-8和TNF-α的影响。方法:将大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组及加味参苓白术散低、中、高剂量组。除空白组外,其余四组采用气管滴注脂多糖加烟熏28天的方法复制COPD模型,大黄水煎液灌胃8天的方法复制肺脾气虚证的模型,药物干预组给予加味参苓白术散治疗。HE染色观察肺组织病理情况,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清中IL-8、TNF-α的表达情况。结果:药物干预组大鼠炎性细胞浸润以及肺大泡融合等症状相较于模型组明显缓解,血清IL-8、TNF-α的表达降低。结论:加味参苓白术散能够改善COPD肺脾气虚证大鼠肺组织病理损伤,降低血清炎症因子IL-8、TNF-α的表达,改善炎症。     

磷脂酶C抑制剂U73122对COPD大鼠肺组织内MMP-9,MMP-12表达影响的实验研究

目的:探讨磷脂酶C抑制剂U73122对COPD大鼠肺组织内MMP-9,MMP-12表达的影响.方法:通过烟熏及气管内注入脂多糖(LPS)建立COPD大鼠模型,从第1d起通过尾静脉注射磷脂酶C(PLC)抑制剂U73122(以U73343为阴性对照),持续28天.第28d,观察各组大鼠肺组织病理变化,western blot法检测肺组织中MMP-9、MMP-12表达水平.结果:模型组和干预组大鼠MMP-9、MMP-12蛋白表达高于对照组(P＜0.05),干预组低于模型组(P＜0.05).干预组肺组织形态学改变较模型组改善(P＜0.05).结论:U73122通过抑制磷脂酶C(PLC)信号途径减少了COPD中MMP9、MMP12的表达,减轻肺组织结构破坏.     

AMPK调控内质网应激抵抗COPD大鼠肺泡上皮细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的:初步探讨AMPK在内质网应激所致COPD大鼠肺泡上皮细胞凋亡中所起的作用及机制。方法:实验分三组:对照组,COPD模型组,AICAR干预组,以香烟烟雾烟熏加气管内滴注脂多糖方法构建COPD大鼠模型,取大鼠肺组织行HE染色病理观察,免疫组化,western blot检测p-AMPK/AMPK,ORP150,caspase-3及CHOP表达,TUNEL法检测各组凋亡情况。结果:病理HE染色提示模型组大量炎症细胞浸润,肺大疱形成,支气管壁发生狭窄;AICAR干预组炎症细胞较模型组减少。与正常对照组相比,免疫组化及western blot均提示模型组中p-AMPK和ORP150蛋白表达含量增强,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。而AICAR干预组中p-AMPK/AMPK及ORP150蛋白表达较模型组明显上升,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。内质网应激相关凋亡指标CHOP及caspase-3的表达在模型组明显增强,较正常组比较差异有显著性(P0.05),而AICAR组中凋亡指标较模型组明显下调。结论:AMPK可以保护肺泡上皮细胞免于香烟烟雾所致内质网应激凋亡,且有可能通过增加ORP150来实现其保护作用。     

鱼腥草素钠对慢性阻塞性肺疾病模型大鼠肺组织PI3K、AKT1及mTOR mRNA表达的影响

目的 观察鱼腥草素钠对慢性阻塞性肺疾病模型大鼠肺组织中PI3K、AKT1及mTOR mRNA表达的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法 选取Wistar雄性大鼠24只,体重(220±20)g,随机分为正常组、模型组、地塞米松组和鱼腥草素钠组(每组6只)。采用烟熏和脂多糖气管滴注联合方法建立慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)大鼠模型,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测PI3K、AKT1及mTOR mRNA表达,并观察大鼠肺组织病理变化。结果 与正常组相比,模型组大鼠肺组织PI3K、AKT1 mRNA表达显著增高(P0.01,P0.05),mTOR mRNA表达显著降低(P0.01);与模型组相比,鱼腥草素钠组和地塞米松组肺组织PI3K、AKT1 mRNA表达显著降低(P0.01,P0.05),mTOR mRNA表达显著增高(P0.01);与地塞米松组相比,鱼腥草素钠组肺组织mTOR mRNA表达显著增高(P0.05)。病理观察结果显示,与正常组比较,模型组局部肺实变,肺泡腔内大量中性粒细胞浸润,胶原染色显示肺间质纤维组织大量增生;鱼腥草素钠组和地塞米松组肺组织病理改变明显轻于模型组,鱼腥草素钠组和地塞米松组肺组织呈轻度间质性肺炎,仅见少量的纤维组织增生。结论鱼腥草素钠能够减轻慢性阻塞性肺疾病模型大鼠肺组织损伤,其机制可能与其能够下调PI3K、AKT1 mRNA的表达、上调mTORmRNA表达有关。     

