一氧化氮对猪细小病毒体外增殖的影响研究

本文研究了来源于不同前体物的一氧化氮(Nitro oxide,NO)对猪细小病毒(Porcine parvovirus,PPV)体外增殖的影响.结果表明,NO前体物S-硝基-N-乙酰青霉胺(SNAP)、L-精氨酸(L-Arg)均能够有效地诱导PK-15细胞产生NO,进而显著地抑制PPV在PK-15细胞上的复制,其效果与前体物的浓度呈正相关,在浓度为100μmol/L和200μmol/L时,SNAP产生NO的能力与抑制病毒复制的作用要强于L-Arg.在病毒感染前6 h和3 h添加SNAP或L-Arg对病毒复制的抑制作用比在病毒感染后3 h和6 h添加的作用强,表明NO的抗病毒作用主要发生在病毒感染的初始阶段.此外,添加具有抑制L-Arg产生NO作用的N-硝基-L-精氨酸(L-NNA)能抵消L-Arg体外抗病毒的作用.     

NO介质在大鼠红藻氨酸诱导癫痫发作中的作用

目的：进一步探讨脑内一氧化氮(NO)介质(NO或NO衍生物)在复杂部分性及全身强直阵挛性癫痫发作中的作用。方法：采用红藻氨酸(KA)诱导大鼠癫痫发作,以NO合酶抑制剂L-硝基精氨酸(L-NNA)或NO前体L-精氨酸(L-Arg)予以预处理,观察其癫痫发作行为及海马结构内NO含量(NO2^-/NO3^-)的变化。结果：给予大鼠惊厥剂量KA(10mg/kg),15min时出现湿狗样抖动(WDS),1～3h出现全身痉挛;经L-NNA(50mg/kg)或L-Arg(40mg/kg)预处理的大鼠,注射相同剂量的KA后,其癫痫行为发生明显变化,L-NNA预处理的大鼠癫痫发作行为明显加重,表现为全身痉挛的潜伏期缩短、时间延长、死亡率提高;L-Arg预处理的大鼠癫痫发作行为减弱,WDS和全身痉挛的潜伏期均延长,发作程度减轻、时间缩短,观察时间内无一例死亡。KA给药后30min海马结构内的NO2^-/NO3^-含量迅速增多,7d时仍持续增高;与NS预处理组相比,经L-Arg预处理的动物,KA给药后3h及3d,其NO2^-/NO3^-浓度升高明显。结论：兴奋诱导性癫痫发作过程中内源性NO介质的变化可能具有重要的抗发作作用。     

抗微生物脂肽体外抗PRV和PPV的研究

本试验研究了枯草芽孢杆菌fmbJ株产生的抗微生物脂肽(Antimicrobiallipopeptide,AMI)的体外抗伪狂犬病病毒(Pseudorabiesvirus,PRV)、猪细小病毒(Porcineparvovirus,PPV)南京株活性并对其可能的机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明该抗微生物脂肽对猪肾(PorcineKidney,PK-15)细胞的半数中毒浓度(MedianToxicosisDose,TD50)和最大无毒浓度(TD0)分别为47.57mg/L、18.9mg/L;对PRV株、PPV南京株所致细胞病变效应(CytopathicEffects,CPE)有明显的抑制作用,可使细胞存活率显著升高;但不能抑制PRV株、PPV南京株在PK-15细胞上的感染和复制。由此可知,该抗微生物脂肽可以直接作用于PRV株、PPV南京株,从而抑制其对PK-15细胞的感染作用,其作用效果显著低于抗病毒药物阿昔洛韦(Acyclovir,ACV),但由于其对PK-15细胞毒性较弱,可作为一种抗病毒药物进行进一步开发研究。     

