中国蓝果树的胚胎学研究

中国蓝果树的花芽当年形成。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型。孢子四分体多为四面体形。 花药绒毡层分泌型,细胞具多倍体核。子房常1室,少2室。花柱实心,具引导组织。引导组织在子房室顶端形成珠孔塞。胚珠倒生,悬垂,具单珠被。假厚珠心。珠被维管束延伸进入珠被。孢原细胞1 个,位于珠心表皮细胞之下。孢原细胞直接扩大形成大孢子母细胞。珠心冠大多不存在。蓼型或葱型胚囊。近合点端的无功能大孢子最先压扁退化。珠孔受精。精卵核融合为有丝分裂前型。极核在受精时融合。反足细胞短命。细胞型胚乳。成熟胚与种子近等长,种子叶基部多少心形。子具胚乳。胚和胚乳均不具喜树碱。 同美洲产的蓝果树相比较后,本文总结了蓝果树属较稳定的有分类学意义的胚胎学特征。     

兜兰胚胎学的研究

云南兜兰花药壁有五层细胞,绒毡层细胞具双核,属分泌型。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型。四分体中四个小孢子呈四面体或左右对称式排列。成熟花粉为二细胞型。单粒分散的花粉包裹于黄色粘性物质中。生殖细胞最初形成的壁为胼胝质的,待游离到营养细胞质中时,具一层很薄的 PAS 正反应的壁,直到花药开裂时这层壁仍存在。成熟花粉无特化的萌发孔,只具薄壁区。胚珠为薄珠心,具一层珠被,胚囊发育为葱型,成熟胚囊为6—8核,胚发育过程中,具2—4细胞胚柄。胚乳具二核。种子成熟时胚柄及胚乳核都消失。成熟种子只具单层细胞的种皮和一个未分化的球形胚。     

新疆阿魏的胚胎学研究

采用常规石蜡制片技术,对新疆阿魏不同发育时期的花和果实进行了显微切片观察.结果表明:新疆阿魏小孢子母细胞的减数分裂为同时型,小孢子四分体为四面体型和十字交叉型,成熟花粉粒为3-细胞型.雌蕊2心皮合生成2室,中轴胎座,每子房室内产生上、下2个胚珠原基,其中,下方的原基正常发育,而上方的原基停止发育并最终解体,因此,每室仅产生一枚发育正常的倒生胚珠,单珠被,薄珠心,胚囊发育为蓼型;珠被绒毡层和珠孔塞发生于大孢子四分体时期,并于四核胚囊时分化完全,八核胚囊时珠被绒毡层细胞径向延长;3个成熟的反足细胞具双核.胚乳发育为核型,细胞壁较厚,细胞排列紧密,可保护胚免受机械损伤及防止胚失水.胚乳细胞中含有大量PAS染色呈正反应的物质,一些胚乳细胞异常生长形成细胞体积大、核及核仁均较大的巨形细胞.胚胎发生为茄型,四细胞原胚为直线形,十六细胞原胚的顶部由2排各4个细胞组成.成熟种子具胚乳.     

嵩草属植物的胚胎学

对嵩草属（ Ｋｏｂｒｅｓｉａ） 植物进行了初步的胚胎学研究。该属植物具假四合花粉（ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｄ） ; 药室内壁在二核花粉时期开始螺旋状加厚, 花药表皮在花粉成熟时形成乳突; 成熟花粉具三细胞。胚珠为倒生型, 具厚珠心和双层珠被, 珠孔由内珠被构成, 珠柄的近基部向珠孔增生形成珠孔塞。胚囊的发育为蓼型, 四分体线形排列, 合点端大孢子发育成八核胚囊。受精后, 胚乳核先于受精卵进行分裂, 胚乳的发育为核型。胚的发育为柳叶菜型灯芯草变型。通过比较, 嵩草属植物大小孢子的发育、胚珠的结构、胚囊的发育、胚乳的发育和胚的发育与莎草科中其它类群一致。所以, 根据胚胎学资料, 嵩草属及其近缘属应保留在莎草科中,不该另立为嵩草科。     

