中亚热带4种森林凋落物量、组成、动态及其周转期

为研究亚热带次生林保护对森林生态系统养分循环等功能过程的影响。采用凋落物直接收集法,比较湘中丘陵区3种次生林(马尾松+石栎针阔混交林、南酸枣落叶阔叶林、石栎+青冈常绿阔叶林)和杉木人工林的凋落物量、组成特征及其周转期。结果表明:4种林分年凋落物量在414.4—818.2 g m-2a-1之间,3种次生林显著高于杉木人工林,3种次生林两两之间差异不显著,落叶对林分凋落物量的贡献最大,占林分凋落物量的59.9%—66.6%。杉木人工林和南酸枣落叶阔叶林的凋落物量月动态变化呈"双峰型",马尾松+石栎针阔混交林、石栎+青冈常绿阔叶林呈"不规则型"。优势树种的凋落物量对其林分凋落物量的贡献随林分树种多样性的增加而下降,杉木、马尾松凋落物量的月动态与其林分凋落物量的月动态基本呈一致变化趋势,但南酸枣、青冈、石栎没有一致的变化趋势。杉木人工林凋落物分解率最低(0.31),周转期最长(3.2 a),南酸枣落叶阔叶林分解率最高(0.45),周转期最低(2.2 a),凋落物的分解速率和周转随林分树种多样性增加而加快。可见,次生林凋落物量大,且分解快,周转期短,有利于养分归还和具有良好地力维持的能力。     

亚热带区4种林地土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷及酶活性特征

在位于亚热带丘陵区的长沙县大山冲林场选取地域毗邻、环境条件(立地、土壤、气候)基本一致的杉木人工林(CL)和3种次生林:马尾松-柯(又名石栎)针阔混交林(PM-LG)、南酸枣落叶阔叶林(CA)、柯-青冈常绿阔叶林(LG-CG),每种林地随机设置5个20 m×20 m的样地,分别采集表层(0—15 cm)和亚表层(15—30 cm)土壤样品,测定土壤微生物生物量碳(B_C)、氮(B_N)、磷(B_P)和蔗糖酶(INV)、脲酶(URE)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,分析4种林地土壤微生物生物量和酶活性及其与土壤化学性质的关系。结果表明:表层和亚表层土壤B_C、B_N、B_P和ACP活性依次为:CA LG-CG PM-LG CL,INV和URE活性依次为:LG-CG CA PM-LG CL,CAT活性依次为:CA PM-LG LG-CG CL,说明森林植被恢复对土壤微生物生物量和酶活性有明显的促进作用。通径分析表明,土壤B_C、B_N、B_P的直接影响因素和主要影响因素分别为SOC和TN/TP,TN和TN/TP,TP和SOC/TP,而TN/TP与B_C之间,TN与B_N之间具有较强的负相关;INV、ACP活性的直接影响因素主要是TN、TN/TP,其中TN/TP与INV、ACP活性具有较强的负相关;URE、CAT活性分别为B_P/TP和B_P,B_C/SOC和SOC,其中B_P与URE活性具有较强的负相关,B_C/SOC、SOC两者与CAT活性具有较强的正相关。此外,土壤B_C、B_N、B_P以及INV、URE、ACP、CAT活性的剩余余项通径系数较低,说明土壤化学性质对土壤微生物生物量,以及土壤化学性质和微生物生物量对土壤酶活性具有较大的影响。土壤B_C、B_N、B_P之间及其与土壤酶活性呈显著正相关。     

The influence of water quality and sediment geochemistry on the horizontal and vertical distribution of phosphorus and nitrogen in sediments of a large,shallow lake