L-Arg对LPS诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠肺表面活性物质和肺泡巨噬细胞功能的影响

目的:探讨L-精氨酸(L-Arg)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠肺表面活性物质和肺泡巨噬细胞功能的影响。方法:舌下静脉注射脂多糖(LPS)复制肺损伤模型。健康雄性SD大鼠48只,随机分为对照组、模型组(LPS组)和L-Arg治疗组(L-Arg组)(n=16)。分别于给予LPS 3 h或6 h后给予生理盐水(对照组及LPS组,ip)和L-Arg(500 mg/kg ip)(L-Arg治疗组),治疗3 h。原位杂交法(ISH)检测肺组织中肺表面活性蛋白A(SP-A)mRNA的表达;测定肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的总蛋白(TP)。体外分离培养大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞,以LPS(终浓度10 mg/L)处理巨噬细胞,观察L-Arg对肺泡巨噬细胞的影响。结果:与对照组比较,大鼠肺损伤后SP-A mRNA表达减弱,BALF中TP增多(P<0.01)。肺损伤3 h用L-Arg治疗3 h后,SP-A mRNA阳性细胞表达明显增强,BALF中TP较LPS组相同时间点明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),肺损伤减轻。体外实验中,与正常对照组相比,LPS组细胞培养上清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、一氧化氮(NO)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNFα-)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)浓度明显增高(P<0.01);L-Arg明显减少LPS所致的LDH的释放,降低TNFα-和IL-6浓度。结论:L-Arg可减轻内毒素性肺损伤,此机制可能与增强SP-AmRNA表达有关;LPS可刺激巨噬细胞分泌促炎因子和NO,L-Arg可抑制LPS对巨噬细胞的作用。     

COPD大鼠模型在不同时期细胞转录因子NF-kB变化及意义(英文)

目的:建立分别由吸烟以及气管内滴注脂多糖导致慢性阻塞性肺病小鼠模型,并研究核因子-κB在(COPD)的作用。方法:我们将50只wistar鼠随机分成2组,1组为正常对照组,2组为COPD进展组。COPD进展组又进一步分为暴露香烟烟雾及气管内滴注脂多糖1周、2周、3周、4周、5周。预备好的小鼠被解剖观察,肉眼观察小鼠外形及肺组织标本,显微镜下观察肺脏的病理改变。分析PH、氧分压、二氧化碳分压,NF-kB的活性被测量。结果:COPD小鼠模型肺组织的病理改变如同COPD患者,不同暴露组的实验小鼠细胞总数结果表明,实验小鼠COPD肺组织的病理改变和人类COPD的病理改变是一致的。动脉血气分析结果显示暴露与烟雾及气管内滴注脂多糖4周的小鼠与正常对照组比较血PH、氧分压是降低的,而二氧化碳分压是升高的。结论:NF-kB在促进肺部炎症反应中起着重要的作用,通过活化肿瘤坏死因子及肺泡巨噬细胞。     

白介素-18在被动吸烟诱导的慢性阻塞性肺疾病大鼠中的表达

目的 研究白介紊-18(Interleukin-18,IL-18)在被动吸烟诱导的慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)大鼠中的表达变化.方法 将20只大鼠随机分为2组,即正常对照组和COPD模型组.应用单纯被动吸烟法建立大鼠COPD模型,香烟烟雾暴露时间为6个月.利用酶联免疫吸附法测定2组大鼠血清和支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoal veolar lavage fluid,BALF)中的IL-18浓度,用实时定量RT-PCR法测定BALF中IL-18 mRNA的表达水平,用HE染色法观察肺组织形态学改变,用免疫组织化学染色法检测IL-18在肺组织中的表达.结果 1.COPD模型组血清和BALF中的IL-18浓度较正常对照组显著增加(P＜0.01);2.COPD模型组BALF中IL-18 mRNA的表达水平较正常对照组显著增高(P＜0.01);3.COPD模型组肺组织中IL-18的表达较正常对照组显著增加(P＜0.01).结论 被动吸烟诱导的COPD大鼠外周血和肺部均高表达IL-18,提示IL-18在吸烟所致的COPD发病机制中可能起重要作用.     

