野牡丹科植物与蜂类某些类群的进化关系初探

本文提出熊蜂、胡蜂等采集野牡丹科植物花粉的现象,进而探讨了野牡丹科植物与熊蜂、胡蜂……等之间的共同进化关系,并指出野牡丹科植物与熊蜂等类群,在系统进化中有平行进化的关系。     

野牡丹科十属植物研究进展

本文综述了野牡丹科十属植物的化学成分、生物活性以及临床应用等内容,是对该科属植物近40多年来相关研究的首次较系统的归纳总结,为相关植物的进一步研究和开发利用提供参考.     

中国隧蜂亚属的研究及新种记述（膜翅目：蜜蜂总科：隧蜂科）

本文记述隧蜂亚属12种,其中三个新种:拟黄带隧蜂 Halictus (Halictus) pseudotakuiricus;扎达隧蜂Halictus (Halictus) zadaensis;红足斑点隧蜂Halictus (Halictus) frostus;一个新纪录种:黄带隧蜂Halictus (Halictus) takuiricus Blüthgen。文中附有12种的种检索表。     

野牡丹科6种植物染色体数目及核型分析

研究了野牡丹科国产野牡丹属(Melastoma L.)4种植物和从国外引种的蒂牡花属(Tibouchina Aubl.)2种植物的染色体数目,并对4种野牡丹属植物的核型进行分析。结果表明, 野牡丹属植物的染色体数目为2n=24,为二倍体植物,蒂牡花属的蒂牡花(T. urvillean)和银毛野牡丹(T. heteromall)的染色体数目为2n=36。核型公式为：野牡丹(M. malabathricum) 2n=10m(2SAT)+14sm;毛稔(M. sanguineurn) 2n=10m+12sm+2st;地稔(M. dodecandrum) 2n=12m+12sm;细叶野牡丹(M. intermedium) 2n=12m＋10sm+2st。核型分析表明国产野牡丹属植物染色体为小染色体,绝对长度为0.43~1.79 µm;核型不对称系数为59.47~62.91,均属2B型。野牡丹属植物的核型为首次报道。     

广东大雾岭自然保护区野牡丹科植物资源调查与鉴定研究

对大雾岭自然保护区的野牡丹科植物资源进行了初步调查。依照《广东植物志》分类方法进行鉴定,调查结果为:大雾岭野牡丹科植物有野牡丹属、锦香草属和虎颜花属共三个属的5种,1个亚种。另外还发现一种植物特征与毛菍类似但叶片为7基出脉的植物,有待于进一步确定其归属。本次调查为野牡丹科植物野生资源的保护和科学利用提供了资料。     

中国野牡丹科植物补充订正

报道了中国野牡丹科Melastomataceae尖子木属Oxyspora一新记录种——柑叶尖子木O. curtisii King,并绘制了特征线条图。另基于花序和花特征的不同, 将翅茎异形木Allomorphia eupteroton Guillaumin var. teretipetiolata C. Y. Wu ＆ C. Chen由变种提升为种, 归入尖子木属, 即翅茎尖子木Oxyspora teretipetiolata （C. Y. Wu ＆ C. Chen） W. H. Chen ＆ Y. M. Shui, 并补充描述了其花部特征。通过扫描电镜观察了它们的花粉和种子形态, 为分类处理提供了佐证。     

云南省棒腹蜂属一新种(蜜蜂总科,隧蜂科)

本文记述云南省产棒腹蜂属Rhopalomelissa一新种。模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所,部分副模保存于中国科学院昆明动物研究所。 云南棒腹蜂 Rhopalomelissa (Trichorhopalomelissa) yunnanensis Wu et He,新种。 体长4—6毫米,黑褐色;腹部棒状。头扁平,宽大于长;复眼内侧稍凹入;上颚细长,具二齿,基半部深褐色,端半部黄褐色;颅顶后缘稍圆;额区中央具一明显纵脊;触角黑褐色,鞭状,长稍超过后胸,第一节最长,等于第三、四两节总长,第二节近球形,其余各节几等长;唇基及颜侧区密被褐黄色毛;侧单眼距稍短于复眼至单眼距离;胸部黑色;前胸、中胸背板、小盾片、后盾片被金黄色短毛,后盾片毛较密,小盾片上者混有少量金黄色长毛;颅顶后缘被少量金黄色毛;腹部黑褐色,第一、二及第三     

中国澳彩带蜂亚属研究(膜翅目,蜜蜂总科,隧蜂科)

报道中国澳彩带蜂亚属4种,并给出了物种检索表.这些物种包括:塔克彩带蜂Nomia(Austronomia)takaoensis Friese、克氏彩带蜂N.(A.)krombeini Hirashima、小齿突彩带蜂N.(A.)notiomorpha Hirashima与大胫板彩带蜂N.(A.)fruhstorferi Pérez,其中小齿突彩带蜂为中国新纪录种.研究标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所.     

