不同肥料对稻田红壤碳、氮、磷循环相关酶活性的影响

采用中国科学院千烟洲生态站1998年开始的定位试验数据,研究不同肥料(猪粪、秸秆、化肥)对稻田红壤碳、氮、磷养分及相关酶活性[3-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β-1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶(NAG)、L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、酸性磷酸酶(AP)]的影响.结果表明:施用猪粪(OM)土壤中的βG、NAG和LAP活性显著高于其他处理,比对照(不施任何肥料)分别高1.4、2.6和1.9倍;土壤C/N提高、βG/(NAG+LAP)降低,说明施用猪粪有利于土壤中纤维素的降解和有机碳的积累.施用化肥提高了土壤中βG、NAG和LAP活性,而AP活性比对照低34％;土壤βG/AP和(NAG+LAP)/AP较高,而C/P和N/P较低,说明施用化肥导致稻田红壤无机磷的积累,抑制了土壤中分解磷酸多糖和磷脂的微生物功能.     

不同肥料对稻田红壤碳、氮、磷循环相关酶活性的影响

采用中国科学院千烟洲生态站1998年开始的定位试验数据,研究不同肥料(猪粪、秸秆、化肥)对稻田红壤碳、氮、磷养分及相关酶活性\[β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β 1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶(NAG)、L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、酸性磷酸酶(AP)\]的影响.结果表明：施用猪粪(OM)土壤中的βG、NAG和LAP活性显著高于其他处理,比对照(不施任何肥料)分别高1.4、2.6和1.9倍;土壤C/N提高、βG/(NAG+LAP)降低,说明施用猪粪有利于土壤中纤维素的降解和有机碳的积累.施用化肥提高了土壤中βG、NAG和LAP活性,而AP活性比对照低34%;土壤βG/AP和(NAG+LAP)/AP较高,而C/P和N/P较低,说明施用化肥导致稻田红壤无机磷的积累,抑制了土壤中分解磷酸多糖和磷脂的微生物功能.     

抑制剂和猪粪对尿素氮在稻田土壤中转化的影响

为了阐明稻田土壤中尿素在配施抑制剂和猪粪的情况下不同形态氮的响应特征,探究不同管理措施下稻田土壤氮素保持和供给能力。本研究采用¹⁵N标记尿素进行盆栽试验,设置不施肥(CK)、猪粪(M)、尿素(N)、猪粪+尿素(NM)、尿素+抑制剂(NI)和尿素+抑制剂+猪粪(NIM)6个处理。抑制剂选用脲酶抑制剂(PPD+NBPT)和硝化抑制剂(DMPP)组合,测定返青期、分蘖期和成熟期土壤氮库的分配、尿素氮在氮库中的保存及水稻吸氮状况。结果表明: 施用猪粪显著提高了土壤铵态氮、固定态铵含量和微生物生物量氮,提高了分蘖期尿素氮在各氮库中的贮存,显著增加了水稻产量。与N处理相比,添加抑制剂促进了NH₄⁺的矿物固定和微生物对尿素氮的固持;与NM处理相比,施用抑制剂增加了黏土矿物对¹⁵NH₄⁺的固定。通径分析表明,施用猪粪能促进水稻吸收肥料氮,增加水稻产量;添加抑制剂可通过铵的矿物固定将更多的肥料氮暂时储存;NIM能将更多的氮贮存在微生物生物量氮中,至作物生长后期,铵的释放和微生物周转矿化可为水稻提供更多的有效氮源。在我国北方稻田,NM和NIM处理是推荐的施肥方式。     