红霉素对慢性阻塞性肺疾病大鼠ICAM-1、MMP-9的表达影响

目的:观察慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)大鼠肺组织中ICAM-1及MMP-9的表达及红霉素的干预作用。方法:复制COPD大鼠模型,并用红霉素干预,收集支气管肺泡灌洗液行细胞学计数和分类检查;采用HE染色观察病理形态变化;免疫组化法检测大鼠支气管肺组织ICAM-1、MMP-9的表达。结果:与模型组比较,干预组支气管肺组织中ICAM-1、MMP-9表达显著降低;模型组中ICAM-1、MMP-9的表达与BALF中白细胞总数及中性粒细胞数成正相关;ICAM-1与MMP-9的表达成正相关。结论:COPD大鼠肺组织中的ICAM-1、MMP-9表达明显升高,可能与COPD的发病机制有关;红霉素可降低ICAM-1、MMP-9的表达,可能是红霉素在COPD中抗炎症反应的作用机制之一。     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对脂多糖诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织病理形态及TGF-β1表达的作用

目的:观察N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)对脂多糖诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织形态及转化生长因子-β1表达的作用.方法:将30只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组和NAC干预组3组,每组10只.模型组经舌下静脉注射5 mg/kg脂多糖制备大鼠急性肺损伤模型,NAC干预组在注射脂多糖后1h腹腔注射NAC(200 mg/kg),注入脂多糖后12h处死大鼠,取左叶肺组织,观察各组大鼠肺组织病理形态和TGF-β1的表达变化.结果:模型组肺泡间隔增宽,腔内有少许出血,渗出及炎性细胞浸润,肺间质充血水肿,有大量炎性细胞浸润,NAC干预组肺部炎性细胞浸润、渗出、出血较模型组明显减轻.模型组肺组织TGF-β1的表达较正常对照组明显增加(P＜0.05),NAC干预组TGF-β1的表达较模型组显著降低(P＜0.05),但与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义.结论:NAC可显著减轻脂多糖诱导的大鼠急性肺损伤,这可能与其降低肺组织中TGF-β1的表达有关.     

COPD大鼠模型在不同时期细胞转录因子NF-κB变化及意义

目的：建立分别由吸烟以及气管内滴注脂多糖导致慢性阻塞性肺病小鼠模型,并研究核因子-κB在（COPD）的作用。方法：我们将50只wistar鼠随机分成2组,1组为正常对照组,2组为COPD进展组。COPD进展组又进一步分为暴露香烟烟雾及气管内滴注脂多糖1周、2周、3周、4周、5周。预备好的小鼠被解剖观察,肉眼观察小鼠外形及肺组织标本,显微镜下观察肺脏的病理改变。分析PH、氧分压、二氧化碳分压,NF-κB的活性被测量。结果：COPD小鼠模型肺组织的病理改变如同COPD患者,不同暴露组的实验小鼠细胞总数结果表明,实验小鼠COPD肺组织的病理改变和人类COPD的病理改变是一致的。动脉血气分析结果显示暴露与烟雾及气管内滴注脂多糖4周的小鼠与正常对照组比较血PH、氧分压是降低的,而二氧化碳分压是升高的。结论：NF-κB在促进肺部炎症反应中起着重要的作用,通过活化肿瘤坏死因子及肺泡巨噬细胞。     

Surfactant protein A (SP-A): the alveolus and beyond.

Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is the major protein component of pulmonary surfactant, a material secreted by the alveolar type II cell that reduces surface tension at the alveolar air-liquid interface. The function of SP-A in the alveolus is to facilitate the surface tension-lowering properties of surfactant phospholipids, regulate surfactant phospholipid synthesis, secretion, and recycling, and counteract the inhibitory effects of plasma proteins released during lung injury on surfactant function. It has also been shown that SP-A modulates host response to microbes and particulates at the level of the alveolus. More recently, several investigators have reported that pulmonary surfactant phospholipids and SP-A are present in nonalveolar pulmonary sites as well as in other organs of the body. We describe the structure and possible functions of alveolar SP-A as well as the sites of extra-alveolar SP-A expression and the possible functions of SP-A in these sites.     

