模拟降雨下植被盖度对坡面流水动力学特性的影响

通过模拟降雨实验的方法,分析研究了坡度10°和20°,降雨强度30mm/h和60mm/h条件下不同盖度黑麦草对坡面产流产沙的调控过程,并从雷诺数、弗劳德数和阻力系数三个方面对水流运动过程和黑麦草调控坡面流的水力学特性进行了剖析。研究结果表明:雷诺数随坡度增加而相对增大,随降雨强度增大有明显增大趋势。黑麦草覆盖能够明显减小坡面径流雷诺数,在各降雨强度和坡度条件下,雷诺数随黑麦草盖度增加而减小,雷诺数大小一般呈现:裸坡20%40%60%80%。黑麦草盖度对坡面流弗劳德数有显著影响,随着黑麦草盖度增加弗劳德数减小,并且弗劳德数随盖度变化为:裸地20%40%60%80%,坡面阻力系数与坡面产沙率有良好的拟合关系,随坡面阻力系数的增大,坡面产沙率呈对数减小,并且阻力系数在0—1时减小速率很大,阻力系数大于1以后减小曲线较为平缓。     

植物根系固坡抗蚀的效应与机理研究进展

植物根系对抵抗坡体浅层滑坡和表土侵蚀起着巨大的作用.植物根系通过增强土体的抗剪强度发挥固坡效应.目前有关植物根系固坡机理的模型较多,普遍接受的是Wu-Waldron模型.该模型表明,植物根系产生的土体抗剪强度的增量与根系的平均抗拉强度和根面积比成正比,应用该模型评价根系固坡效应的2个最重要因素是根系的平均抗拉强度和根面积比.研究发现,土壤抗侵蚀性随着植物根系数量的增加而提高,但未有一致的定量函数关系.植物根系提高土壤抗侵蚀性主要通过直径小于1mm的须根起作用.须根通过增加土壤水稳性团聚体的数量与粒径等作用来提高土壤的稳定性,以抵抗水流分散;须根还能有效地增强土壤渗透性,减少径流,从而达到减少土壤冲刷的目的.     

模拟降雨条件下生物结皮坡面产流产沙对雨强的响应

生物结皮是黄土丘陵区退耕地广泛存在的地被物.本研究通过人工模拟降雨试验分析了雨强对生物结皮坡面产流产沙的影响.结果表明: 生物结皮坡面产流产沙随降雨历时的延长先增加、10~18 min趋于平稳.相对于裸土坡面,生物结皮显著延长了坡面初始产流时间,抑制了坡面产流产沙,可降低21%~78%的坡面径流量和77%~95%的产沙量.雨强主要通过影响生物结皮坡面径流而影响其产沙.随着雨强的增加,生物结皮坡面产流产沙与雨强的相关性出现了由不显著相关向显著相关的转折,雨强＞1.5 mm·min^-1时,生物结皮坡面的减流减沙作用随着雨强的增加而降低.本研究结果为降雨条件下生物结皮坡面产流产沙过程的模型模拟奠定了基础.     

牧草覆盖对坡面土壤矿质氮素流失的影响

利用室内模拟降雨试验,探讨了降雨、地表径流以及土壤矿质氮素有效作用深度（effective depth of interaction, EDI）的确定方法,研究了牧草覆盖对土壤矿质氮素EDI和地表流失的影响.结果表明,牧草覆盖增加了地表径流与表层土壤的相互作用,导致水土混合体深度增加,较深土层的土壤矿质氮通过溶解和解吸作用、对流 扩散作用等方式进入到地表径流中,矿质氮EDI增加.覆盖度越大,EDI值越大.与裸地相比,60％、80％和100％覆盖度处理中径流矿质氮平均浓度分别增加了34.52％、32.67％和6.00％,地表径流量分别减少了4.72％、9.84％和12.89％,侵蚀泥沙量分别减少了83.55％、87.11％和89.01％.60％和100％覆盖度处理的矿质氮地表流失总量分别为裸地处理的95.73％和84.05％,而80％覆盖度处理则为裸地处理的109.04％.草地植被对矿质氮素地表流失有“双重效应”：加剧了矿质氮向地表径流中的释放,使径流养分浓度高于裸地浓度;不同程度地减少了地表径流量和泥沙量及其养分含量.两种效应共同决定了土壤矿质氮素的地表流失量.     

