不同剂量补铁对低氧训练大鼠力竭运动后骨骼肌线粒体呼吸链酶复合体活性的影响

目的：探讨不同剂量补铁对低氧训练大鼠力竭运动后骨骼肌线粒体呼吸链酶复合体活性的影响。方法：将40只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为5组（n=8）：安静对照组（C）、运动组（E）、运动低剂量补铁组（EL）、运动中剂量补铁组（EM）、运动高剂量补铁组（EH）。各组大鼠分别在低氧（模拟海拔3 500 m）环境中居住和训练5周,每周6 d。力竭运动后即刻取骨骼肌样本,测定线粒体呼吸链酶复合体Ⅰ~Ⅳ（CⅠ~Ⅳ）活性。结果：与C组相比,E组、EL组、EM组骨骼肌线粒体呼吸链CⅠ~Ⅳ活性均显著提高（P<0.05,P<0.01）,EH组CⅠ活性显著降低（P<0.05）,CⅢ和CⅣ活性均显著提高（P<0.05,P<0.01）;与E组相比,EL组、EM组和EH组CⅠ~Ⅳ活性均显著降低（P<0.01）。结论：低氧训练及结合补铁均可改善低氧环境骨骼肌线粒体呼吸链功能,提高机体有氧工作能力,但低氧训练结合补铁的效果不及低氧训练。     

不同低氧训练模式对大鼠力竭运动后骨骼肌线粒体抗氧化能力及呼吸链酶复合体活性的影响

本研究旨在观察4种低氧训练模式对大鼠骨骼肌线粒体抗氧化能力及呼吸链酶复合体活性的影响。将雄性Wistar大鼠40只随机均分为5组(n=8):常氧训练组(LoLo)、高住高练组(HiHi)、高住低训组(HiLo)、低住高练组(LoHi)和高住高练低训组(HiHiLo)。各组大鼠分别在常氧(海拔1500m,大气压632mmHg)或/和低氧(模拟海拔3500m,大气压493mmHg)环境中居住及递增负荷训练5周,每周训练6天。各组大鼠在最后一次训练后,在常氧环境恢复3天,然后进行力竭运动,之后即刻取骨骼肌样本,用差速离心法提取骨骼肌线粒体,分光光度法测定丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(su-peroxide dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性及呼吸链酶复合体Ⅰ～Ⅲ(CⅠ～Ⅲ)活性。结果显示,与LoLo组相比,HiHi和HiHiLo组骨骼肌组织MDA含量均显著升高(P<0.01),SOD、GSH-Px和CAT活性均显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与LoL...     

棕榈酸对模拟高原低氧大鼠离体脑线粒体解耦联蛋白活性及质子漏的影响

本文旨在通过观察棕榈酸对模拟高原低氧大鼠离体脑线粒体解耦联蛋白(uncoupling proteins,UCPs)活性的影响及脑线粒体质子漏与膜电位的改变,探讨UCPs在介导游离脂肪酸对低氧时线粒体氧化磷酸化功能改变中的作用.将SpragueDawley大鼠随机分为对照组、急性低氧组和慢性低氧组.低氧大鼠于低压舱内模拟海拔5 000 m高原23 h/d作低氧暴露,分别连续低氧3 d和30 d.用差速密度梯度离心法提取脑线粒体,[3H-GTP法测定UCPs含量与活性,TPMP 电极与Clark氧电极结合法测量线粒体质子漏,罗丹明123荧光法测定线粒体膜电位.结果显示,低氧使脑线粒体内UCPs含量与活性升高、质子漏增加、线粒体膜电位降低;同时,低氧暴露降低脑线粒体对棕榈酸的反应性,UCPs活性的改变率低于对照组,且线粒体UCPs含量、质子漏、膜电位变化率亦出现相同趋势.线粒体质子漏与反映UCPs活性的Kd值呈线性负相关(P<0.01 r=-0.906),与反映UCPs含量的Bmax呈线性正相关(P<0.01,r=0.856),与膜电位呈线性负相关(P<0.01,r=-0.880).以上结果提示,低氧导致的脑线粒体质子漏增加及膜电位降低与线粒体内UCPs活性升高有关,同时低氧暴露能降低脑线粒体对棕榈酸的反应性,提示在高原低氧环境下,游离脂肪酸升高在维持线粒体能量代谢中起着自身保护和调节机制.     