Surfactant protein A differentially regulates peripheral and inflammatory neutrophil chemotaxis

Surfactant protein A (SP-A), a pulmonary lectin, plays an important role in regulating innate immune cell function. Besides accelerating pathogen clearance by pulmonary phagocytes, SP-A also stimulates alveolar macrophage chemotaxis and directed actin polymerization. We hypothesized that SP-A would also stimulate neutrophil chemotaxis. With the use of a Boyden chamber assay, we found that SP-A (0.5-25 microg/ml) did not stimulate chemotaxis of rat peripheral neutrophils or inflammatory bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) neutrophils isolated from LPS-treated lungs. However, SP-A affected neutrophil chemotaxis toward the bacterial peptide formyl-met-leu-phe (fMLP). Surprisingly, the effect was different for the two neutrophil populations: SP-A reduced peripheral neutrophil chemotaxis toward fMLP (49 +/- 5% fMLP alone) and enhanced inflammatory BAL neutrophil chemotaxis (277 +/- 48% fMLP alone). This differential effect was not seen for the homologous proteins mannose binding lectin and complement protein 1q but was recapitulated by type IV collagen. SP-A bound both neutrophil populations comparably and did not alter formyl peptide binding. These data support a role for SP-A in regulating neutrophil migration in pulmonary tissue.     

Surfactant protein A enhances alveolar macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils

Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is an innate immune molecule that binds foreign organisms that invade the lungs and targets them for phagocytic clearance by the resident pulmonary phagocyte, the alveolar macrophage (AM). We hypothesized that SP-A binds to and enhances macrophage uptake of other nonself particles, specifically apoptotic polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). PMNs are recruited into the lungs during inflammation, but as inflammation is resolved, PMNs undergo apoptosis and are phagocytosed by AMs. We determined that SP-A increases AM phagocytosis of apoptotic PMNs 280 +/- 62% above the no protein control value. The increase is dose dependent, and heat-treated SP-A still enhanced uptake, whereas deglycosylated SP-A had significantly diminished ability to enhance phagocytosis. Surfactant protein D also increased phagocytosis of apoptotic PMNs by approximately 125%. However, other proteins that are structurally homologous to SP-A, mannose-binding lectin and complement protein 1q, did not. SP-A enhances phagocytosis via an opsonization-dependent mechanism and binds apoptotic PMNs approximately 4-fold more than viable PMNs. Also, binding of SP-A to apoptotic PMNs does not appear to involve SP-A's lectin domain. These data suggest that the pulmonary collectins SP-A and SP-D facilitate the resolution of inflammation by accelerating apoptotic PMN clearance.     

Antisense inhibition of surfactant protein A decreases tubular myelin formation in human fetal lung in vitro

Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is the most abundant of the surfactant-associated proteins. SP-A is involved in the formation of tubular myelin, the modulation of the surface tension-reducing properties of surfactant phospholipids, the metabolism of surfactant phospholipids, and local pulmonary host defense. We hypothesized that elimination of SP-A would alter the regulation of SP-B gene expression and the formation of tubular myelin. Midtrimester human fetal lung explants were cultured for 3-5 days in the presence or absence of an antisense 18-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotide (ON) complementary to SP-A mRNA. After 3 days in culture, SP-A mRNA was undetectable in antisense ON-treated explants. After 5 days in culture, levels of SP-A protein were also decreased by antisense treatment. SP-B mRNA levels were not affected by the antisense SP-A ON treatment. However, there was decreased tubular myelin formation in the antisense SP-A ON-treated tissue. We conclude that selective elimination of SP-A mRNA and protein results in a decrease in tubular myelin formation in human fetal lung without affecting SP-B mRNA. We speculate that SP-A is critical to the formation of tubular myelin during human lung development and that the regulation of SP-B gene expression is independent of SP-A gene expression.     

Serum surfactant protein D is increased in acute and chronic inflammation in mice

Surfactant protein A (SP-A) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) are important components of innate immunity that can modify the inflammatory response. However, alterations and regulation of SP-A and SP-D in acute and chronic inflammation are not well defined. In addition, serum SP-D may serve as a biomarker of lung inflammation. We determined the expression of SP-A and SP-D in murine models. To study acute inflammation, we instilled bleomycin intrabronchially. To study chronic lung inflammation, we used a transgenic mouse that overexpresses tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha under the control of the SP-C promoter. These mice have a chronic mononuclear cell infiltration, airspace enlargement, pulmonary hypertension, and focal pulmonary fibrosis. In acute inflammation model, levels of mRNA for all surfactant proteins were reduced after bleomycin administration. However, serum SP-D was increased from days 7 to 28 after instillation. In chronic inflammation model, SP-D mRNA expression was increased, whereas the expression of SP-A, SP-B and SP-C was reduced. Both serum and lung SP-D concentrations were increased in chronic lung inflammation. These data clarified profile of SP-A and SP-D in acute and chronic inflammation and indicated that serum SP-D can serve as a biomarker of lung inflammation in both acute and chronic lung injury in mice.     