Distinct horizontal water column concentration gradients of nutrients and chlorophyll a (Chl a) occur within large, shallow, eutrophic Lake Taihu, China. Concentrations are high in the north, where some of the major polluted tributaries enter the lake, and relatively low in the south, where macrophytes generally are abundant. It is not clear, however, whether these water column concentration gradients are similarly reflected in spatial heterogeneity of nutrient concentrations within the bottom sediments. The main objective of this study was therefore to test if horizontal and vertical variations in the phosphorus and nitrogen content in bottom sediments of Lake Taihu are significantly related to (1) horizontal variations in overlying water column nutrient concentrations and (2) other sediment geochemical constituents. We measured the concentration of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) in surficial sediments (0–2 cm) and TP, TN and Chl a concentrations in water column samples, collected from 32 sites in 2005. In 2006 sediment, TP, TN, carbon, iron and manganese concentrations were measured vertically at 2 cm intervals, extending to a depth of approximately 20 cm, at an additional eight sites. Linear correlation analysis revealed that surficial sediment TP concentrations across the 32 stations were related significantly, though weakly, to annual mean water column concentrations of TP, TN as well as Chl a. Correlations of surficial sediment TN with water column variables were, however, not significant (P > 0.05). Amongst the geochemical variables tested, the vertical variability of sediment TP concentrations was most strongly related to sediment manganese and carbon concentrations. A multiple stepwise linear regression revealed that the combination of sediment manganese and carbon concentrations explained 91% of the horizontal variability in sediment TP concentrations and 65% of the vertical variability. Handling editor: Luigi Naselli-Flores     

Temperature Sensitivity and Basal Rate of Soil Respiration and Their Determinants in Temperate Forests of North China

The basal respiration rate at 10°C (R₁₀) and the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration (Q₁₀) are two premier parameters in predicting the instantaneous rate of soil respiration at a given temperature. However, the mechanisms underlying the spatial variations in R₁₀ and Q₁₀ are not quite clear. R₁₀ and Q₁₀ were calculated using an exponential function with measured soil respiration and soil temperature for 11 mixed conifer-broadleaved forest stands and nine broadleaved forest stands at a catchment scale. The mean values of R₁₀ were 1.83 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ and 2.01 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹, the mean values of Q₁₀ were 3.40 and 3.79, respectively, for mixed and broadleaved forest types. Forest type did not influence the two model parameters, but determinants of R₁₀ and Q₁₀ varied between the two forest types. In mixed forest stands, R₁₀ decreased greatly with the ratio of coniferous to broadleaved tree species; whereas it sharply increased with the soil temperature range and the variations in soil organic carbon (SOC), and soil total nitrogen (TN). Q₁₀ was positively correlated with the spatial variances of herb-layer carbon stock and soil bulk density, and negatively with soil C/N ratio. In broadleaved forest stands, R₁₀ was markedly affected by basal area and the variations in shrub carbon stock and soil phosphorus (P) content; the value of Q₁₀ largely depended on soil pH and the variations of SOC and TN. 51% of variations in both R₁₀ and Q₁₀ can be accounted for jointly by five biophysical variables, of which the variation in soil bulk density played an overwhelming role in determining the amplitude of variations in soil basal respiration rates in temperate forests. Overall, it was concluded that soil respiration of temperate forests was largely dependent on soil physical properties when temperature kept quite low.     

湘西石漠化区3种造林模式土壤真菌群落结构差异

湘西石漠化地区是我国生态系统脆弱而又敏感的区域,土壤微生物在维持石漠化区森林生态系统结构和功能稳定中发挥重要作用。选取石漠化地区立地条件相同的32年生的马尾松纯林、光皮桦纯林及马尾松-光皮桦混交林为研究对象,以立地条件相似的未造林荒地演变成的灌草群落作为对照,比较分析石漠化地区不同造林模式对土壤真菌群落结构和多样性的影响及其主要驱动因素。采用Illumina HiSeq第二代高通量测序技术,分析了3种森林土壤真菌群落组成及多样性。结果表明,不同造林模式下土壤真菌优势类群不同,光皮桦、马尾松-光皮桦混交林以及石漠化灌草地土壤真菌优势门均为子囊菌门(Ascomycota),且在石漠化灌草地相对丰度最大,为64.0%;马尾松则以担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为优势类群,其相对丰度占57.9%。混交林土壤真菌物种总数和Shannon指数显著高于马尾松和光皮桦林地,整体上真菌群落多样性表现为：未造林灌草地>混交林>马尾松林>光皮桦林。与未造林灌草地相比,马尾松-光皮桦混交林和光皮桦纯林显著提升了土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量。Mantel test检验结果显示,...     