The Embryology of the Genus Kobresia(Cyperaceae)

对嵩草属(Kobresia)植物进行了初步的胚胎学研究。该属植物具假四合花粉(pseudomonad);药室内壁在二核花粉时期开始螺旋状加厚,花药表皮在花粉成熟时形成乳突;成熟花粉具三细胞。胚珠为倒生型,具厚珠心和双层珠被,珠孔由内珠被构成,珠柄的近基部向珠孔增生形成珠孔塞。胚囊的发育为蓼型,四分体线形排列,合点端大孢子发育成八核胚囊。受精后,胚乳核先于受精卵进行分裂,胚乳的发育为核型。胚的发育为柳叶菜型灯芯草变型。通过比较,嵩草属植物大小孢子的发育、胚珠的结构、胚囊的发育、胚乳的发育和胚的发育与莎草科中其它类群一致。所以,根据胚胎学资料,嵩草属及其近缘属应保留在莎草科中,不该另立为嵩草科。     

藏药椭圆叶花锚的胚胎学

本文首次报道了藏药椭圆叶花锚的胚胎学特征。花药四室,药壁发育为双子叶型;绒毡层异型起源,腺质型绒毡层。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体的排列方式为四面体型;成熟花粉为３－细胞。子房２心皮,而二心皮连接处强烈膨大、内凸,４列胚珠。薄珠心,单珠被,直生胚珠。胚囊发育为蓼型。胚乳发育为核型。胚胎发育为茄型酸浆Ｉ变型。反足细胞在胚囊成熟时期宿存。承珠盘发达。果实成熟时,种子只发育至球型胚阶段。比较了该种与龙胆族其它属、种的胚胎学特征,发现它们大部分特征是相似的,但在如下３个特征上存在区别：子房二心皮连接处强烈膨大、内凸;直生胚珠;具有发达的承珠盘。其胚胎学特征的系统学和分类学意义有待进一步比较与评价     

中国特有河口异叶苣苔（苦苣苔科）胚胎学研究

对河口异叶苣苔的胚胎学观察旨在为该属的系统学研究提供参考。该种的花药药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中岐和绒层４层细胞组成。２－３－核细胞在绒毡层频繁出现。胚珠属倒生,单珠被和薄珠心。胚囊发育属蓼型。该种胚囊发中的双大孢子母细胞现象,分别为并列和前后排列型。前者发育至双并列四分体,后者发育到呈棱形的４个大孢子。胚乳的发育属细胞型。并在合点端和珠也端分别具有吸器。珠孔吸器发育早期为单核、２－细胞、后期为两核、２－细胞或单核、４－细胞,有时为多细胞,并在发育过程中向外伸长形成外珠孔。合点吸器为两核。由于合点吸器和珠孔吸器的活动,位于珠被最外层细胞的珠和被绒毡层之间的２－３层细胞逐渐解体和被吸收,胚的发生和发育属柳叶菜型,在胚的发育过程中,胚乳几乎被吸收耗尽,仅利下一层胚乳细胞紧贴内种皮,成熟种子的种皮由珠被最外层细胞和珠被绒毡层发育而来,本文对河口异叶苣苔的胚胎发育过程员苦苣苔科其它类群进行了广泛的比较和讨论。     