牧草覆盖对坡面土壤矿质氮素流失的影响

利用室内模拟降雨试验,探讨了降雨、地表径流以及土壤矿质氮素有效作用深度（effective depth of interaction,EDI）的确定方法,研究了牧草覆盖对土壤矿质氮素EDI和地表流失的影响．结果表明,牧草覆盖增加了地表径流与表层土壤的相互作用,导致水土混合体深度增加,较深土层的土壤矿质氮通过溶解和解吸作用、对流-扩散作用等方式进入到地表径流中,矿质氮EDI增加．覆盖度越大,EDI值越大．与裸地相比,60％、80％和100％覆盖度处理中径流矿质氮平均浓度分别增加了34．52％、32．67％和6．00％,地表径流量分别减少了4．72％、9．84％和12．89％,侵蚀泥沙量分别减少了83．55％、87．11％和89．01％．60％和100％覆盖度处理的矿质氮地表流失总量分别为裸地处理的95．73％和84．05％,而80％覆盖度处理则为裸地处理的109．04％．草地植被对矿质氮素地表流失有“双重效应”：加剧了矿质氮向地表径流中的释放,使径流养分浓度高于裸地浓度;不同程度地减少了地表径流量和泥沙量及其养分含量．两种效应共同决定了土壤矿质氮素的地表流失量．     

Patchiness and disturbance: plant community responses to porcupine diggings in the central Negev

We tested the hypothesis that diversity and productivity of herbaceous plant communities in disturbed soil are related to the physical and biological heterogeneity of the landscape Our study was earned out on vegetation responses in porcupine diggings on a rocky slope in the central Negev desert in Israel We measured aboveground bio-mass and plant density per species in 150 porcupine diggings (15 cm deep and 15 to 20 cm wide) and in equally sized adjacent control samples in the undisturbed soil matrix We calculated mean annual biomass production, plant density and species richness for 10 sample areas along the slope In addition, we divided the plants into groups according to propagule size and dispersal mode We denoted two types of landscape heterogeneity, which we called physical and biological patchiness Physical patchiness was measured as the ratio of bare rock to soil surface Biological patchiness was the area of the soil covered by shrubs with associated soil mound and under-story relative to the total soil surface We also measured disturbance density, as the long term (17 yr) average density of newly made porcupine diggings We found that 1) the physical patchiness explained 30% of the variation of biological patchiness along the slope, while 2) the patterns of disturbance intensity and biological patchiness were similar (R-=0 386) 3) Biomass, density and species richness were significantly higher in diggings than m the soil matrix 4) Plant density in the matrix, but not m the diggings, was significantly correlated with physical patchiness, 5) species richness in diggings was significantly correlated with biological patchiness, but 6) biomass production in diggings and matrix was not affected by either physical or biological patchiness of the landscape 7) Disturbance density did not affect vegetation responses in diggings and matrix 8) A shift in the plant communities in the matrix towards plants with smaller seeds was associated with increasing physical patchiness, while m diggings there was an opposite shift 9) The proportion of wind dispersers was higher in diggings than outside, while the proportion of runoff dispersers was lower, 10) the densities of runoff dispersers in diggings and matrix were positively correlated with physical and biological patchiness 11) Physical and biological patchiness formed the two major gradients of species composition, explaining 30 and 25% respectively We conclude that the network of physical and biological patchiness and soil disturbance are important in the redistribution of resources and seeds, which control plant biomass, density, species richness and diversity The bare rock surface is the main source for runoff flow with associated soil, organic matter and nutrients The understory vegetation of shrubs provides seeds for creating and maintaining diversity The soil matrix absorbs runoff flow, and disturbances absorb runoff and trap seeds Thus, differences in landscape heterogeneity and their effects on resource and seed movement interact in controlling plant community productivity and diversity in the landscape     

非硬化土路径流侵蚀产沙动力参数分析

采用野外径流冲刷试验的方法,模拟研究非硬化路面土壤剥蚀率与各水动力学参数之间的关系,并建立各自的定量关系式.结果表明： 不同流量和坡度下,平均土壤剥蚀率可以用放水流量和坡度的幂函系数关系进行描述,并随放水流量和坡度的增大而增大,流量对土壤剥蚀率的影响大于坡度;土壤剥蚀率与水流流速呈幂函数关系;土壤剥蚀率与径流动能呈幂函数关系,径流动能对土壤剥蚀率有重要作用;土壤剥蚀率与单宽径流能耗呈线性函数关系,土壤可蚀性参数和临界单宽径流能耗的均值分别为0.120 g·m^-1·J^-1和2.875 g·m^-1·J^-1.放水流量和坡度、单宽能耗可准确地描述道路土壤侵蚀过程并对土壤侵蚀量进行测算.     

