Effect of two contrasted N fertilisations on rapeseed growth and nitrate metabolism

Winter oilseed rape was grown under two nitrogen fertilisation conditions. The N1-plants and N5-plants were respectively supplied with 4.5 g N per plant (N-limiting condition) and 22.5 g N per plant (non-N-limiting condition). Growth parameters and nitrate reducing capacity were monitored at five sampling stages interspersed with ammonium nitrate applications. N5-plants showed a higher growth rate producing more leaves and stems, early flower and silique formation and delayed leaf senescence. They also contained more nitrate and a higher nitrate reductase activity (NRA) especially in leaves which represented the main site of nitrate reduction before flowering. However, stems and siliques contributed to NRA especially in nitrogen-limited plants that lost their leaves early. This present study outlines the importance of siliques as individual sinks reducing nitrate essentially in the pod walls. The soluble protein content decreased in senescing leaves which was indicative of the reallocation of proteinic nitrogen towards stems and siliques. In non-limiting conditions, other nitrogen compounds of leaves may account for such a reallocation. Hence, the timing of leaf fall could contribute to the low nitrogen recovery in rapeseed.     

不同供氮水平下施硅对辣椒产量与营养品质及其养分吸收利用的影响

为探究不同供氮水平下施硅对辣椒产量、果实品质及养分吸收利用的影响,以辣椒品种‘奥黛丽’为试验材料,采用基质栽培,设置正常施氮肥（1.0N：260.9 kg/667 m2）、氮肥减施40%（0.6N：149.1 kg/667 m2）、氮肥减施60%（0.4N：104.3 kg/667 m2）、不施氮肥（0N：0 kg/667 m2）4个不同供氮（基施）水平和2个硅肥（根施）水平（0 mmol/L、1.5 mmol/L）,研究不同供氮水平下硅对辣椒产量、品质及氮肥利用效率的影响效应,并筛选出最佳施肥处理,旨在为辣椒的增产提质提供理论基础和技术参考。结果表明：（1）0.6N供氮水平较1.0N、0.4N和0N供氮水平下的辣椒果实产量分别提高了7.18%、74.14%和87.99%,施硅处理后则进一步促进了果实产量,其中0.6N供氮水平下施硅较正常供氮量下的辣椒果实产量提高了15.33%;（2）0.6N供氮水平更有利于促进辣椒果实中可溶性糖、还原糖、可溶性蛋白、维生素C含量的提高和可滴定酸、NO3?含量的降低,施硅后不同供氮水平下辣椒果实品质均显著提高;（3）0.6N供氮水平更有利于辣椒果实矿质元素的积累与土壤氮肥利用率的提高,其中0.6N供氮水平较1.0N供氮水平下的氮肥利用率与氮肥农学效率分别显著提高了97.57%和69.20%,施硅处理后不同供氮水平下辣椒果实矿质元素含量与土壤氮肥利用率均显著提高;（4）通过对辣椒产量及果实品质指标的主成分分析,结果表明,0.6N+Si处理下的综合得分最高,即氮肥减施40%配施1.5 mmol/L的外源硅肥对辣椒产量、品质及氮肥的吸收利用促进效果最佳。     

Biotransformation of phosphogypsum in media containing different forms of nitrogen

Studies on the biotransformation of phosphogypsum (a waste product formed in the course of the production of phosphorous fertilizers) with the use of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) demonstrated that it is a good source of sulfates and biogenic elements for these bacteria, though the addition of organic carbon and nitrogen is necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate the form of nitrogen and C:N ratio in the medium on the growth of SRB community in cultures containing phosphogypsum. Batch community cultures of sulfate reducing bacteria were maintained in medium with phosphogypsum (5.0 g/l), different concentrations of sodium lactate (1.6 - 9.4 g/l) and different forms (NH4CI, CO(NH2)2, KNO3) and concentrations (0 - 250 mg/l) of nitrogen. The growth of SRB was studied in the C:N ratio of from 2:1 to 300:1. It was found that: 1 - the best source of nitrogen for SRB is urea, followed by ammonium, the worst were nitrates; 2 - the bacteria were also able to grow in medium without nitrogen but their activity was then by approximately 15% lower than in optimal growth conditions; 3 - in medium with KNO3 inhibition of sulfate reduction by approx. 50% was observed; 4 - the highest reduction of nitrates (removal of nitrate) in media with phosphogypsum and nitrates was at limiting concentrations of sodium lactate. This is probably caused by the selection under these conditions (low concentration of hydrogen sulfide) of denitrifying bacteria or sulfate reducing bacteria capable of using nitrates as an electron acceptor.     