Pulmonary surfactant protein a inhibits macrophage reactive oxygen intermediate production in response to stimuli by reducing NADPH oxidase activity

Alveolar macrophages are important host defense cells in the human lung that continuously phagocytose environmental and infectious particles that invade the alveolar space. Alveolar macrophages are prototypical alternatively activated macrophages, with up-regulated innate immune receptor expression, down-regulated costimulatory molecule expression, and limited production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) in response to stimuli. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is an abundant protein in pulmonary surfactant that has been shown to alter several macrophage (Mphi) immune functions. Data regarding SP-A effects on ROI production are contradictory, and lacking with regard to human Mphi. In this study, we examined the effects of SP-A on the oxidative response of human Mphi to particulate and soluble stimuli using fluorescent and biochemical assays, as well as electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. SP-A significantly reduced Mphi superoxide production in response to the phorbol ester PMA and to serum-opsonized zymosan (OpZy), independent of any effect by SP-A on zymosan phagocytosis. SP-A was not found to scavenge superoxide. We measured Mphi oxygen consumption in response to stimuli using a new oxygen-sensitive electron paramagnetic resonance probe to determine the effects of SP-A on NADPH oxidase activity. SP-A significantly decreased Mphi oxygen consumption in response to PMA and OpZy. Additionally, SP-A reduced the association of NADPH oxidase component p47(phox) with OpZy phagosomes as determined by confocal microscopy, suggesting that SP-A inhibits NADPH oxidase activity by altering oxidase assembly on phagosomal membranes. These data support an anti-inflammatory role for SP-A in pulmonary homeostasis by inhibiting Mphi production of ROI through a reduction in NADPH oxidase activity.     

Combined SP-A-bleomycin effect on cytokines by THP-1 cells: impact of surfactant lipids on this effect

Surfactant protein A (SP-A) plays a role in host defense and inflammation in the lung. In the present study, we investigated the hypothesis that SP-A is involved in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. We studied the effects of human SP-A on bleomycin-induced cytokine production and mRNA expression in THP-1 macrophage-like cells and obtained the following results. 1) Bleomycin-treated THP-1 cells increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-8, and IL-1beta production in dose- and time-dependent patterns, as we have observed with SP-A. TNF-alpha levels were unaffected by treatment with cytosine arabinoside. 2) The combined bleomycin-SP-A effect on cytokine production is additive by RNase protection assay and synergistic by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 3) Although the bleomycin effect on cytokine production was not significantly affected by the presence of surfactant lipid, the additive and synergistic effect of SP-A-bleomycin on cytokine production was significantly reduced. We speculate that the elevated cytokine levels resulting from the bleomycin-SP-A synergism are responsible for bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and that surfactant lipids can help ameliorate pulmonary complications observed during bleomycin chemotherapy.     

Serum surfactant protein-A, but not surfactant protein-D or KL-6, can predict preclinical lung damage induced by smoking

Serum surfactant protein (SP)-A offers a useful clinical marker for interstitial lung disease (ILD). However, SP-A is occasionally elevated in non-ILD pulmonary patients. The present study was conducted to investigate factors that affect serum SP- A levels in respiratory medicine. Serum SP-A, serum SP-D, serum Klebs von den Lungen (KL)-6 and pulmonary function tests were evaluated in 929 patients (current smokers, n=255; ex-smokers, n=242; never-smokers, n=432) without ILD or pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Serum SP-A was significantly higher in current smokers than in never- or ex-smokers (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). Serum SP- A was significantly higher in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary thromboembolism than in other diseases (p<0.01). Serum SP-A correlated positively with amount of smoking (p<0.01) and negatively with forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity (p<0.05). Serum SP-D and KL-6 were unaffected by smoking. Smoking should be taken into account when evaluating serum SP-A levels, and different baseline levels of serum SP-A should be established for smokers and non-smokers. Serum SP-A may also represent a useful marker for predicting COPD in the preclinical stage.