太湖地区典型水稻土稻-麦轮作地表径流中磷的变动规律

为了了解来自农田土壤径流磷浓度对太湖水体富营养化的贡献状况,采用田间小区试验的方法,研究了太湖地区安镇爽水型水稻土和常熟囊水型水稻土2000～2002年度磷素流失浓度变化及其原因。结果表明:太湖地区农田水稻土磷素流失的主要形态是颗粒态磷;施磷处理对地表径流磷浓度有显著影响;两种水稻土的径流中磷浓度呈现出随时间而降低的趋势;稻季土壤磷素流失的最大风险时期约在水稻移栽后一个月内,而麦季约在磷肥施用后1～2个月内;对于同期地表径流事件,囊水型水稻土径流中DP和TP浓度均高于爽水型水稻土;土壤类型对地表径流次数有明显的影响,并且随季节表现不同。     

中梁山岩溶槽谷区不同土地利用方式坡地产流规律

坡地产流是造成岩溶区水土流失的主要驱动力,研究典型岩溶槽谷区坡地产流规律,对岩溶区防治水土流失、合理利用地下水资源具有重要理论意义。在重庆市中梁山龙凤和龙车槽谷选取不同土地利用方式的4个标准径流小区,对降水、地表径流、壤中流、裂隙流和土壤含水率进行了同步监测,探讨了坡地产流特征。结果表明:(1)4个不同土地利用方式的径流小区,坡地总产流量从大到小依次为:耕地(3696.9L)果园地(3657.2L)竹林地(2922.9L)林地(2211.1L),总径流系数(3.1%—5.2%)远低于非岩溶区(约20%);(2)4个径流小区的产流形式主要为地表径流,壤中流和裂隙流产生滞后于地表径流;(3)降水因子、前期土壤含水率共同影响地表径流,但降水因子对地表径流的影响远大于前期土壤含水率。降水因子中,15min最大雨强是影响耕地、果园地的地表径流的主要因素,降水量是影响林地、竹林地的地表径流的主要因素;前期土壤含水率对耕地、林地、果园地地表径流影响较大,对竹林地地表径流影响较小。     

Runoff losses of Pseudomonas aureofaciens (lacZY) from soil

Abstract: Leaching of genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs) through soil profiles is generally not a significant concern, since GMMs typically remain near the soil surface following application. The presence of high numbers of GMMs at the soil surface, however, suggests that losses via runoff may occur. Traditional methods of plating nonlabeled bacteria lack precision and are thus seldom used to monitor runoff losses. To examine whether lac ZY, a common genetic marker, could be used to evaluate bacterial runoff from soil, a lac ZY⁺ strain of Pseudomonas aureofaciens 3732 RN-L11 was used at three different pH levels, with and without wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cover in a greenhouse experiment. Twelve times over a 245 day period, soils were subjected to simulated rainfall of 84 mm h⁻¹ for a 15 min duration. Runoff losses and survival were quantified at each time. Pseudomonas aureofaciens survived for the longest period at a soil pH of 7; survival was reduced at lower pHs. The number of cells in runoff were usually related to the number of cells surviving in the soil. When high soil populations were present, runoff losses often exceeded 10¹⁰ cfu event⁻¹. When the soil population declined to low or undetectable levels, the runoff contained fewer organisms. Runoff losses of 10⁸ cfu event⁻¹, however, were observed during one runoff event even when the soil population was below the detection limit. This study indicates that lac ZY is an effective marker, and that runoff of GMMs may be an important mechanism for movement to nontarget environments.     