长期施肥对红壤稻田氮储量的影响

稻田背景氮高是我国氮肥利用率低的主要原因之一,减少氮肥施用量对提高氮肥的农学利用率和缓解环境压力具有重要的意义。研究采用长期定位试验(19902006年)土壤全氮、稻谷产量等数据,分析施肥模式对稻田耕层土壤氮储量、氮肥农学利用率的影响,探讨在降低常规施用氮量的33.3%而不明显减产措施的可行性。结果表明:长期有机物质循环利用能显著提高耕层土壤全氮含量,氮储量与试验前相比平均提高了18.8%,仅施用化肥对土壤全氮含量没有显著影响,减量施肥处理(JS)对耕层土壤氮的积累效应一直优于仅施化肥的处理(NP、NPK)。17a的JS处理并没有降低稻谷产量,与常量NPK储量相比年际产量相对误差仅为3.2%,而输入N的农学利用率提高了12%。在半量稻草还田的条件下减少氮肥的施用量到180kg·hm-2是可行的,红壤稻田产量可维持在10t·hm-2左右。     

减量施氮下基肥后移对南方冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响

过量施用氮肥导致氮肥利用率降低,环境风险加大.合理降低施氮量、优化氮肥运筹对于小麦高产高效栽培具有重要意义.本研究采用大田试验,以常规施氮方式(240 kg N·hm^-2, 基肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥=5∶3∶2)为对照,研究了不同施氮量(240、180、150 kg N·hm^-2,分别用N₂₄₀、N₁₈₀、N₁₅₀表示)及基苗肥施用时期(基施、4叶期施、6叶期施,分别用L₀、L₄、L₆表示)对小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响.结果表明: 小麦籽粒产量随施氮量的降低而降低,但N₁₈₀与N₂₄₀处理相比无显著差异,而N₁₅₀处理显著降低;氮肥农学效率和吸收效率均以N₁₈₀处理最高.不同施肥时期间,L₄处理的籽粒产量和氮肥利用率最高.N₁₈₀四叶施肥(N₁₈₀L₄)处理的产量与对照无显著差异,但氮肥利用率显著提高.N₁₈₀L₄处理叶面积指数、旗叶光合速率、叶片氮含量、旗叶硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、拔节后干物质和氮素积累量较对照未显著降低.适量降低氮肥用量配合基肥后移能够提高生育后期光合生产能力和氮素吸收同化能力,在保持高产的条件下实现氮素利用效率的同步提高.     

Manipulation of dietary methionine+cysteine and threonine in broilers significantly decreases environmental nitrogen excretion

The intensification of livestock have increased the emission of pollutants to the environment, leading to a growing interest in seeking strategies that minimise these emissions. Studies have shown that it is possible to manipulate diets by reducing CP levels and thus reducing nitrogen (N) excretion, without compromising performance. However, there is no knowledge of any study that has focused on reducing N excretion and relating this reduction to individual amino acids. This study investigated the effect of dietary methionine+cysteine (MC) and threonine (THR), the two most limiting amino acids for broiler production, on nitrogen excretion (NE) and nitrogen deposition (ND) and determined the efficiency of utilisation of both amino acids for protein deposition. Six trials were conducted to measure the NE and ND in broiler chickens during three rearing phases in response to dietary amino acid. The efficiency of utilisation of the amino acids was calculated by linear regression of body protein deposition and the amino acid intake. Despite the differences between sexes and phases, the efficiency of utilisation was the same, being 0.60 and 0.59 for MC and THR, respectively. The rate of NE behaved exponentially, increasing with amino acid intake, and can exceed 50% of N intake, being higher than ND. On average, for a reduction in intake of each unit of MC or THR (mg) there is a reduction of 0.5% of NE. Although this reduction seems low, considering that it corresponds to changes in one amino acid only, the impact on a large scale would be significant. Knowledge of how animals respond to NE and ND/protein deposition according to amino acid dietary content may represent new efforts towards reducing the impact on environment.     