水稻水孔蛋白RWC3的分布及其受GA和蔗糖的调控(英文)

水孔蛋白能介导水分的跨膜运输,在植物的生长发育过程中起重要作用。对RWC3启动子-GUS转基因水稻的组织化学染色表明,水稻(Oryza sativa L.)水孔蛋白RWC3可能在包括营养和生殖器官在内的各部位中广泛表达。同时发现,赤霉素(GA)能提高转基因植物的愈伤组织、悬浮细胞和叶片中的GUS活性,而GA合成的抑制剂ancymidol降低了GUS活性。进一步研究发现,蔗糖能抑制GA对GUS活性的提高,说明GA和蔗糖在对RWC3的表达调控的信号传递过程中可能存在着相互作用。     

川芎嗪-黄芪甲苷降低缺血/再灌注损伤的大鼠脑组织中IL-1β和Caspase-3基因的表达:实时定量PCR的研究(英文)

本文旨在运用实时荧光PCR技术建立大鼠脑缺血/再灌注(ischemia-reperfusion,I/R)中IL-1β和Caspase-3基因绝对定量分析方法。成年雄性Sprague-Dawely大鼠被随机分成了5组:假手术组、I/R模型组、黄芪甲苷组、川芎嗪-黄芪甲苷组、尼莫地平组。除假手术组外,其余各组均进行脑I/R处理,然后通过腹膜内注射进行药物处理,时间为脑I/R后0h、12h、1d、2d直至7d。假手术组和I/R模型组注射生理盐水(5mL/kg),黄芪甲苷组中黄芪甲苷剂量为20mg/kg,川芎嗪-黄芪甲苷组中川芎嗪和黄芪甲苷剂量分别为10mg/kg和20mg/kg,而尼莫地平组中尼莫地平剂量为10mg/kg。通过常规RT-PCR克隆了大鼠的IL-1β和Caspase-3基因,运用TA克隆技术分别构建了重组质粒pTA2-IL1和pTA2-Casp3,重组质粒经过紫外分光光度计测定A260/A280比值,并计算拷贝数。以该质粒作为标准品,首先对实时荧光PCR反应的引物进行筛选和验证,然后进行反应退火温度的优化,最后定量检测各组损伤的脑组织中IL-1β和Caspase-3的基因表达情况。结果显示,从候选引物...     

PSⅡ原初电子供体P680的光破坏现象研究:高效液相色谱对光抑制条件下D1/D2/Cyt b559复合物色素成分和含量变化的分析(英文)

采用高效液相色谱 (HPLC)的分析方法 ,对菠菜 (SpinaciaoleraceaMill.)叶绿体PSⅡ反应中心光破坏过程进行了研究。结果表明 :(1)在本实验条件下 ,45min的光照处理 ,可以使PSⅡ反应中心的光化学活性基本接近丢失。(2 )从光照约 2 0min开始至约 40min ,Chla的含量逐渐减少到原有含量的 2 /3左右 ,然后浓度保持不变至约 6 0min ,此后 ,Chla的含量出现了第二次下降 ,到 80min左右 ,稳定在约 30 %的含量水平并不再变化。D1/D2 /Cytb5 5 9复合物的原有色素分子组成约为 6Chla∶2Pheo∶2 β_Car。 (3)在 40min的光照处理后 ,HPLC图谱上出现了一个新的产物峰 ,其吸收谱十分类似于Pheo分子 (峰位分别为 40 7、5 0 4、5 33、6 0 6及 6 6 3nm) ,但其保留时间 (7.2min)比正常的Pheo分子 (6 .9min)较晚 ,因此推测它可能是一种结构类似于Pheo的分子     

Vitamin E supplementation modifies adaptive responses to training in rat skeletal muscle

Abstract

Aim of the present study was to test, by vitamin E treatment, the hypothesis that muscle adaptive responses to training are mediated by free radicals produced during the single exercise sessions. Therefore, we determined aerobic capacity of tissue homogenates and mitochondrial fractions, tissue content of mitochondrial proteins and expression of factors (PGC-1, NRF-1, and NRF-2) involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Moreover, we determined the oxidative damage extent, antioxidant enzyme activities, and glutathione content in both tissue preparations, mitochondrial ROS production rate. Finally we tested mitochondrial ROS production rate and muscle susceptibility to oxidative stress. The metabolic adaptations to training, consisting in increased muscle oxidative capacity coupled with the proliferation of a mitochondrial population with decreased oxidative capacity, were generally prevented by antioxidant supplementation. Accordingly, the expression of the factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, which were increased by training, was restored to the control level by the antioxidant treatment. Even the training-induced increase in antioxidant enzyme activities, glutathione level and tissue capacity to oppose to an oxidative attach were prevented by vitamin E treatment. Our results support the idea that the stimulus for training-induced adaptive responses derives from the increased production, during the training sessions, of reactive oxygen species that stimulates the expression of PGC-1, which is involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant enzymes expression. On the other hand, the observation that changes induced by training in some parameters are only attenuated by vitamin E treatment suggests that other signaling pathways, which are activated during exercise and impinge on PGC-1, can modify the response to the antioxidant integration.     