The use of bioassay and associated tests in dredged material and disposal management

Plant bioassays and simulated rainfall-surface runoff tests have been developed and are being refined to assist in the evaluation of the environmental impact of dredged material disposal alternatives. Plant bioassay tests have been used to give appropriate information to describe the potential for contaminant mobility from dredged material into plants colonizing wetland and upland disposal environments. Index plants have shown elevated contents of Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr and Pb when grown on contaminated dredged material placed in a terrestrial disposal environment. Simulated rainfall-surface runoff water quality tests are being developed to determine the potential for contaminant mobility resulting from physicochemical changes in dredged material following upland disposal.A management strategy has been developed that incorporates the above test results for a selection of environmentally acceptable dredged material disposal alternatives.     

生物结皮与草本植物共生坡面的产流-入渗过程特征

干旱半干旱地区生物结皮与草本植物互生,发挥了重要的水土保持价值,但二者的耦合作用对坡面土壤产流-入渗过程与机理的影响尚不清楚。本研究利用人工模拟降雨试验,设计裸土、生物结皮、长芒草、长芒草+生物结皮4种坡面处理,研究生物结皮与草本植物的产流-入渗过程与径流水动力学特征。结果表明: 2个有生物结皮处理的坡面产流量变化平稳。4种处理的总产流量大小分别为:生物结皮>长芒草+生物结皮>裸土>长芒草,说明生物结皮具有抑制土壤水分入渗的作用,而长芒草可促进土壤水分入渗。在土壤深度为16和24 cm处,生物结皮处理的累计入渗量均小于长芒草+生物结皮处理,且差异显著,说明随着土壤深度增加,长芒草会减小生物结皮抑制水分入渗的作用。除了裸土坡面的弗劳德数(Fr)大于1以外,其余3种处理的Fr值小于1,属于缓流。生物结皮、长芒草和长芒草+生物结皮处理坡面的径流动能比裸土坡面分别减少83.3%、59.5%和88.1%。综上,水动力学参数的变化说明生物结皮调控径流的作用大于长芒草。     

Effect of slope farmland soil and water and soil nitrogen and phosphorus loss based on different crop and straw applications and ridge patterns in the basin of the main stream of the Songhua River

For soil and water erosion control in slope farmland, field experiments consisting of corn?+?no straw application?+?longitudinal ridge (CNL-CK), corn?+?stubble standing?+?cross ridge (CSSC), corn?+?straw application?+?cross ridge (CSC), soybean?+?straw application?+?cross ridge (SSC) and alfalfa?+?straw application?+?cross ridge (ASC) were conducted. Compared with the traditional CNL cropping pattern, soil loss in CSSC, CSC, SSC, and ASC was decreased 43.6%, 48.6%,58.2% and 62.1%, respectively, soil nitrogen loss load was decreased 53.8%, 50.8%, 62.1% and 66.2%, respectively, and soil phosphorus loss load was decreased 50.7%, 50.7%, 60.0%, and 66.7%, respectively. Runoff volume was decreased 42.4%, 52.3%, 54.6% and 61.0%, runoff nitrogen loss load was decreased 52.8%, 56.8%, 46.1% and 50.2%, respectively, and runoff phosphorus loss load was decreased 46.9%, 78.2%, 67.2%, and 62.7%, respectively. Soil and water erosion control of soybean and alfalfa were better than that of corn. Soil loss was decreased 19.2% and 26.7%, soil nitrogen loss load was decreased 22.9% and 31.3% respectively, soil phosphorus loss load was decreased 18.9% and 32.4% respectively, runoff volume was decreased 4.8% and 18.4% respectively, runoff nitrogen loss load was decreased ?24.9% and ?15.3% respectively, and runoff phosphorus loss load was decreased ?50.4% and ?71.2% respectively. Though runoff volume of SSC and ASC were lower than CSC, the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in SSC and ASC runoff liquid were higher than CSC, so the runoff nitrogen and phosphorus of SSC and ASC were increased. The runoff nitrogen and phosphorus loss load could be negligible because the soil nitrogen and phosphorus loss load were large. The concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus of all treatment runoff liquid was less than the environmental quality standards for class III surface water, so the runoff from slope farmland did not influence the water quality of the Songhua River.     