Nitrogen Fixation by Rhodospirillum rubrum Grown in Nitrogen-limited Continuous Culture

Cell-free extracts of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum were inconsistent in reducing N(2). An internally illuminated fermentor, designed for the continuous culture of this organism on N(2) under nitrogen-limited conditions, produced cells which yielded cell extracts with consistent activity for cell-free N(2) fixation. A nitrogen-limited continuous culture, supplied ammonia rather than N(2), gave cell-free extracts with even more active N(2) fixation. Extracts of cells grown in the fermentor with glutamate nitrogen as the limiting nutrient in continuous culture did not reduce N(2), but whole cells fixed (15)N-enriched N(2). The discovery that cells from ammonia and glutamate nitrogen-limited continuous cultures are capable of N(2) reduction suggests that R. rubrum cells produce the N(2)-reducing enzymes in response to conditions of nitrogen deficiency rather than in response to the presence of N(2). Examination of the effect of the pN(2) on N(2) reduction by cell-free preparations of R. rubrum indicated that the K(N(2)) is approximately 0.071 atm. Cell-free extracts from R. rubrum were tested for their ability to reduce substrates other than N(2).     

不同硝化抑制剂对红壤氮素硝化作用及玉米产量和氮素利用率的影响

本研究分析添加不同种硝化抑制剂及其组合的高效稳定性氯化铵氮肥对红壤硝化作用、玉米产量和氮肥利用率的影响,旨在筛选出适合酸性红壤的高效稳定性氯化铵态氮肥。在氯化铵中分别添加硝化抑制剂2-氯-6-三甲基吡啶(CP)、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)和双氰胺(DCD)及其组合,制成6种高效稳定性氯化铵态氮肥,以不施氮肥(CK)和施氯化铵(N)为对照,进行等氮量玉米盆栽试验。结果表明: 与N处理相比,CP+DMPP和DMPP+DCD处理红壤中铵态氮含量提高56%～62%,显著高于CP、DMPP和DCD处理;土壤表观硝化率显著降低33%～34%。添加硝化抑制剂及其组合的6个处理均显著提高了玉米生物量和氮肥吸收利用率。与N处理相比,单独添加硝化抑制剂处理生物量均显著高于硝化抑制剂组合处理,平均提高1.3倍;添加DCD处理效果最显著,玉米籽粒产量、吸氮量和氮肥吸收利用率分别显著提高4.1、6.3和4.4倍。为了达到既能低成本又能提高产量和氮肥利用率的效果,在红壤上添加硝化抑制剂DCD是最佳选择。     

Validation of lactose[15N,15N]ureide as a tool to study colonic nitrogen metabolism

In vitro experiments have shown that fermentation of carbohydrates prevents accumulation of nitrogen in the colon. Variable results have been obtained on modulation of dietary intakes in vivo. Lactose[15N,15N]-labeled ureide has been proposed as a tool to study colonic nitrogen metabolism. However, on oral administration of the marker, different urinary excretion patterns of the 15N label have been found. In this study, 50 mg lactose[15N,15N]ureide was directly instilled in the colon through an orocecal tube to investigate the colonic handling of this molecule in a direct way. In basal conditions, 42% (range, 37-48%) of labeled nitrogen administered as lactose[15N,15N]ureide was retrieved in urine after 72 h. A substantial variability in total urinary excretion of the label was found, but the urinary excretion pattern of the label was similar in all volunteers. When inulin, a fermentable carbohydrate, was administered together with the labeled marker, a significant decrease in urinary excretion of 15N after 72 h was found, to 29% (range, 23-34%). The effect of a smaller dose of inulin (250 mg) on colonic handling of lactose[15N,15N]ureide (50 mg), was investigated in another group of volunteers, and this time, fecal excretion of the marker was also evaluated. The results seem to indicate that fermentation of inulin causes an increased fecal excretion of the marker, thereby reducing urinary excretion but not retention in the human nitrogen pool. This instillation study shows that lactose[15N,15N]ureide is a tool with good properties to investigate the effect of different types of carbohydrates on nitrogen metabolism in the proximal colon in vivo.     