中国小彩带蜂族的研究及艳小彩带蜂属一新种记述(膜翅目:蜜蜂总科:隧蜂科)

本文两作者在研究苏联科学院动物所及中国科学院动物所939个标本的基础上记述中国小彩带蜂族Nomioidini 7个种,其中海南艳小彩带蜂Ceylalictus(Alronomiaides)hainanicus为新种。     

中国黄斑蜂族九新种记述(蜜蜂总科,切叶蜂科,黄斑蜂族)

记述中国黄斑蜂族3属9新种.新种是:圆斑伟黄斑蜂Bathanthidum(s.str.)circinatum,峨眉伟黄斑蜂Bathanthidium(s.str.)emeiense,叉黄斑蜂Anthidium (s.str.)furcatum,双色黄斑蜂Anthidium(s.str.)bicolor,纹黄斑蜂Anthidum(s.str.)striatum,莫干山黄斑蜂An-thidium(s.str.)moganshanensis,向日葵黄斑蜂Anthidium(Proanthidium)helianthinum,皇冠准黄斑蜂Trachusa (Paraanthidium)coronum,角足准黄斑蜂Trachusa(Paraanthidium)cornopes.模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所.     

The species of Hymenoptera described by Linnaeus in the genera Sphex, Chrysis, Vespa, Apis and Mutilla

Data are presented on the type-material representing the species described by Linnaeus in his genera Sphex, Chrysis, Vespa, Apis and Mutilla , The names here considered total 158; six are currently applied in the Hymenoptera Parasitica. Of the balance of 147, three are emendations and five are unavailable homonyms or names proposed in the synonymy of other species. Fifteen Linnaean names are here placed as synonyms. One name is attributed to an author other than Linnaeus, and live names remain species incertae sedis. The remainder, 118, are applied as valid names in die Hymenoptera Aculeata. Holotype specimens in London, Uppsala or Stockholm represent 60 names; 55 names are based on lectotype specimens of which 49 are here designated, two by other authors. One name is represented by a neotype specimen in Lund, and one by a lectotype figure. One non-aculeate species is based on syntypes. Specimens appear to be lost with respect to 25 names; three specimens in Uppsala may be the holotypes of a further three species.
Eight new combinations are made, and twelve new synonyms established; three further new combinations and three further new synonymies are suggested. A systematically arranged summary of species treated and of nomenclatural changes made is given. Nomenclatural changes affecting non-Linnaean names are included where relevant; lectotypes are designated for two non-Linnaean species.     

Pollination of strawberry by the stingless bee,Trigona minangkabau,and the honey bee,Apis mellifera: An experimental study of fertilization efficiency

To know basic information about the stingless bee, Trigona minangkabau, and the European honey bee, Apis mellifera, as pollinator of strawberry, we set three greenhouse areas: the honey bee introduced area, the stingless bee introduced area and the control area. Foraging and pollination efficiencies of the two bee species were studied comparatively. During the experimental period (10 days), the stingless bee foraged well and the nest weight did not change, though the honey bee often foraged inefficiently and the nest weight decreased by 2 kg. The average nectar volume of a flower was lower in the honey bee area (0.02 μl) and nearly the same in the other two areas (0.1 μl). We make a numerical model to describe pollination and fertilization process. This model shows that one visit of the honey bee pollinated 11% of achenes and one visit of the stingless bee did 4.7% on average and that 11 visits of the honey bee or 30 visits of the stingless bee are required per flower to attain normal berry (fertilization rate, 87%). In this study, the rate of deformed berries in the stingless bee area (73%) was lower than that of the control area (90%), but higher than that of the honey bee area (51%). From our numerical model, we conclude the stingless bee could pollinate strawberry as well as the honey bee if we introduced 1.8 times of bees used in this experiment.     

华南野牡丹科野生花卉种质资源的收集和繁殖

野牡丹科植物主要分布于热带亚热带地区,其中不乏许多有观赏价值的野生花卉.为了发掘其观赏方面的价值,本项目在华南地区调查和引种的基础上,进行了初步地繁殖和示范栽培工作.并从中选出了几个有较大观赏价值的种类供今后开发利用.     

Detecting the effects of introduced species: a case study of competition between Apis and Bombus

Developing tools for rapid assessment of introduced species impacts is one of the most important challenges in invasion ecology. Most assessments of impact rely on correlational data or other indirect measures. Yet few studies have evaluated invasion effects using multiple, simultaneously applied monitoring and experimental approaches, in order to compare easily obtained metrics with more difficult but direct measures of reproductive success or population dynamics. In this study, I use data from an experimental test of introduced honey bee (Apis mellifera) impacts on native bumble bees (Bombus spp.) to address two major questions: 1) how well did observational data on niche overlap and spatial correlations between Apis and Bombus predict the results of experimental tests of competitive effects? and 2) how well did effects of the experimental Apis manipulations on Bombus foragers, which are easy to observe, predict changes in reproductive success of colonies, which are difficult to measure? Niche overlap between Apis and Bombus varied substantially, but increased to levels as high as 80–90% during periods of resource scarcity. Correlations between numbers of Apis foragers and numbers of Bombus foragers were also highly variable, but I detected a significant negative relationship in only one of the seven months observed. In contrast, the experimental results showed that mean numbers of Bombus foragers observed on a given transect increased significantly with greater distance from introduced Apis colonies. Of these three measures (niche overlap, correlations in abundances, and effects of experimental introductions), only the experimental data on forager abundances accurately estimated competitive effects on colony reproductive success previously reported for the same experiment, and the correlational data in particular completely failed to predict the effects observed in the experimental study. This work suggests that great caution is warranted in making assessments of invasion impact on the basis of spatial or temporal correlations between invasive and native species. Thus, investing in even small and limited experimental studies may be more valuable than extensive observational work in quantifying invasion impacts.     