我国植被水土保持功能研究进展

 我国植被水土保持功能的研究可以概括为以下3个主要方面：1)植被水土保持功能的对比研究： 通过实地对比观测植被覆盖地与对照地（裸地、农耕地等）的径流量、土壤侵蚀量等,研究植被的减水减沙效益。研究表明,天然植被具有强大的水土保持功能,并呈现出林>灌>草的规律;人工植被水土保持功能的发挥则受到多种因素的影响,呈现出较复杂的情况。2)植被保持水土的机理研究：雨滴击溅和径流冲刷是水土流失的动力,通过分析植被削减降雨和径流动能的过程,来揭示植被水土保持功能的内在机理。研究表明,植被外在的水土保持功能是其内部各个垂直层     

Soil and water erosion under different plant species in a semiarid river valley, SW China: the effects of plant morphology

The small-scale effects of plant morphology in improving soil quality and reducing runoff and soil loss have remained unclear, especially in some arid environments with sparse vegetation. We selected three representative species with contrasting morphologies (Artemisia gmelinii; Ajania potaninii; Pulicaria chrysantha) to examine the effects of plant morphology on soil quality, runoff, and soil loss in the dry-warm river valley of the upper reach of Minjiang River, SW China. Runoff events were monitored from July through October 2006 using runoff plots on a micro scale (<40 × 40 cm²) on a south-facing slope. The observation duration for rainfall and runoff events can be divided into two stages. Higher runoff depth, but lower soil loss per event occurred at the second stage as compared with the first stage due to the differences in rainfall, plant, and soil surface characteristics. The two herbs, A. gmelinii and P. chrysantha, had greater improvements on soil quality yielding high soil nutrient content and low soil compactness, while the effectiveness of the small shrub, A. potaninii, was minimal. Relative to bare surface (control treatment), the effectiveness of reducing runoff depth per event was 64.9, 66.6 and 38.0%, and reducing soil loss 65.5, 59.3 and 69.9% for A. gmelinii, A. potaninii, and P. chrysantha, respectively. All three plant species can improve soil quality and reduce runoff and soil loss, but their effects vary, which implies that plant morphology has to be considered while selecting species for ecosystem restoration.     

踩踏干扰对生物结皮土壤渗透性的影响

采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究了踩踏干扰对生物结皮土壤渗透性的影响.结果表明:踩踏干扰显著增加了土壤表面粗糙度,增加幅度与干扰强度有关,50%干扰度下表面粗糙度指数较不干扰增加91%.踩踏干扰延长了坡面产流时间,20%～50%干扰度范围内,随着干扰强度的增加,初始产流时间呈线性增加趋势,50%干扰度的初始产流时间较不干扰增加了169.7%.踩踏干扰增加了土壤渗透性,降低径流系数.50%干扰度的土壤累积入渗量较不干扰增加12.6%;去除生物结皮,土壤渗透性降低,累积入渗量较不干扰降低30.2%.50%以下的干扰度未显著增加土壤侵蚀模数.去除生物结皮,土壤侵蚀模数较不干扰增加10倍.生物结皮破碎度低于50%的干扰在不明显增加土壤流失量的前提下,可增加降水入渗,减小径流风险,改善土壤水分状况.     

黄土区草本植被根系与土壤垂直侵蚀产沙关系研究

为了系统揭示植被根系对径流侵蚀产沙的影响,采用土钻法对草地植被根系分布特征进行系统调查,采用分层冲刷的方法对黄土高原草地土壤不同坡度、不同流量条件下的侵蚀产沙特征进行了研究。结果表明不同立地上的植被根系都表现出了随着土层深度增加而减少的趋势。分层冲刷的试验结果表明在土壤表层,植被根系对侵蚀产沙的影响是占主导地位的;而当土层超过一定深度后,根系的分布数量减少,不同流量和坡度下的深层土壤侵蚀产沙量明显增加,根系提高土壤抵抗径流侵蚀产沙的能力受到了限制。同时随着土层深度的不断加大,坡面上径流侵蚀的形态也在发生变化,逐渐从面蚀向细沟侵蚀发展。结合对草地植被根系生物量垂直分布特征的研究,证明土壤侵蚀产沙的这种变化是与草本植被根系的分布特征密切相关的。通过进一步分析植被根系分布特征和土壤垂直侵蚀产沙之间的联系,建立了草地植被根系生物量与土壤垂直侵蚀产沙特征之间的定量关系。     