不同杉木林分类型土壤团聚体生态化学计量特征

在野外调查的基础上,选择成土母质相同、坡向坡度相似、海拔基本一致的杉木-米老排、杉木-火力楠和杉木纯林3种杉木人工林采集土壤样品,通过干筛法分离2 mm、2～0.25 mm和0.25 mm 3个团聚体组分,研究其土壤团聚体有机碳、全氮、全磷的含量及其生态化学计量特征,以阐明不同杉木林分类型土壤团聚体碳氮磷生态化学计量特征的指示意义。结果表明:(1)0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层有机碳、全氮和全磷含量的变异系数分别为21.37%、21.00%、21.46%和20.35%、16.51%、17.82%;全氮的变异系数低于有机碳和全磷,但三者含量呈极显著正相关关系。(2)有机碳和全氮含量集中分布于小粒径团聚体(0.25 mm)中,全磷含量在各粒径团聚体中分布较为均匀;在不同林分类型中土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量均表现为杉木-火力楠杉木-米老排杉木纯林;在0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层的C/N、C/P和N/P的变异系数分别为14.09%、19.75%、22.24%和19.56%、21.28%、24.49%;土壤C/N的变异性较低,土壤C/P和N/P均在大粒径团聚体(0.25 mm)中较高,土壤C/N、C/P和N/P对土壤有机碳储量具有良好的指示作用。研究表明,在杉木与火力楠混交林中,缺乏磷元素,建议及时补充P元素,避免土壤持续利用受到磷的限制。     

泥石流频发区山地不同海拔土壤化学计量特征——以云南省小江流域为例

为了探究泥石流频发区不同海拔梯度土壤的化学计量特征,阐明土壤性质对海拔变化的响应规律,进而有效指导受限性生态脆弱区生态系统的保护和恢复,在云南省小江流域支流阿旺小河西北侧山地选取了1500—2000m、2000—2500m、2500—3000m 3个海拔梯度,测定各海拔梯度范围内0—10cm、10—20cm、20—30cm土壤的有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾含量及其机械组成,分析了不同海拔梯度土壤化学计量比的垂直分布特征及其与植被区、土壤物理结构的关系。结果表明:随着海拔梯度的升高,土壤有机碳和全氮含量以及碳磷比、碳钾比、氮磷比和氮钾比均呈升高趋势,全磷和全钾含量以及磷钾比呈降低趋势,且有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾对海拔的敏感程度依次降低;不同海拔梯度之间,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾及其化学计量比的垂直分布存在显著差异性,即随着土壤深度的增加,有机碳和全氮含量呈降低趋势,而全磷和全钾含量以及各化学计量比变化规律不明显;同一海拔梯度内,森林植被区和灌草丛群落植被区土壤生态化学计量比差异性不大,且随海拔梯度变化一致,灌草丛群落中,土壤碳氮比与地上植被盖度具有极显著正相关性,森林群落植被区,土壤磷钾比与优势乔木种平均高度具有极显著负相关性,而与平均胸径呈显著负相关性;土壤物理结构的分异是造成土壤化学计量特征发生变化的主要内在原因,土壤碳磷比、碳钾比、氮磷比、氮钾比随着含水率和砂粒的增加呈指数型上升而随着粘粒的增加呈指数型下降的趋势。     

Soil C,N, P and Its Stratification Ratio Affected by Artificial Vegetation in Subsoil,Loess Plateau China