抗微生物脂肽体外抗PRV和PPV的研究

本试验研究了枯草芽孢杆菌fmbJ株产生的抗微生物脂肽(Antimicrobial lipopeptide,AMI)的体外抗伪狂犬病病毒(Pseudorabies virus,PRV)、猪细小病毒(Porcine parvovirus, PPV)南京株活性并对其可能的机理进行了初步探讨.结果表明该抗微生物脂肽对猪肾(Porcine Kidney,PK-15)细胞的半数中毒浓度(Median Toxicosis Dose,TD50)和最大无毒浓度(TD0)分别为47.57 mg/L、18.9 mg/L;对PRV株、PPV南京株所致细胞病变效应(Cytopathic Effects,CPE)有明显的抑制作用,可使细胞存活率显著升高;但不能抑制PRV株、PPV南京株在PK-15细胞上的感染和复制.由此可知,该抗微生物脂肽可以直接作用于PRV株、PPV南京株,从而抑制其对PK-15细胞的感染作用,其作用效果显著低于抗病毒药物阿昔洛韦(Acyclovir,ACV),但由于其对PK-15细胞毒性较弱,可作为一种抗病毒药物进行进一步开发研究.     

大鼠心肌线粒体L-Arg/ NO系统对线粒体Ca2+转运功能的影响

目的和方法采用大鼠心肌线粒体体外孵育的方法,观察线粒体L-精氨酸/一氧化氮系统对线粒体Ca2+转运功能的影响.结果NO生成的底物L-Arg (10-4 mol/L)、外源性NO供体硝普纳(5×10-7 mol/L)孵育的线粒体NO-2的生成量分别高于对照组66%、89% (P<0.01);钙含量较对照组分别低40%、54% (P<0.01); 线粒体Ca2+的摄入量较对照组分别减少67%、85%(P<0.01), 线粒体Ca2+释放率(11%、8%)降低与对照组(14%)相比差异显著(P<0.05、P<0.01).NO合酶抑制剂左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME, 10-4 mol/L)与相同浓度的L-Arg共同孵育的线粒体,明显抑制了L-Arg对线粒体的效应,与单纯L-Arg组比较,NO2生成减少,线粒体钙含量和反映线粒体45 Ca2+的摄入与释放能力都接近对照组水平.结论心肌线粒体L-精氨酸/一氧化氮系统参与了线粒体对心肌细胞Ca2+浓度的调节,其生理和病理生理意义值得进一步探讨.     

L-Arg对LPS诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠肺表面活性物质和肺泡巨噬细胞功能的影响

目的:探讨L-精氨酸(L-Arg)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠肺表面活性物质和肺泡巨噬细胞功能的影响。方法:舌下静脉注射脂多糖(LPS)复制肺损伤模型。健康雄性SD大鼠48只,随机分为对照组、模型组(LPS组)和L-Arg治疗组(L-Arg组)(n=16)。分别于给予LPS 3 h或6 h后给予生理盐水(对照组及LPS组,ip)和L-Arg(500 mg/kg ip)(L-Arg治疗组),治疗3 h。原位杂交法(ISH)检测肺组织中肺表面活性蛋白A(SP-A)mRNA的表达;测定肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的总蛋白(TP)。体外分离培养大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞,以LPS(终浓度10 mg/L)处理巨噬细胞,观察L-Arg对肺泡巨噬细胞的影响。结果:与对照组比较,大鼠肺损伤后SP-A mRNA表达减弱,BALF中TP增多(P<0.01)。肺损伤3 h用L-Arg治疗3 h后,SP-A mRNA阳性细胞表达明显增强,BALF中TP较LPS组相同时间点明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),肺损伤减轻。体外实验中,与正常对照组相比,LPS组细胞培养上清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、一氧化氮(NO)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNFα-)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)浓度明显增高(P<0.01);L-Arg明显减少LPS所致的LDH的释放,降低TNFα-和IL-6浓度。结论:L-Arg可减轻内毒素性肺损伤,此机制可能与增强SP-AmRNA表达有关;LPS可刺激巨噬细胞分泌促炎因子和NO,L-Arg可抑制LPS对巨噬细胞的作用。     