菌渣化肥配施对稻田土壤微生物量碳氮和可溶性碳氮的影响

菌渣作为一种养分丰富的有机物料还田,可减少化肥施用,同时保持土壤肥力;而土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性碳、氮是土壤活性碳氮库的重要组成部分,其含量和比例变化对土壤肥力均具有重要作用。因此,探讨不同比例菌渣化肥配施对土壤微生物量碳、氮及可溶性碳、氮的影响,评价菌渣在优化土壤肥力方面的生态作用具有重要意义。本研究在水稻田间定位试验条件下,设置3个化肥水平(C) 0%、50%、100%,菌渣相对用量(F) 0%、50%、100%,共9个处理,分析了各处理土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)和可溶性碳(DOC)、氮(DON)的变化特征,及其占土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)的比例与相关关系。结果表明:菌渣化肥配施后,微生物量碳和可溶性碳、氮均在C100F50最高,微生物量氮在C50F100最高,与不施肥处理相比,分别显著增加了49.40%、43.65%、83.52%、207.19%;MBC/SOC和DOC/SOC均随着菌渣化肥配施量的增加而减少,MBN/TN和DON/TN均在C100F50最高。相关分析表明,MBC、DOC与SOC,MBN与TN均呈极显著正相关,DON和TN呈显著正相关。总体来讲,菌渣化肥配施能够显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性碳、氮含量,但不是随着用量的增加一直呈增加趋势,高量菌渣或者化肥下会有降低趋势;菌渣化肥配施降低了土壤微生物量和可溶性碳氮比,因此适宜的菌渣化肥配施是提高土壤有机碳周转速度、微生物活性及其氮素供应能力和有效性的最佳选择。     

水稻土模拟土柱中肥料氮素的迁移转化特征

为了明确肥料氮素在模拟土柱中的迁移转化特征,通过布置室内模拟土柱试验,研究了3倍常规施肥水平下（360 mg·kg^-1）水稻土中矿质氮的变化.结果表明： 不同处理、不同土层间NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量差异显著.不施肥对照在整个培养期间养分含量变化不大,不同土层间亦没有显著性差异.施用尿素和硫铵后,土壤NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量显著提高,尤其是0～50 mm土层内,分别达到186.0～2882.1 mg·kg^-1和268.7～351.5 mg·kg^-1,分别相当于对照的4.8～242倍和5.7～316倍,50 mm以下各土层与对照处理相似,表明肥料氮素的迁移转化主要发生在0～50 mm土层内,并且在培养的前14 d变化最大.整个培养期间不同土层内,硫铵处理不同矿质态氮含量是尿素处理的0.7～2.0倍,硝化率是尿素处理的0.9～1.4倍,表明硫铵在水稻土中的转化效率略高于尿素.     

海水中藻菌共培养体系对碳氮磷的吸收转化

海洋环境中,细菌和微藻之间的物质交换是生源要素在自然界中迁移转化的重要方式。为进一步了解生源要素的生物地球化学循环,在实验室模拟条件下,研究了共培养体系中营养盐和有机物在细菌和微藻之间的转换。通过纯培养中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)、天然海水中的细菌以及藻菌混合培养,分析了营养盐和有机物随藻菌生物量的变化情况,并计算了溶解有机碳(DOC)和溶解有机氮(DON)的浓度比值[(DOC/DON)a]。结果发现,在共培养体系中,细菌对中肋骨条藻的生长有抑制作用,对东海原甲藻影响不明显;中肋骨条藻有利于细菌生长,东海原甲藻抑制细菌生长,这种不同可能与微藻的粒径有关。海洋细菌在2种藻的指数生长均期均会促进微藻吸收氨氮(NH_4-N),但在生长末期NH_4-N以释放为主。硝氮(NO_3-N)的浓度与藻的生长呈负相关,但在衰亡期NO_3-N略有增加,表明NO_3-N再生所需时间较长。细菌对硝氮的吸收量较少,但对其再生有贡献。细菌和中肋骨条藻对磷酸盐(PO_4-P)的吸收存在竞争,但与东海原甲藻的竞争关系不明显。不同培养体系中DOC浓度变化不同,在藻菌共培养体系中增加较快,纯藻培养体系中增加缓慢,在纯菌培养体系中缓慢减少。通过对DOC与DON浓度比值的分析,发现用判断颗粒有机碳(POC)来源的方法可以分析DOC的来源。     