Artificial vegetation restoration can induce variations in accumulation and distribution of soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). However, little is known about variations in soil C, N and P nutrient fraction stratification following artificial vegetation in Loess Plateau China. Based on the hypothesis that re-vegetated can improve soil quality and stratification ratios (SR) can be used as an indicator to evaluate soil quality. This study measured contents and storages of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and their SRs in topsoil (0–20 cm) and subsoil (20–60 cm) in three 30-year re-vegetated lands that had been converted from arable land (Robinia pseudoacacia L., Caragana Korshinskii Kom. and abandoned cropland with low interferences and few management measures) and one slope cropland (SC) as a control for three soil profiles(0–20 cm, 20–40 cm and 40–60 cm) from June 2009 to June 2013. The results showed that the contents and storages of SOC, TN and TP in re-vegetated land were significantly higher than those in the SC in both topsoil and subsoil. The storages of SOC, TN and TP in the topsoil (0–20 cm) of the re-vegetated lands increased by 16.2%-26.4%, 12.7%-28.4% and 16.5%-20.9%, respectively, and increased by smaller but significant amounts in subsoil from 2009 to 2013. The SRs for SOC, TN and TP in the re-vegetated lands were mostly >2 (either for 0–20:20–40 cm or 0–20:40–60 cm) and greater than that in the SC. The SRs showed an increasing trend with increasing restoration age. The results also showed that the land use type and soil depth were the most influential factors for the SRs and storages, and the SRs of SOC and TN had significantly positive correlations with their storages. The SRs were concluded to be a good indicator for evaluating the soil quality, which can be significantly enhanced through vegetation restoration. Moreover, vegetation restoration can significantly enhance SOC, TN and TP accumulation in both topsoil and subsoil.     

Conversion of secondary broadleaved forest into Chinese fir plantation alters litter production and potential nutrient returns

Litter production, litter standing crop, and potential nutrient return via litterfall to soil were studied during a 4-year period (January 2004–December 2007) in a Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) plantation and a secondary broadleaved forest in Hunan Province in subtropical China. Mean annual litterfall in the sampling sites varied from 358 g m⁻² in the pure plantation to 669 g m⁻² in the secondary broadleaved forest. Total litterfall followed a bimodal distribution pattern for both forests. Amount of litterfall was also related to the air temperature in both forests. During the period under this study, annual variation in the total litterfall in the pure plantation was significantly higher than that in the secondary broadleaved forest. Litterfall was markedly seasonal in the both forests. Leaf proportions of litterfall in the pure plantation and secondary broadleaved forest were 58.1 and 61.7%, respectively. Total potential nutrient returns to the soil through litterfall in the pure plantation were only 46.2% of those in the secondary broadleaved forest. Total litter standing crop was 913 and 807 g m⁻² in the pure plantation and secondary broadleaved forest, respectively. Our results confirm that conversion from a secondary broadleaved forest into a pure coniferous plantation changes the functioning of the litter system.     

广西珍珠湾三种红树林林分土壤碳氮储量的研究

为了探讨不同红树林林分土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)和全氮(total nitrogen,TN)储量空间的分布特征以及与C/N的相关性,该研究以广西防城珍珠湾红树林湿地为对象,通过样地调查取样和实验室分析,测定了SOC和TN的含量以及土壤碳储量的计量,揭示了广西北仑河珍珠湾秋茄、木榄和混交林三种红树林林分SOC和TN储量空间的分布特征以及C/N与SOC和TN的相关性。结果表明:(1)秋茄、木榄和混交林的SOC储量分别为140.73、124.94、144.71 t·hm~(-2),三者无显著性差异(P0.05);木榄和混交林垂直分布特征表现为20～40 cm0～20 cm40～60 cm,秋茄表现为随着土层深度的增加而递减。(2)秋茄、木榄和混交林的TN储量分别为6.49、5.01、5.87 t·hm~(-2),表现为随着土层深度的增加而减少的趋势。(3)秋茄、木榄和混交林的SOC与TN储量之间的相关性极显著(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.924、0.971和0.844,说明SOC与TN之间存在一定的耦合效应。(4)三种林分的C/N比值范围为16.77～24.39,表明有机质主要来源于陆地,木榄和混交林土壤的C/N值与SOC储量有显著的相关性(P0.05),三种林分的C/N比值与TN储量相关性均不显著。(5)三种红树林林分的土壤碳储量均高于我国森林土壤碳储量的平均值,且SOC与TN储量之间的相关性极显著。     

Soil phosphorus does not keep pace with soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation following woody encroachment

Soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles are strongly interlinked and controlled through biological processes, and the phosphorus cycle is further controlled through geochemical processes. In dryland ecosystems, woody encroachment often modifies soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus stores, although it remains unknown if these three elements change proportionally in response to this vegetation change. We evaluated proportional changes and spatial patterns of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations following woody encroachment by taking spatially explicit soil cores to a depth of 1.2 m across a subtropical savanna landscape which has undergone encroachment by Prosopis glandulosa (an N₂ fixer) and other woody species during the past century in southern Texas, USA. SOC and TN were coupled with respect to increasing magnitudes and spatial patterns throughout the soil profile following woody encroachment, while TP increased slower than SOC and TN in topmost surface soils (0–5 cm) but faster in subsurface soils (15–120 cm). Spatial patterns of TP strongly resembled those of vegetation cover throughout the soil profile, but differed from those of SOC and TN, especially in subsurface soils. The encroachment of woody species dominated by N₂‐fixing trees into this P‐limited ecosystem resulted in the accumulation of proportionally less soil P compared to C and N in surface soils; however, proportionally more P accrued in deeper portions of the soil profile beneath woody patches where alkaline soil pH and high carbonate concentrations would favor precipitation of P as relatively insoluble calcium phosphates. This imbalanced relationship highlights that the relative importance of biotic vs. abiotic mechanisms controlling C and N vs. P accumulation following vegetation change may vary with depth. Our findings suggest that efforts to incorporate effects of land cover changes into coupled climate–biogeochemical models should attempt to represent C‐N‐P imbalances that may arise following vegetation change.     

Carbon quality and soil microbial property control the latitudinal pattern in temperature sensitivity of soil microbial respiration across Chinese forest ecosystems

Understanding the temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of soil organic C (SOC) decomposition is critical to quantifying the climate–carbon cycle feedback and predicting the response of ecosystems to climate change. However, the driving factors of the spatial variation in Q₁₀ at a continental scale are fully unidentified. In this study, we conducted a novel incubation experiment with periodically varying temperature based on the mean annual temperature of the soil origin sites. A total of 140 soil samples were collected from 22 sites along a 3,800 km long north–south transect of forests in China, and the Q₁₀ of soil microbial respiration and corresponding environmental variables were measured. Results showed that changes in the Q₁₀ values were nonlinear with latitude, particularly showing low Q₁₀ values in subtropical forests and high Q₁₀ values in temperate forests. The soil C:N ratio was positively related to the Q₁₀ values, and coniferous forest soils with low SOC quality had higher Q₁₀ values than broadleaved forest soils with high SOC quality, which supported the “C quality temperature” hypothesis. Out of the spatial variations in Q₁₀ across all ecosystems, gram‐negative bacteria exhibited the most importance in regulating the variation in Q₁₀ and contributed 25.1%, followed by the C:N ratio (C quality), fungi, and the fungi:bacteria ratio. However, the dominant factors that regulate the regional variations in Q₁₀ differed among the tropical, subtropical, and temperate forest ecosystems. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of C quality and microbial controls over Q₁₀ value in China's forest ecosystems. Meanwhile, C dynamics in temperate forests under a global warming scenario can be robustly predicted through the incorporation of substrate quality and microbial property into models.     

千岛湖次生林优势种植物光合生理生态特性

对千岛湖次生林优势种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)、石栎(Lithocarpus glaber)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)在不同季节的光合作用日变化、光响应、CO2响应以及相对叶绿素含量进行了分析,以期了解群落演替的内在机制。结果表明:(1)马尾松的净光合速率(Pn)日变化在4个季节均呈"单峰"曲线;苦槠在8月呈"双峰"曲线,其他3个月份均呈"单峰"曲线;石栎和青冈在5月、8月和11月的Pn日变化均为"双峰"曲线,有明显的光合"午休"现象,2月为"单峰"曲线。(2)马尾松和苦槠的Pn日积累值为8月最高,石栎和青冈为11月最高,且均与其他3个月均差异显著。4种优势种在4个季节的Pn日积累值的平均值大小为马尾松苦槠青冈石栎,差异显著。(3)4个季节中,光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)、最大净光合速率(Amax)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、最大羧化速率(Vcmax)、最大电子传递速率(Jmax)均以马尾松最高,表观量子效率(AQY)为马尾松最低。青冈在4个季节中具有最低的LSP、Rd和最高的AQY。苦槠和石栎的光合特性介于马尾松和青冈之间。(4)相对叶绿素含量以青冈最高,马尾松最低。总之,马尾松属强阳性树种,苦槠为阳性树种,石栎具有一定的耐荫性,青冈的耐荫性较强。     