Performance of Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens, and Peponapis pruinosa (Hymenoptera: Apidae) as pollinators of pumpkin

Pollination services of pumpkin, Cucurbita pepo L., provided by the European honey bee, Apis mellifera L., were compared with two native bee species, the common eastern bumble bee, Bombus impatiens (Cresson), and Peponapis pruinosa Say, in New York from 2008 to 2010. Performance of each species was determined by comparing single-visit pollen deposition, percentage of visits that contacted the stigma, flower-handling time, fruit and seed set, and fruit weight per number of visits. Fruit yield from small fields (0.6 ha) supplemented with commercial B. impatiens colonies was compared with yield from those not supplemented. A. mellifera spent nearly 2 and 3 times longer foraging on each pistillate flower compared with B. impatiens and P. pruinosa, respectively. A. mellifera also visited pistillate flowers 10-20 times more frequently than B. impatiens and P. pruinosa, respectively. Yet, B. impatiens deposited 3 times more pollen grains per stigma and contacted stigmas significantly more often than either A. mellifera or P. pruinosa. Fruit set and weight from flowers visited four to eight times by B. impatiens were similar to those from open-pollinated flowers, whereas flowers pollinated by A. mellifera and P. pruinosa produced fewer fruit and smaller fruit compared with those from open-pollinated flowers. Fields supplemented with B. impatiens produced significantly more pumpkins per plant than nonsupplemented fields. B. impatiens was a better pollinator of pumpkin than P. pruinosa and should be considered as a promising alternative to A. mellifera for pollinating this crop.     

意大利蜜蜂和小峰熊蜂在温室桃园的传粉行为及其影响因素

意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica和小峰熊蜂Bombus hypocrita是我国设施农业中的两种主要授粉昆虫, 二者的传粉方式和传粉效率因不同作物而各有不同。为了选用最理想的蜂种为温室作物授粉, 提高作物的授粉效率, 我们于2008-2010年连续3年在北京的温室桃园进行了意大利蜜蜂和小峰熊蜂的传粉行为及其影响因素的研究。结果表明, 两种蜂的日活动规律不同, 和意大利蜜蜂相比, 小峰熊蜂的活动起点温度低、 日工作时间长、 单花访问时间长, 采集蜂在温室内距离蜂巢不同距离之间扩散比较均匀。而意大利蜜蜂采集蜂的数量随授粉半径的增大而明显减少。温室内环境因子对两种蜂传粉活动的影响基本一致, 温度对两种蜂的传粉活动影响最大, 其次是湿度、 单花花蜜浓度和光照强度, 而单花花蜜体积对蜂活动无明显影响。本研究认为对于温室桃授粉应优先选用授粉性能稳定的小峰熊蜂, 并且适当调节温室内环境条件, 以提高其授粉效率。     

Genetics,Evolution, and Conservation of Island Plants

Islands are ideal model systems for testing ecological and evolutionary theory. This article reviews and synthesizes the findings of 24 studies of population genetics of island plants to gain insight into ecological and evolutionary processes on these unique, insular habitats. The studies reviewed found evidence for limited gene flow among islands and high genetic structure, but few tested for isolation by distance or among models of gene flow. Few studies compared diversity on islands with mainland populations or tested for bottlenecks, and the small number that did produced split results. Studies of rare species generally found that multiple islands would need to be protected to preserve genetic diversity. This review shows that surprisingly little work has been done to test theory using studies of population genetics on islands, and further work on testing among models of gene flow and examining population bottlenecks would be especially useful.     

First report on the emergency dance of Apis cerana japonica,which induces odorous plant material collection in response to Vespa mandarinia japonica scouting

Previously, we observed several instances in which Apis cerana japonica performed dancing around the hive entrance and smeared plant materials there immediately after scouting of Vespa mandarinia japonica. In this study, we conducted a series of attack simulation experiments with three hornet species to investigate whether the hive entrance dance is a specific response to V. m. japonica scouting. We also tracked dancing bees and dance‐follower bees to observe whether they perform hive entrance smearing. Only V. m. japonica scouting induced dancing, and we confirmed that dancing and dance‐follower bees performed smearing behavior at the hive entrance. These results suggest that the hive entrance dance informs nestmates of a specific emergency and of the urgent need to collect odorous plant materials as a counter‐attack strategy.