Non-esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids distinctly modulate the mitochondrial and cellular ROS production in normoxia and hypoxia

There is an intense discussion about the subcellular origin of the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under hypoxia. Since this fundamental question can be addressed only in a cellular system, the O(2) -sensing rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were used. Severe hypoxia is known to elevate non-esterified fatty acids. Therefore, the site(s) of ROS generation were studied in cells which we simultaneously exposed to hypoxia (1% oxygen) and free fatty acids (FFA). We obtained the following results: (i) at hypoxia, ROS generation increases in PC12 cells but not in mitochondria isolated therefrom. (ii) Non-esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) enhance the ROS release from PC12 cells as well as from mitochondria, both in normoxia and in hypoxia. (iii) PUFA-induced ROS generation by PC12 cells is not decreased either by inhibitors of the cell membrane NAD(P)H oxidase or inhibitors impairing the PUFA metabolism. (iv) PUFA-induced ROS generation of mitochondria is paralleled by a decline of the NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity (reflecting combined enzymatic activity of complex I plus III). (v) Mitochondrial superoxide indicator (MitoSOXred)-loaded cells exposed to PUFA exhibit increased fluorescence indicating mitochondrial ROS generation. In conclusion, elevated PUFA levels enhance cellular ROS level in hypoxia, most likely by impairing the electron flux within the respiratory chain. Thus, we propose that PUFAs are likely to act as important extrinsic factor to enhance the mitochondria-associated intracellular ROS signaling in hypoxia.     

低氧习服大鼠骨骼肌毛细血管密度和血流供应的变化特点

目的：观察大鼠在低氧习服过程中,骨骼肌毛细血管密度和血流供应的变化规律。方法：大鼠在模拟海拔5000m低氧5、15和30d后,用肌球蛋白ATP酶（mATPase)组织化学方法显示骨骼肌Ⅰ、Ⅱ型纤维和毛细血管并进行图像分析;用放射性微球法测定骨骼肌血流量。结果：低氧5d组大鼠骨骼肌纤维即出现明显萎缩,15d和30d组大鼠毛细血管密度显著增高,但单位面积内毛细血管数/肌纤维数（C/F）的比值无明显变化。在所观测的时间内,各组大鼠骨骼肌血流量未见明显变化。结论：大鼠在低氧习服过程中,毛细血管并未发生真正的增生,而由于骨骼肌纤维出现萎缩,使毛细敌国管数目相对增多。     

The effect of UCP3 overexpression on mitochondrial ROS production in skeletal muscle of young versus aged mice

Uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) is suggested to protect mitochondria against aging and lipid-induced damage, possibly via modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Here we show that mice overexpressing UCP3 (UCP3Tg) have a blunted age-induced increase in ROS production, assessed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy, but only after addition of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Mitochondrial function, assessed by respirometry, on glycolytic substrate was lower in UCP3Tg mice compared to wild types, whereas this tended to be higher on fatty acids. State 4o respiration was higher in UCP3Tg animals. To conclude, UCP3 overexpression leads to increased state 4o respiration and, in presence of 4-HNE, blunts the age-induced increase in ROS production.     

Selective detection of UCP 3 expression in skeletal muscle: effect of thyroid status and temperature acclimation

A novel peptide antibody to UCP 3 is characterized which is sensitive and discriminatory for UCP 3 over UCP 2, UCP 1 and other mitochondrial transporters. The peptide antibody detects UCP 3 expression in E. coli, COS cells and yeast expression systems. The peptide antibody detects a single ∼33 kDa protein band in mitochondria from isolated rat skeletal muscle, mouse and rat brown adipose tissue, and in whole muscle groups (soleus and extensor digitorum longus) from mice. No 33 kDa band is detectable in isolated mitochondria from liver, heart, brain, kidney and lungs of rats, or gastrocnemius mitochondria from UCP 3 knock-out mice. From our data, we conclude that the peptide antibody is detecting UCP 3 in skeletal muscle, skeletal muscle mitochondria and brown adipose tissue mitochondria. It is also noteworthy that the peptide antibody can detect human, mouse and rat forms of UCP 3. Using the UCP 3 peptide antibody, we confirm and quantify the increased (2.8-fold) UCP 3 expression observed in skeletal muscle mitochondria isolated from 48-h-starved rats. We show that UCP 3 expression is increased (1.6-fold) in skeletal muscle of rats acclimated over 8 weeks to 8 °C and that UCP 3 expression is decreased (1.4-fold) in rats acclimated to 30 °C. Furthermore, UCP 3 expression is increased (2.3-fold) in skeletal muscle from hyperthyroid rats compared to euthyroid controls. In addition, we show that UCP 3 expression is only coincident with the mitochondrial fraction of skeletal muscle homogenates and not peroxisomal, nuclear or cytosolic and microsomal fractions.     