中亚热带几种典型森林土壤养分含量分析及综合评价

分析及综合评价不同森林植被对土壤养分因子的影响,对揭示森林植被与土壤养分的相互关系,全面衡量森林土壤养分水平具有重要的意义。以中亚热带杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)纯林、木荷(Schima superb)纯林、木荷+楠木(Phoebe ahenre)混交林、木荷+杉木混交林、青冈栎(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)天然次生林、毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)林6种森林类型为研究对象,在分析不同森林类型土壤养分特征状况差异的基础上,采用结构方程模型确定土壤养分因子权重,对其土壤养分水平进行综合评价。结果表明:(1)6种森林类型0-60 cm土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和有效磷的含量分别为8.24-28.17 g/kg、0.67-1.31 g/kg、44.88-89.31 mg/kg和1.24-6.50mg/kg,其含量最高的都是青冈栎天然次生林,土壤有机质和碱解氮含量最低的是毛竹林,土壤全氮和有效磷的含量最低的分别为杉木纯林和木荷纯林,0-60 cm土壤全磷和速效钾的含量分别为0.15-0.21 g/kg和35.54-54.32mg/kg,其含量最高的都是木荷+楠木混交林,含量最低的分别为木荷纯林和毛竹林;(2)土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和有效磷的含量在6种森林类型中都一致表现出随土层加深而逐渐减小的规律,而碱解氮和速效钾含量在土壤垂直剖面的变化却因森林类型而异,没呈现出具体的变化规律;(3)栎类天然次生林的土壤养分等级综合评分值为3.47,评价等级属于中上水平,杉木纯林、木荷纯林、木荷+楠木混交林、木荷+杉木混交林的土壤养分等级综合评分值分别为2.45、2.76、2.83、2.68,评价等级均属于中下水平,而毛竹林的土壤养分等级综合评分值仅为1.95,评价等级属于土壤养分缺乏。     

Fine Root and Soil Organic Carbon Depth Distributions are Inversely Related Across Fertility and Rainfall Gradients in Lowland Tropical Forests

Humid tropical forests contain some of the largest soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks on Earth. Much of this SOC is in subsoil, yet variation in the distribution of SOC through the soil profile remains poorly characterized across tropical forests. We used a correlative approach to quantify relationships among depth distributions of SOC, fine root biomass, nutrients and texture to 1 m depths across 43 lowland tropical forests in Panama. The sites span rainfall and soil fertility gradients, and these are largely uncorrelated for these sites. We used fitted β parameters to characterize depth distributions, where β is a numerical index based on an asymptotic relationship, such that larger β values indicate greater concentrations of root biomass or SOC at depth in the profile. Root β values ranged from 0.82 to 0.95 and were best predicted by soil pH and extractable potassium (K) stocks. For example, the three most acidic (pH?<?4) and K-poor (<?20 g K m^?2) soils contained 76?±?5% of fine root biomass from 0 to 10 cm depth, while the three least acidic (pH?>?6.0) and most K-rich (>?50 g K m^?2) soils contained only 41?±?9% of fine root biomass at this depth. Root β and SOC β values were inversely related, such that a large fine root biomass in surface soils corresponded to large SOC stocks in subsoils (50–100 cm). SOC β values were best predicted by soil pH and base cation stocks, with the three most base-poor soils containing 34?±?8% of SOC from 50 to 100 cm depth, and the three most base-rich soils containing just 9?±?2% of SOC at this depth. Nutrient depth distributions were not related to Root β or SOC β values. These data show that large surface root biomass stocks are associated with large subsoil C stocks in strongly weathered tropical soils. Further studies are required to evaluate why this occurs, and whether changes in surface root biomass, as may occur with global change, could in turn influence SOC storage in tropical forest subsoils.