棉花秸秆还田对土壤团聚体有机碳及氮磷钾含量的影响

试验设置棉花秸秆还田和不还田两个处理,还田年限为3年.于第3年11月采集0～5、5～10、10～20和20～30 cm的原状土,采用干筛法将土壤团粒结构分级,研究棉花秸秆还田对土壤团聚体组成和不同粒径土壤团聚体中有机碳和速效氮、磷、钾含量的影响.结果表明: 在0～5 cm土层,棉花秸秆还田显著提高了>5和5～2 mm团聚体含量,显著降低了<0.25 mm微团聚体含量;团聚体有机碳、碱解氮和速效钾含量显著提高,平均提高幅度分别为19.2%、14.2%和17.3%.在5～10 cm土层中,棉花秸秆还田显著提高了>5和5～2 mm团聚体含量,显著降低了<0.25 mm微团聚体含量;团聚体有机碳、碱解氮和速效钾显著提高,平均提高幅度分别为19.6%、12.6%和23.4%.在10～20 cm土层中,棉花秸秆还田显著降低了<0.25 mm微团聚体含量;团聚体有机碳、碱解氮和速效钾含量显著提高,平均提高幅度分别为8.4%、10.9%和11.5%.在20～30 cm土层中,棉花秸秆还田仅显著提高了团聚体速效钾含量,比对照提高了12.0%.棉花秸秆还田显著提高了0～5、5～10 cm土层>5和2～5 mm团聚体各养分贡献率及0.25～0.5 mm团聚体有机碳、碱解氮贡献率,显著降低了<0.25 mm微团聚体各养分贡献率.棉花秸秆还田能增加大团聚体百分含量,降低微团聚体百分含量;显著提高各粒径土壤团聚体中有机碳、碱解氮和速效钾的含量,对速效磷含量无显著影响;提高了大团聚体对土壤养分的贡献率,有利于土壤结构及其养分状况的改善和棉花籽棉、皮棉产量的提高.     

氮磷添加对草甸草原土壤氮磷转化功能基因丰度的影响

氮添加是提高退化草地生产力的主要养分管理措施,而过量的氮输入会导致土壤酸化、增加硝酸盐淋溶损失和温室气体排放。旨在明确草原割草利用下土壤氮、磷转化功能基因丰度对氮磷添加的响应规律,为定向调控打草场土壤氮、磷转化过程,提高养分利用效率,减少温室气体N₂O排放提供科学依据。2018—2020年在呼伦贝尔草甸草原打草场设置了5个施氮水平(0、1.55、4.65、13.95、27.9 g N m^-2 a^-1)和3个磷水平(0、5.24、10.48 g P m^-2 a^-1),裂区试验设计,在植物不同生长时期测定土壤氨氧化(amoA-AOA和amoA-AOB)、反硝化(narG、nirK、nirS和nosZ)和磷转化(phoD)基因丰度。结果表明,土壤氮转化基因丰度受到氮、磷添加的调控,而氮、磷添加对土壤磷转化功能基因丰度无显著影响(P>0.05)。氮添加可提高amoA-AOB基因丰度,增加氨氧化细菌调控土壤总硝化速率的相对重要性,因此能增加硝酸盐淋溶损失潜势。高氮处理下添加磷可降低...     

Dynamics of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus in soil amended with irradiated,pasteurized and limed biosolids

Sewage biosolids contain high concentrations of pathogens, which limits their use as soil amendment. This study investigated how application of lime (Ca(OH)2), irradiation, or pasteurization reduced pathogens in biosolids and how its application affected soil characteristics. A soil sampled outside the canopy of Mesquite trees (Prosopis laevigata) and from a pasture at Lerma (Mexico) was amended with treated or untreated biosolids, characterized and incubated aerobically while dynamics of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were monitored. Heavy metals concentrations in the biosolids were low, so it was of excellent quality (USEPA). The amount of pathogens in the biosolids made it a class "B" (USEPA) which can be used in forests. Only irradiation sufficiently reduced faecal coliforms to make it a class "A" biosolids without restrictions in application. C mineralization increased significantly when biosolids were added, but not concentrations of available P (P < 0.05). Ammonium (NH4+) concentrations in soil amended with biosolids were higher compared to unamended soil, but not the concentrations of nitrate (NO3-) except when biosolids treated with Ca(OH)2 was added to the Lerma soil.     