硝基精氨酸抑制巨噬细胞内一氧化氮合成的研究

运用体外分离培养方法,研究硝基精氨酸(N^ω-nitro-L-arginine,L-NNA)抑制巨噬细胞内诱生性一氧化氮合成.发现L-NNA能抑制一氧化氮的合成,而且在一定的范围内,其抑制作用随L-NNA作用剂量的增大而增强;在培养体系中加入L-精氨酸能够逆转这种抑制作用.说明L-NNA可能通过竞争性地与诱生型一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)活性位点结合,抑制巨噬细胞内的一氧化氮合成.     

一氧化氮通过巯基亚硝化途径抑制海马神经元的延迟整流型钾电流

应用膜片钳全细胞记录模式研究了内源性一氧化氮(NO)对培养海马神经元延迟整流型钾电流的调控作用及其机制.给予NO合成酶的底物L-精氨酸(L-Arg,2mmol/L)可显著抑制海马神经元上的延迟整流型钾电流,但其同分异构体D-精氨酸(2mmol/L)对钾电流则无明显影响.并且,经一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂L-NAME(nomega-nitro-L-argininemethylester,0.5mmol/L)预处理后,L-Arg对钾电流的抑制作用消失,表明L-Arg抑制钾电流是通过产生NO而不是精氨酸本身.特异性鸟苷酸环化酶抑制剂ODQ(1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]-quinoxalin-1-one,10!mol/L)预处理不影响L-Arg对钾电流的抑制作用,但巯基烷化剂NEM(N-ethylmaleimide,1mmol/L)预处理可完全阻断L-Arg的抑制效应.以上结果表明,内源性NO主要通过巯基亚硝化途径抑制海马神经元的延迟整流型钾电流.     

L-精氨酸对实验性大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨一氧化氮(NO)前体物质L-精氨酸(L-Arg)在内毒素(LPS)致大鼠急性肺损伤中的作用.方法 SD大鼠24只随机分为空白对照组、LPS组和L-Arg(500 mg/kg)组.腹腔注射LPS(100 μg/kg)复制急性肺损伤动物模型.在LPS注射2 h后,取大鼠肺称其湿重与干重,计算肺湿干比,测定肺灌洗液蛋白含量和白细胞数量,并进行肺组织病理学检查.结果 与对照组相比,LPS组肺湿干比、肺灌洗液蛋白含量和白细胞计数显著增高(P<0.01,n=8),病理学切片见急性肺损伤性变化;与LPS组相比,L-Arg组肺湿干比、肺灌洗液蛋白含量和白细胞计数显著降低(P<0.01,n=8),肺组织急性损伤显著减轻.结论 L-Arg具有抗LPS致急性肺损伤的作用.     

中枢和外周给一氧化氮合酶抑制剂对AVP降温作用的影响

目的 :探讨一氧化氮 (NO)在精氨酸加压素 (AVP)降温中的作用。方法 :用数字体温计测量大鼠的结肠温度 ,每次间隔 30min ,观察了中枢和外周给一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L 硝基精氨酸甲酯 (L NAME)对AVP引起降温作用的影响。结果 :①分别静脉注射AVP(4μg·kg- 1 )和L NAME(30mg·kg- 1 )后均可引起明显的降温效应 ,而静脉注射AVP后立即给L NAME对AVP的降温效应无明显影响。②侧脑室注射L NAME(1mg·kg- 1 )可引起体温明显升高 ,但当联合给AVP和L NAME时 ,侧脑室注射L NAME可明显阻断静脉注射AVP引起的降温效应。结论 :中枢内源性NO在AVP引起的降温过程中起重要的作用。另外 ,侧脑室注射一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L NAME有明显的升温效应 ,提示中枢性NO对正常体温的下调有紧张性调节作用     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.