     

两种芒箕覆盖度下毛竹林土壤团聚体的稳定性及生态化学计量特征比较研究

为了解毛竹林下不同盖度芒萁种群对土壤碳含量和养分状况的影响，研究了四川长宁县芒萁(Dicranopteris dichoyoma)盖度分别为7.75%(PE)和63.25%(DD)下的毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)林土壤团聚体稳定性和生态化学计量特征。结果表明,DD样方土壤大团聚体含量显著低于PE样方，进而导致团聚体稳定性降低。DD样方土壤总有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)含量显著低于PE样方，且TP降幅最大，使得土壤C:N、C:P和N:P显著增加。毛竹凋落叶和细根的TOC、TN、TP、C:N、C:P和N:P在DD和PE样方间无显著差异，但DD样方芒萁凋落叶和细根的TN和TP含量显著高于毛竹。相关分析表明PE毛竹细根的TP含量仅与大团聚体的TP含量呈显著正相关；DD毛竹和芒萁细根的TP含量与大团聚体、微团聚体和中团聚体的TP含量均呈显著正相关。毛竹林下高盖度的芒萁种群降低了土壤团聚体稳定性和土壤C、N、P含量，通过改变土壤生态化学计量特征进而增加毛竹和芒萁细根对土壤不同粒径团聚体N和P的吸收，尤其是对P的吸收。因此，在川南地区粗放经营毛竹林中应考虑调整林下...     

The effects of forest on stream water quality in two coastal plain watersheds of the Chesapeake Bay

Forest had varying effects on stream nutrients in two coastal plain basins of the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. In the Choptank basin, forest was strongly associated with low stream total nitrogen (TN) and nitrate (NO₃⁻) concentrations (r²0.70), and forest placement along first order streams was important in maintaining low stream nitrogen (N) concentrations (r²0.35). In addition, a multiple regression model explained 40% of the stream total phosphorus (TP) variance and indicated that forest directly adjacent to streams (0–100 m) acted as a TP source and forest further away (100–300 m) from streams acted as a TP sink. In contrast, stream nutrients in the nearby Chester basin demonstrated a strong relationship with soil hydrologic properties. Forest had no significant effect on stream N and P because the finer-textured soils, higher stream slopes, and higher runoff potential of the Chester basin appeared to result in less baseflow compared to that in the Choptank basin. This reduced the opportunity for forest to intercept N via plant uptake and denitrification in the high runoff potential soils of the Chester basin. The high percentage of stormflow (40%) coupled with high stream slopes resulted in high soil erosion potential, which may explain the higher TP stream concentrations measured in the Chester compared to that in the Choptank. Differences in the hydrologic pathway appear to explain the different effects of forest on water quality in these two basins.     

广西澄江喀斯特湿地沉水植物碳、氮、磷化学计量特征

沉水植物是水生生态系统中重要的初级生产者。当前有关沉水植物生态化学计量特征的研究主要集中在非喀斯特区,而在喀斯特区的相关研究较为缺乏。因此,以广西澄江喀斯特典型湿地中的7种沉水植物为研究对象,分析沉水植物地上部分及底泥的碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）化学计量特征。结果显示,（1）7种沉水植物地上部分总碳、总氮和总磷平均含量最大值均出现在小茨藻（Najas minor）分别为（325.4±5.01） g/kg、（33.07±1.59） g/kg和（3.79±0.16） g/kg;C ： N、C ： P、N ： P平均值分别为10.14±0.18、96.23±3.56和9.47±0.32,C ： N最大值（11.89±0.54）出现在苦草（Vallisneria natans）,C ： P和N ： P最大值（113.27±18.14和11.13±1.63）均出现在穗花狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum）。（2）底泥有机碳、总氮、总磷、碱解氮和速效磷含量平均值分别为（15.05±0.56） g/kg、（2.06±0.08） g/kg、（0.58±0.01） g/kg、（162.53±9.16） mg/kg和（21.73±0.86） mg/kg,有机碳、总氮、总磷、碱解氮和速效磷的平均含量最大值均出现在小茨藻（N.minor）分别为（18.54±1.04） g/kg、（2.55±0.25） g/kg、（0.66±0.03） g/kg、（214.82±32.05） mg/kg和（26.37±3.31） mg/kg;底泥的C ： N、C ： P和N ： P平均值分别是7.33±0.14、25.7±0.72和3.53±0.09,C ： N、C ： P和N ： P最大值分别出现在金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum）（7.45±0.32）、小茨藻（N. minor）（28.29±1.29）和黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata）（3.89±0.25）。（3）沉水植物的地上部分总碳与底泥的有机碳和总氮均呈显著负相关性;沉水植物的地上部分总氮与底泥有机碳、碱解氮、C ： P均呈显著正相关性;沉水植物地上部分C ： N、C ： P均与底泥有机碳、总氮、总磷、碱解氮、C ： P、N ： P呈显著负相关,表明不同喀斯特湿地沉水植物和底泥之间的养分耦联性不同。本研究为喀斯特湿地生态系统生态化学计量学研究提供理论依据。     