Ozone pollution influences soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration and aggregate composition in paddy soils

Background and aims

Much attention has focused on the effects of tropospheric ozone (O₃) on terrestrial ecosystems and plant growth. Since O₃ pollution is currently an issue in China and many parts of the world, understanding the effects of elevated O₃ on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sequestration is essential for efforts to predict C and N cycles in terrestrial ecosystems under predicted increases in O₃. Thus the main objective of this study was to determine whether an increases in atmospheric O₃ concentration influenced soil organic C (SOC) and N sequestration.

Methods

A free-air O₃ enrichment (O₃-FACE) experiment was started in 2007 and used continuous O₃ exposure from March to November each year during crop growth stage in a rice (Oryza sativa L.)—wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation field in the Jiangsu Province, China. We investigated differences in SOC and N and soil aggregate composition in both elevated and ambient O₃ conditions.

Results

Elevated atmospheric O₃ (18–80 nmol mol^?1 or 50 % above the ambient) decreased the SOC and N concentration in the 0–20 cm soil layer after 5 years. Elevated O₃ significantly decreased the SOC concentration by 17 % and 5.6 % in the 0–3 cm and the 10–20 cm layers, respectively. Elevated O₃ significantly decreased the N concentration by 8.2–27.8 % in three layers at the 20 cm depth. In addition, elevated O₃ influenced the formation and transformation of soil aggregates and the distribution of SOC and N in the aggregates across soil layer classes. Elevated O₃ significantly decreased the macro-sized aggregate fraction (16.8 %) and associated C and N (0.5 g kg^?1 and 0.32 g kg^?1, respectively), and significantly increased the silt+ clay-sized aggregate fraction (61 %) and associated C (1.7 g kg^?1) in the 0–3 cm layer. Elevated O₃ significantly decreased the macro-sized aggregate fraction (9.6 %) and associated C and N (1.4 g kg^?1 and 0.35 g kg^?1, respectively), and significantly increased the silt+ clay-sized aggregate fraction (41.8 %) and decreased the corresponding associated N (0.14 g kg^?1) in the 3–10 cm layer. Elevated O₃ did not significantly effect the formation and transformation of aggregates in the 10–20 cm layer, yet it did significantly increase the C concentration in the macro-sized fraction (1 g kg^?1) and decrease the N concentration in the macro- and micro-sized fractions (0.24 g kg^?1 and 0.16 g kg^?1, respectively).

Conclusion

Long-term exposure to elevated atmospheric O₃ negatively affected the physical structure of the soil and impaired soil C and N sequestration.     

Changes of the relationships between soil and microbes in carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry during ecosystem succession