Thyroid-hormone effects on putative biochemical pathways involved in UCP3 activation in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria

In vitro, uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3)-mediated uncoupling requires cofactors [e.g., superoxides, coenzyme Q (CoQ) and fatty acids (FA)] or their derivatives, but it is not yet clear whether or how such activators interact with each other under given physiological or pathophysiological conditions. Since triiodothyronine (T3) stimulates lipid metabolism, UCP3 expression and mitochondrial uncoupling, we examined its effects on some biochemical pathways that may underlie UCP3-mediated uncoupling. T3-treated rats (Hyper) showed increased mitochondrial lipid-oxidation rates, increased expression and activity of enzymes involved in lipid handling and increased mitochondrial superoxide production and CoQ levels. Despite the higher mitochondrial superoxide production in Hyper, euthyroid and hyperthyroid mitochondria showed no differences in proton-conductance when FA were chelated by bovine serum albumin. However, mitochondria from Hyper showed a palmitoyl-carnitine-induced and GDP-inhibited increased proton-conductance in the presence of carboxyatractylate. We suggest that T3 stimulates the UCP3 activity in vivo by affecting the complex network of biochemical pathways underlying the UCP3 activation.     

低氧条件下大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞中活性氧与低氧诱导因子-1α和细胞增殖的关系

在低氧条件下,观察大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞（pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells,PASMCs）中活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）的变化,探讨ROS的变化是否通过调控低氧诱导因子-4α（hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, HIF-1α）的表达影响PASMCs的增殖。采用组织块法原代培养大鼠PASMCs,分成3组：常氧组（21％O2,24h）,低氧组（5％O2,24h）,低氧＋Mn-TBAP组（5％O2,24h,Mn-TBAP是一种ROS清除剂）。用激光共聚焦显微镜荧光染色法检测细胞内ROS的变化;用RT-PCR和免疫组织化学方法分别测定HIF-1α mRNA和蛋白的表达;用MTT法检测细胞增殖程度。结果显示：（1）低氧组PASMCs内ROS水平明显高于常氧组（P〈0．05）,低氧＋Mn-TBAP组ROS水平明显低于低氧组（P〈0．05）,但仍高于常氧组（P〈0．05）;（2）低氧组及低氧＋Mn-TBAP组的HIF-1α mRNA和蛋白表达均高于常氧组（P〈0．05）,且低氧组表达高于低氧＋Mn-TBAP组（P〈0．05）;（3）低氧组细胞增殖明显高于常氧组和低氧＋Mn-TBAP组（P〈0．05）,低氧＋Mn-TBAP组细胞增殖高于常氧组（P〈0．05）。结果表明：在低氧条件下大鼠PASMCs中ROS水平明显升高,RROS的变化能够调节HIF-1α的表达,进而影响平滑肌细胞的增殖,提示ROS可能在肺动脉高压的发病机制和低氧信号转导中具有重要作用。     

Gender-dependent differences of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in rat skeletal muscle at rest and after exercise training

Objective: This study investigated gender-dependent differences of mitochondrial function and sensitivity to in vitro ROS exposure in rat skeletal muscle at rest and after exercise training.

Methods: Wistar rats underwent running training for 6 weeks. In vitro measurements of hydroxyl radical production, oxygen consumption (under basal and maximal respiration conditions) and ATP production were made on permeabilized fibers. Mitochondrial function was examined after exposure and non-exposure to an in vitro generator system of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were also determined.

Results: Compared with sedentary males, females showed a greater resistance of mitochondrial function (oxygen consumption and ATP production) to ROS exposure, and lower MDA content and antioxidant enzyme activities. The training protocol had more beneficial effects in males than females with regard to ROS production and oxidative stress. In contrast to male rats, the susceptibility of mitochondrial function to ROS exposure in trained females was unchanged.

Discussion: Exercise training improves mitochondrial function oxidative capacities in both male and female rats, but is more pronounced in males as a result of different mechanisms. The resistance of mitochondrial function to in vitro oxidative stress exposure and the antioxidant responses are gender- and training-dependent, and may be related to the protective effects of estrogen.     

Application of modular kinetic analysis to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle of birds exposed to acute heat stress

We previously showed that heat stress stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in skeletal muscle mitochondria of birds, probably via an elevation in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ). To clarify the mechanism underlying the elevation of ΔΨ, modular kinetic analysis was applied to oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle mitochondria of heat-stressed birds (34 °C for 12 h). In the birds exposed to heat stress, ‘substrate oxidation’ (a ΔΨ-producer) was increased compared to control (24 °C) birds, although there was little difference in ‘proton leak’ (a ΔΨ-consumer), suggesting that an elevation in the ΔΨ at state 4 may be due to enhanced substrate oxidation. It thus appears that enhanced substrate oxidation plays a crucial role in the overproduction of ROS for heat-stressed birds, probably via elevated ΔΨ.