Concurrent activation of OsAMT1;2 and OsGOGAT1 in rice leads to enhanced nitrogen use efficiency under nitrogen limitation

Nitrogen (N) is a major factor for plant development and productivity. However, the application of nitrogenous fertilizers generates environmental and economic problems. To cope with the increasing global food demand, the development of rice varieties with high nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is indispensable for reducing environmental issues and achieving sustainable agriculture. Here, we report that the concomitant activation of the rice (Oryza sativa) Ammonium transporter 1;2 (OsAMT1;2) and Glutamate synthetase 1 (OsGOGAT1) genes leads to increased tolerance to nitrogen limitation and to better ammonium uptake and N remobilization at the whole plant level. We show that the double activation of OsAMT1;2 and OsGOGAT1 increases plant performance in agriculture, providing better N grain filling without yield penalty under paddy field conditions, as well as better grain yield and N content when plants are grown under N llimitations in field conditions. Combining OsAMT1;2 and OsGOGAT1 activation provides a good breeding strategy for improving plant growth, nitrogen use efficiency and grain productivity, especially under nitrogen limitation, through the enhancement of both nitrogen uptake and assimilation.     

Comparative proteomic profiles of the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101 under different nitrogen regimes

Trichodesmium is a marine filamentous diazotrophic cyanobacterium and an important contributor of "new" nitrogen in the oligotrophic surface waters of the tropical and sub-tropical oceans. It is unique in that it exclusively fixes N(2) at daytime, although it belongs to the non-heterocystous filamentous segment of the cyanobacterial radiation. Here we present the first quantitative proteomic analysis of Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101 when grown under different nitrogen regimes using 2-DE/MALDI-TOF-MS. Addition of combined nitrogen (NO3-) prevented development of the morphological characteristics of the N(2)-fixing cell type (diazocytes), inhibited expression of the nitrogenase enzyme subunits and consequently N(2) fixation activity. The diazotrophic regime (N(2) versus NO3- cultures) elicited the differential expression of more than 100 proteins, which represented 13.5% of the separated proteins. Besides proteins directly related to N(2) fixation, proteins involved in the synthesis of reducing equivalents and the generation of a micro-oxic environment were strongly up-regulated, as was in particular Dps, a protein related to iron acquisition and potentially other vital cellular processes. In contrast, proteins involved in the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) cycle, synthesis of amino acids and production of carbon skeletons for storage and synthesis of amino acids were suppressed. The data are discussed in the context of Trichodesmium's unusual N(2)-fixing physiology.     

A test of four plant species to reduce total nitrogen and total phosphorus from soil leachate in subsurface wetland microcosms

Four wetland plant species (Scirpus validus, Carex lacustris, Phalaris arundinacea, and Typha latifolia) were grown in monoculture and as a four-species mixture to compare effectiveness of nutrient removal in controlled 18.93-l outdoor subsurface treatment wetland microcosms. A nutrient treatment that mimicked single-resident domestic effluent consisted of two levels of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) [low (56 mg/l N and 31 mg/l P) and high (112 mg/l N and 62 mg/l P)] of nutrient solution applied three times weekly. The plants were established and maintained for one year before the nutrient treatment and monthly water sampling commenced; water sampling began July 31, 2001 and ended October 23, 2001. We tested four hypotheses: (1) vegetated microcosms are more effective at reducing concentrations of total N and total P from soil leachate than unvegetated, (2) there is a differential species effect on the potential to reduce N and P, (3) plant mixtures are more effective than monocultures at reducing N and P, and (4) the microcosms will be least effective at reducing N and P concentrations in October compared to August. We found support for hypotheses 1, 2, and 4, but our results are inconclusive for the third hypothesis. Total N and total P in the soil leachate were significantly higher from unvegetated microcosms compared to vegetated. S. validus was most effective and P. arundinacea was generally least effective at reducing N and P in monocultures, with treatment capabilities similar to unvegetated microcosms. The four-species mixture was generally highly effective at nutrient removal, however the results were not significantly different from the monocultures. At the end of the growing season (October) treatment efficiency was significantly less than earlier months, especially for the unvegetated treatment.     