AimsThe carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry (C:N:P) of soil profoundly influences the growth, community structure, biomass C:N:P stoichiometry, and metabolism in microbes. However, the relationships between soil and microbes in the C:N:P stoichiometry and their temporal dynamics during ecosystem succession are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the temporal patterns of soil and microbial C:N:P stoichiometry and their relationships during ecosystem succession.MethodsAn extensive literature search was conducted and data were compiled for 19 age sequences of successional ecosystems, including 13 forest ecosystems and 6 grassland ecosystems, from 18 studies published up to May 2016. Meta-analyses were performed to examine the sequential changes in 18 variables that were associated with soil and microbial C, N and P contents and the stoichiometry. Important findings (1) There was no consistent temporal pattern in soil C:N along the successional stages, whereas the soil C:P and N:P increased with succession; the slopes of the linear relationships between soil C:N:P stoichiometry and successional age were negatively correlated with the initial content of the soil organic C within given chronosequence. (2) There was no consistent temporal pattern in microbial C:N:P stoichiometry along the successional stages. (3) The fraction of microbial biomass C in soil organic C (qMBC), the fraction of microbial biomass N in soil total N, and the fraction of microbial biomass P in soil total P all increased significantly with succession, in consistency with the theory of succession that ecosystem biomass per unit resource increases with succession. (4) The qMBC decreased with increases in the values of soil C:N, C:P, or N:P, as well as the stoichiometric imbalances in C:N, C:P, and N:P between soil and microbes (i.e., ratios of soil C:N, C:P, and N:P to microbial biomass C:N, C:P, and N:P, respectively). The C:N, C:P, and N:P stoichiometric imbalances explained 37%-57% variations in the qMBC, about 7-17 times more than that explainable by the successional age, illustrating the importance of soil-microbial C:N:P stoichiometry in shaping the successional dynamics in qMBC. In summary, our study highlights the importance of the theories of ecosystem succession and stoichiometry in soil microbial studies, and suggests that appropriately applying macro-ecological theories in microbial studies may improve our understanding on microbial ecological processes.     

Effects of soil freezing disturbance on soil solution nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon chemistry in a northern hardwood ecosystem

Reductions in snow cover undera warmer climate may cause soil freezing eventsto become more common in northern temperateecosystems. In this experiment, snow cover wasmanipulated to simulate the late development ofsnowpack and to induce soil freezing. Thismanipulation was used to examine the effects ofsoil freezing disturbance on soil solutionnitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and carbon (C)chemistry in four experimental stands (twosugar maple and two yellow birch) at theHubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) in theWhite Mountains of New Hampshire. Soilfreezing enhanced soil solution Nconcentrations and transport from the forestfloor. Nitrate (NO₃ ^–) was thedominant N species mobilized in the forestfloor of sugar maple stands after soilfreezing, while ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) anddissolved organic nitrogen (DON) were thedominant forms of N leaching from the forestfloor of treated yellow birch stands. Rates ofN leaching at stands subjected to soil freezingranged from 490 to 4,600 mol ha^–1yr^–1, significant in comparison to wet Ndeposition (530 mol ha^–1 yr^–1) andstream NO₃ ^– export (25 mol ha^–1yr^–1) in this northern forest ecosystem. Soil solution fluxes of P_i from the forestfloor of sugar maple stands after soil freezingranged from 15 to 32 mol ha^–1 yr^–1;this elevated mobilization of P_i coincidedwith heightened NO₃ ^– leaching. Elevated leaching of P_i from the forestfloor was coupled with enhanced retention ofP_i in the mineral soil Bs horizon. Thequantities of P_i mobilized from the forestfloor were significant relative to theavailable P pool (22 mol ha^–1) as well asnet P mineralization rates in the forest floor(180 mol ha^–1 yr^–1). Increased fineroot mortality was likely an important sourceof mobile N and P_i from the forest floor,but other factors (decreased N and P uptake byroots and increased physical disruption of soilaggregates) may also have contributed to theenhanced leaching of nutrients. Microbialmortality did not contribute to the acceleratedN and P leaching after soil freezing. Resultssuggest that soil freezing events may increaserates of N and P loss, with potential effectson soil N and P availability, ecosystemproductivity, as well as surface wateracidification and eutrophication.     

粤北低山林地改建梯田对土壤碳、氮、磷及其化学计量特征的影响

为了阐明土地利用方式转变对土壤碳、氮、磷及其化学计量特征的影响,以粤北低山区4种土地利用方式:自然林地、坡地果园、旱作梯田和稻作梯田为研究对象,探索20年生林地向梯田转变后土壤有机碳(OC)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)的含量、储量及化学计量变化特征.结果表明:土地利用转变明显改变了 土壤碳、氮、磷含量和化学计量特征,随...     