森林转换对地表径流可溶性有机碳输出浓度和通量的影响

米槠次生林转换成米槠人工幼林和米槠人工促进天然更新幼林(以下简称"人促幼林")后,以这三种森林类型为研究对象,连续监测每次降雨后地表径流量及径流水中可溶性有机碳(DOC)的含量及通量,比较不同森林类型观测结果的差异,并分析降雨对实验结果的影响。结果表明:米槠人工幼林单次产流量是米槠次生林的1.5—19.0倍,观测期间总径流量为5.9倍;米槠人促幼林单次径流量和总径流量均与米槠次生林无显著差异(P0.05)。观测期间米槠次生林、人工幼林、人促幼林径流水DOC浓度值范围为5.9—18.4 mg/L,4.3—13.5 mg/L和3.2—9.9 mg/L,米槠次生林径流水浓度均值(12.6 mg/L)分别是米槠人促幼林(7.6 mg/L)和米槠人工幼林(5.3 mg/L)的1.6和2.4倍。回归分析表明,径流水中DOC浓度与降雨前土壤含水率呈显著相关;降雨前土壤含水率20.8%是一个临界值,含水率低于20.8%时,径流水DOC浓度与降雨前含水率呈显著正相关(P0.05);高于20.8%时,径流水DOC浓度与降雨前土壤含水率呈显著负相关(P0.05)。米槠人工幼林地表径流DOC输出通量是米槠次生林的0.7—5.4倍,观测期间总输出通量为2.1倍;米槠人促林DOC单次通量和观测期间总通量均与米槠次生林差异不显著(P0.05)。三种森林类型DOC输出通量均与降雨量呈显著相关(P0.05)。可见,米槠次生林转变成米槠人工幼林后DOC输出浓度降低,但径流量显著增加,导致DOC输出通量增加;而转变成米槠人促幼林后DOC输出浓度也降低,但径流量并未增加,因而并未增加DOC输出通量。     

Retention of Nitrogen Following Wildfire in a Chaparral Ecosystem

Wildfires alter nitrogen (N) cycling in Mediterranean-type ecosystems, resetting plant and soil microbial growth, combusting plant biomass to ash, and enhancing N availability in the upper soil layer. This ash and soil N pool (that is, wildfire N) is susceptible to loss from watersheds via runoff and leaching during post-fire rains. Plant and soil microbial recovery may mitigate these losses by sequestering N compounds in new biomass, thereby promoting landscape N retention in N-limited chaparral ecosystems. We investigated the relative balance between wildfire N loss, and plant and soil microbial N uptake and stream N export for an upland chaparral watershed in southern California that burned (61%) in a high-intensity wildfire in 2009 by using a combination of stream, vegetation, soil microbial, and remote sensing analyses. Soil N in the burn scar was 440% higher than unburned soil N in the beginning of the first post-fire wet season and returned within 66 days to pre-fire levels. Stream N export was 1480% higher than pre-fire export during the first post-fire rain and returned within 106 days over the course of the following three rainstorms to pre-fire levels. A watershed-scale N mass balance revealed that 52% of wildfire N could be accounted for in plant and soil microbial growth, whereas 1% could be accounted for in stream export of dissolved nitrogen.     

Implications of land-cover types for soil erosion on semiarid mountain slopes: Towards sustainable land use in problematic landscapes

The impact of land-cover types on soil erosion and runoff, as well as on physico-chemical soil properties, was monitored. The study area, an agroforestry landscape was located in Sierra Nevada Mountains in south-eastern Spain. Eight land-cover types were investigated: farmland planted with olive, almond, and cereals; forest with P. halepensis and P. sylvestris; shrubland; grassland; and abandoned farmland. The erosion plots replicated twice were located on hillslopes, where erosion and runoff were measured after 22 storm events. Forest dominated by Pinus stands exhibited significantly the lowest amounts of erosion and runoff, contrasting with abandoned farmland. Olive had higher erosion than did almond, cereals, or grasslands, but with the highest runoff rate under almond groves. The erosion and runoff response to shrubland showed an intermediate situation between forest and farmland–grassland uses. Under forest and shrubland, better soil properties were determined, especially higher organic C and total N, and lower soil-bulk density. Erosion was highly dependent on runoff, bulk density, soil organic C, and the degree of soil surface covered. Thus, the alteration in land cover is essential to an understanding of productivity of soil undergoing erosion, as sustainable planning can mitigate soil-degradation processes in the overall agroforestry landscape.