秦岭典型林分土壤有机碳储量及碳氮垂直分布

以秦岭典型林分锐齿栎(马头滩林区)、油松、华山松、松栎混交林、云杉、锐齿栎(辛家山林区)为对象,研究了不同林分土壤剖面上有机碳、全氮、有机碳储量的分布规律。结果表明:在秦岭地区,随着土壤剖面深度增加,不同林分的土壤有机碳、全氮含量均逐渐降低;不同林分的土壤有机碳、氮素的积累和分解存在一定差异。其中,云杉和松栎混交林的土壤有机碳、全氮含量较高,锐齿栎(辛家山林区)含量较低,不同林分土壤剖面有机碳、全氮含量平均值分别为13.46—26.41 g/kg、4.47—9.51 g/kg,大小顺序均为云杉松栎混交林锐齿栎(马头滩林区)油松华山松锐齿栎(辛家山林区);各个林分的土壤C/N在5.93—15.47之间,C/N平均值大小为松栎混交林﹥华山松﹥油松﹥云杉﹥锐齿栎(辛家山林区)﹥锐齿栎(马头滩林区);各个林分0—60 cm土层的土壤有机碳储量大小为云杉锐齿栎(马头滩林区)松栎混交林华山松锐齿栎(辛家山林区)油松,分别为150.94、135.28、124.93、109.24、102.15、96.62 t/hm2;各个林分土壤有机碳含量与土壤全氮含量存在极显著正相关,土壤有机碳、全氮与C/N则没有明显相关性。     

No changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen following long-term prescribed burning and livestock exclusion in the Sudan-savanna woodlands of Burkina Faso

Fire and overgrazing reduce aboveground biomass, leading to land degradation and potential impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) dynamics. However, empirical data are lacking on how prescribed burning and livestock exclusion impact SOC in the long-term. Here we analyse the effects of 19 years of prescribed annual burning and livestock exclusion on tree density, SOC and TN concentrations in the Sudanian savanna ecoregion at two sites (Tiogo and Laba) in Burkina Faso. Results revealed that neither livestock exclusion nor prescribed burning had significant impact on SOC and TN concentrations. The results at both sites indicate that 19 years of livestock and fire exclusion did not result in a significant increase in tree density compared to grazing and annual prescribed burning. The overall mean (± SEM) of SOC stocks in the 0–50 cm depth increment in the unburnt (53.5 ± 4.7 Mg C ha⁻¹) and annually burnt (56.4 ± 4.3 Mg C ha⁻¹) plots at Tiogo were not statistically different. Similarly, at Laba there was no significant difference between the corresponding figures in the unburnt (37.9 ± 2.6 Mg ha⁻¹) and in the annually burnt plots (38.6 ± 1.9 Mg ha⁻¹). Increases in belowground inputs from root turnover may have countered changes in aboveground biomass, resulting in no net change in SOC and TN. We conclude that, contrary to our expectation and current policy recommendations, restricting burning or grazing did not result in increase in SOC stocks in this dry savanna ecosystem.