生态系统演替过程中土壤与微生物碳氮磷化学计量关系的变化

土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征会显著影响微生物的生长、群落结构、生物量C:N:P化学计量及其代谢活动。然而生态系统演替过程中土壤-微生物C:N:P化学计量的时间格局及其协调关系还不明确。为此, 该研究收集了2016年5月以前发表的文献中19个生态系统演替序列(包括13个森林、6个草地生态系统)的土壤-微生物生物量C:N:P研究结果, 整合分析了其中土壤-微生物生态化学计量的时间动态, 结果表明: (1)生态系统演替过程中土壤C:N没有一致的时间格局, 而土壤C:P和N:P均随演替进程显著增加, 其中土壤C:N:P与演替时间之间线性关系的斜率与相应演替序列的初始土壤有机C含量呈负相关关系。(2)演替进程中土壤-微生物生物量C:N:P没有一致的时间格局。(3)微生物生物量C占土壤有机C百分比(qMBC)、微生物生物量N占土壤全N百分比、微生物生物量P占土壤全P百分比均随着演替进程而显著增加, 即单位资源所能支持的微生物生物量随着演替进程而增加, 这与宏观生态系统演替理论相符。(4) qMBC随着土壤C:N、C:P和N:P以及C:N、C:P和N:P化学计量不平衡性(即土壤C:N、C:P和N:P分别除以微生物生物量C:N、C:P和N:P)的增加而减小; 其中, C:N、C:P和N:P化学计量不平衡性解释了qMBC变异性的37%-57%, 是演替时间解释率的7-17倍, 表明土壤-微生物生态化学计量关系对qMBC演替动态有重要影响。该研究强调了生态化学计量学理论和生态系统演替理论在土壤微生物时间动态研究中的重要作用, 表明适当地融合生态学宏观理论于土壤微生物研究可以加深对土壤-微生物生态过程的认识。     

水溶性有机物对水田土壤中水溶性氮磷含量及其利用率的影响

采用田间微区试验,研究了施用有机物料对土壤氮磷的变化动态及活性的影响.结果表明,水稻生长过程中土壤溶液中水溶性氮（铵态氮、硝态氮）及磷的含量都随着时间的延长而下降,且氮、磷含量的变化与施入的化学肥料量以及溶液中DOC含量有关;有机物料施用增加了水稻的生物量和对氮、磷的吸收利用;15N示踪显示,与对照的化肥处理相比,施用有机物料处理的微区氮肥利用率及土壤残留率明显增加,同时减少了土壤氮磷的损失.     

磷肥输入对稻田土壤剖面胶体磷含量的影响

磷肥管理与土壤磷素赋存息息相关,选取杭嘉湖地区典型稻田定位实验,研究磷肥输入下稻田土壤剖面胶体磷含量的变化,分析不同施肥管理下胶体磷在土壤中的分布规律。结果表明,(1)胶体磷是磷素在土壤中赋存的重要形式,能够占到土壤胶体溶液(1μm)总磷的85%以上,土壤全磷的0.1%—2%;(2)磷肥施用增加了土壤胶体磷含量,特别是在有机肥处理下0—5 cm土壤胶体磷含量达到了8.0 mg/kg;(3)随着土壤深度的增加,胶体磷含量减少,有机肥输入下对深层土壤胶体磷含量的影响较无机肥明显;(4)水稻收割后表层土壤胶体磷含量与油菜收割后相比减少明显,0—5 cm土壤胶体磷含量减少了90%左右,但有机肥施用下胶体磷含量减少较小;(5)水稻收割后30—60 cm土壤胶体磷含量有所增加,可能与胶体磷发生的纵向迁移有关。了解磷肥输入对稻田土壤剖面胶体磷含量的影响,为研究土壤磷素赋存形态及迁移变化提供科学依据,对有效评估胶体磷的环境风险起到指导作用。