Assessment of nitrogen flows into the Cuban landscape

The alteration of the nitrogen (N) cycle by human activities is widespread and has often resulted in increased flows of nitrogen to the marine environment. In this paper we have attempted to know the changes of N fluxes in Cuba by quantifying the N inputs to the landscape from (1) fertilizer applications, (2) atmospheric deposition, (3) biological nitrogen fixation and (4) net import of food and feeds. N-inputs to the country progressively increased until the end of the 20th century, reaching a peak during the 80s when low cost fertilizer imported from the former Soviet Union led to heavy rates of application. This rapid growth represented more than a 5-fold increase with respect to pristine values; higher than the two-fold global increase of anthropogenic N reported by Vitousek et al. (1997 Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences. Ecol. Appl. 7:737–750). Inorganic fertilizer was the largest single source of reactive N, followed by atmospheric deposition, biological fixation, and net imports of foods and feedstocks. Nitrogen inputs peaked in 1987 and data expressed on an area basis show that N flux to the Cuban landscape, in the 80s, was one of the highest reported in the literature. During the 90s, there was a dramatic drop in nitrogen inputs mainly associated to a decrease in the use of inorganic fertilizer. Other factors reducing nutrient inflows to Cuba, during the same period, were imports of foodstuff and livestock feeds, a decrease of nitrogen oxide emissions, and a decrease in the sugar cane crop area. Using an empirical relationship (Howarth et al. 1996 Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N & O fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean: Natural and human influences. Biogeochemistry 35:75–139) we present a very preliminary estimate of N-inputs to coastal waters and discuss the consequences of these changes on the coastal zone.     

Checking the pulse: perspectives on grain legume production

Including more grain legumes in cropping systems is considered a climate-smart solution to increase sustainability, soil fertility, and cropping systems diversification, while reducing nitrogen (N) inputs. However, increasing pulse production in temperate areas for food and feed comes with challenges that should be addressed and require more research for successful implementation.     

Changes in shell and soft tissue growth, tissue composition, and survival of quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria, and softshell clams, Mya arenaria, in response to eutrophic-driven changes in food supply and habitat

Eutrophic-driven changes in the composition of near-bottom seston and surface sediment potentially affect food resources and habitat of commercially important bivalves like quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria, and softshell clams, Mya arenaria. To define how land-derived nitrogen loads and resulting eutrophication affect bivalves, we compared estuarine features to growth and survival of clams across estuaries receiving different N loads. The major effects of nitrogen enrichment on near-bottom seston and surface sediment were to (1) increase microalgal concentrations and reduce carbon to nitrogen ratios, increasing quantity and quality of available foods, and (2) reduce oxygen content in sediments, potentially reducing habitat quality. Shell growth of juvenile and native clams increased with increasing food supply, driven by N enrichment. Growth of soft tissue followed growth of shell, and %N content of soft tissue increased across N loads, providing direct evidence of a link between N loads and growth responses in clams. In some locations, low salinity limited growth and low oxygen concentrations may have reduced survival. Despite these factors, our data indicate the major effect of N enrichment on clams was increased secondary production in terms of shell and soft tissue growth.     

供氮水平对盐胁迫下水稻叶片光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为了解供氮水平对不同时期盐胁迫下水稻(Oryza sativa)叶片光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响, 以2个北方常规粳稻(Oryza sativa subsp. japonica)品种为材料, 在5个氮水平下进行培养, 于分蘖期、孕穗期和抽穗期分别进行盐胁迫处理, 测定分析了水稻叶片光合及叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果表明, 与对照相比, 盐胁迫下水稻叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)和表观叶肉导度(AMC)均显著降低, 在分蘖期、孕穗期和抽穗期分别以2N、1N和1/2N水平下降低的百分率最小; 气孔限制值(L_s)则显著增加, 分别以2N、1N和1/2N水平下增加的百分率最大。盐胁迫下, 与对照相比, PSII的实际光合效率(ΦPSII)、表观光合量子传递效率(ETR)和光化学淬灭(qP)均显著降低, 在分蘖期、孕穗期和抽穗期分别以2N、1N和1/2N水平下降低的百分率最小; 非光化学淬灭(NPQ)呈增加的变化趋势, 与对照相比, 分别以2N、1N和1/2N水平下增加的百分率最小。以上结果说明盐胁迫下水稻孕穗后, 供氮水平适量降低有利于减缓叶片光合作用的下降, 提高其抵御盐害能力。     

Chemolithoautotrophic assimilation of dinitrogen by Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus UBT1: identification of an unusual N2-fixing system.

Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus UBT1, which was isolated previously from a burning charcoal pile, was shown to utilize N2 as a sole nitrogen source when growing chemolithoautotrophically with CO or H2 plus CO2 under aerobic conditions at 65 degrees C. Doubling times under diazotrophic conditions were 10 h. S. thermoautotrophicus is a new CO- or H2-oxidizing, obligately chemolithoautotrophic, thermophilic, free-living, aerobic, N2-fixing streptomycete. Its ability to fix N2 was also evident from (i) the incorporation of substantial amounts of 15N2 (about 13%) into cell material, (ii) the formation of H2 during diazotrophic growth, (iii) the repression of 15N2 assimilation and H2 formation by ammonia, and (iv) culture growth yields with N2 as a nitrogen source that were significantly higher than those without any added nitrogen compounds (ca. 2.4 versus < 0.1 mg [dry weight]). The N2-fixing system of S. thermoautotrophicus exhibited several properties not apparent in the diazotrophic bacteria studied so far, since it was (i) incapable of reducing acetylene to ethylene or ethane and (ii) resistant to inhibition by acetylene or ethylene (5% [vol/vol] each), CO (40 to 70% [vol/vol]), or H2 (40% [vol/vol]). Under stringent conditions, nifH and nifDK gene probes from Klebsiella pneumoniae did not hybridize with total DNA from S. thermoautotrophicus.     

Effect of different levels of mineral nitrogen on nodulation and N2 fixation of two cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

An experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the effect of mineral nitrogen on N₂ fixation of two cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L., Puebla 152 and Negro Argel. Nitrogen application was 0, 2.5, 12.5 and 25 mg N Kg^–1 of a vermiculite-sand-mixture at planting time. Shoot and root growth were elevated by nitrogen application at all growth stages. During vegetative growth (V 5) nodule dry weight and nitrogenase activity (acetylene reducing activity) per plant were reduced by nitrogen supply in both cultivars, but less in Negro Argel than in Puebla 152. At later stages nodulation in nitrogen-treated Puebla 152 did not differ from that in non-treated plants, whereas increased nodule number was found in Negro Argel at high nitrogen levels. The influence of mineral N on the total amount of nitrogen fixed in the two bean cultivars was only slightly different.     

深松与包膜尿素对玉米田土壤氮素转化及利用的影响

耕作方式和氮肥施用是影响土壤中氮肥转化、利用效率和作物产量的重要因素。通过夏玉米田的2a(2011—2012)定位试验,研究了两种耕作方式(深松、旋耕)配合不同尿素类型(包膜尿素、普通尿素)的施用对玉米田土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量、脲酶活性、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量、玉米产量以及氮肥农学效率的影响。研究结果表明:相同耕作方式下,包膜尿素处理土壤中脲酶活性较稳定,且增加了旱田土壤亚硝酸细菌数量而降低了反硝化细菌数量,有利于土壤硝态氮含量的提高,尤其是作物生长的中后期;包膜尿素处理的产量比普通尿素提高7.25%—10.82%,同时提高氮肥农学效率。深松处理增加了土壤中的反硝化细菌数量,配合施用包膜尿素进一步提高了土壤脲酶活性,增加了亚硝酸细菌数量;旋耕与包膜尿素配合施用在一段时期内能显著增加土壤硝态氮含量,减少反硝化细菌数量。深松配合包膜尿素处理能够显著的增加玉米产量,2a分别比旋耕配合包膜尿素增加1.41%和10.62%。因此,深松措施配合施用包膜尿素能够增强土壤脲酶活性,增加亚硝酸细菌数量,提高氮素转化速率,增加作物产量和氮肥农学效率,其稳产效果在干旱年份尤为显著。     

The effect of a weight-reducing diet on the nitrogen metabolism of obese adolescents

Rates of whole body amino nitrogen flux were measured in 16 obese adolescents undergoing weight reduction with a high protein low energy diet. The subjects received approximately 2.5 g of animal protein per day per kilogram ideal body weight and maintained nitrogen balance throughout the 18 days on the diet. Flux rates were calculated separately from the cumulative excretion of 15N in urinary ammonia and urea following the administration of a single dose of [15N]glycine. The pattern of 15N label appearance in urinary ammonia and urea nitrogen was followed for 72 h after the administration of [15N]glycine. Significant amounts of label continued to be excreted in both urinary ammonia and nitrogen for 36-48 h after label administration. The weight-reducing diet accelerated 15N cumulative excretion in urinary urea, but not in ammonia nitrogen compared with the control diet. Whole body nitrogen flux rates increased rapidly and significantly on the diet. Using the urea end product, this increase was evident on the 4th diet day, but not by the 7th or subsequent days. On the other hand, using the ammonia end product, flux rate increased markedly (p less than 0.0001) and remained elevated throughout the whole study. Our results demonstrate adaptive changes in whole body amino-nitrogen metabolism in response to the reducing diet. Different patterns of change are seen depending upon whether an ammonia or a urea end product is used. Our data thus add to the evidence for compartmentation of the body's amino-nitrogen pools.