石香薷（唇形科）的胚胎学研究

石香薷(Mosla chinensis Buch.-Ham.ex Maxim.)花药壁发育属双子叶型。花药具4个小孢子囊;腺质绒毡层,细胞具2～4核,有3至数个核仁;初生造孢细胞直接行小孢子母细胞的功能,在小孢子囊中成单列。花粉母细胞减数分裂后胞质分裂为同时型;小孢子四分体呈四面体形,也有左右对称形,成熟花粉具2细胞。胚珠倒生,单珠被,薄珠心,大孢子四分体线形排列,功能性大孢子位于合点端,少数为合点端第二个细胞。胚囊发育属蓼型,珠孔区近卵圆形,比合点区稍短,合点区较狭窄。胚胎发生属柳叶菜型。细胞型胚乳,珠孔吸器为单孢3核,合点吸器为单孢2核。种子无胚乳,种皮由珠被发育。石香薷雌雄配子体的发育、胚胎发生及胚乳形成,与紫苏属的Perilla ocimoides几乎完全一致。不同点仅在于石香薷在2-细胞花粉时,药室内壁细胞切向伸长,壁尚未发生纤维状加厚(P.ocimoides药室内壁细胞径向伸长,胞壁纤维状加厚),珠孔吸器为单孢3核(P.ocimoides为单孢4核)。胚胎学显示石荠苎属与紫苏属有密切的亲缘关系。     

白毛新木姜子[Neolitsea aurata var.glauca]胚胎学研究

应用光学显微镜对白毛新木姜子的胚胎学特征进行了研究,首次在非寄生性樟科植物中发现了细胞型胚乳。对樟科8属进行了胚胎学特征的比较。花药四室,药室壁的发育属于"基本型",周原质团型绒毡层。小孢子母细胞连续型分裂。等四面体型四分体。二细胞成熟花粉,无孔沟。雌孢原多个,一般仅一个能继续发育。蓼型胚囊。助细胞具丝状器。反足细胞宿存。大孢子母细胞和合子具极性。宿存的一个助细胞具有吸器功能。细胞型胚乳,胚胎发育属于柳叶菜型的三叶变型。种皮源于外珠被,内表皮细胞壁螺旋状加厚。胚胎学特征表明,新木姜子属与木姜子属有密切的亲缘关系。较多的双胚囊异常现象,支持樟科与Monimiaceae具有紧密关系的推测。胚胎学特征不支持将无根藤属独立为科的观点。     

白毛新木姜子[Neolitsea aurata var. glauca]胚胎学研究

应用光学显微镜对白毛新木姜子的胚胎学特征进行了研究,首次在非寄生性樟科植物中发现了细胞型胚乳。对樟科8属进行了胚胎学特征的比较。花药四室,药室壁的发育属于“基本型”,周原质团型绒毡层。小孢子母细胞连续型分裂。等四面体型四分体。二细胞成熟花粉,无孔沟。雌孢原多个,一般仅一个能继续发育。蓼型胚囊。助细胞具丝状器。反足细胞宿存。大孢子母细胞和合子具极性。宿存的一个助细胞具有吸器功能。细胞型胚乳,胚胎发育属于柳叶菜型的三叶变型。种皮源于外珠被,内表皮细胞壁螺旋状加厚。胚胎学特征表明,新木姜子属与木姜子属有密切的亲缘关系。较多的双胚囊异常现象,支持樟科与Monimiaceae具有紧密关系的推测。胚胎学特征不支持将无根藤属独立为科的观点。     

长豇豆种皮和种脐的发育

长豇豆的胚珠具内外两层珠被,内珠被在种子发育早期退化消失,种皮仅由外珠被发育而成。外珠被的外表皮细胞径向伸长,外壁和经向壁增厚,形成约占成熟种皮厚度一半的栅栏层;亚表皮细胞发育为骨状石细胞层。第三层细胞类似于亚表皮层但细胞壁增厚不明显,其内方的多层薄壁细胞形成海绵组织。种脐具两层栅栏细胞,外栅栏层及其以外部分由珠柄组织发育而成管胞群。本文还对脐缝和管胞群的作用以及豆科种子的吸水机制进行了讨论。     

Gone and ovule ontogeny in Phyllocladus (Podocarpaceae)

TOMLINSON, P. B., TAKASO, T. & RATTENBURY, J. A., 1989. Cone and ovule ontogeny in Phyllocladus (Podocarpaceae). Cones are borne directly on phylloclades, usually in the position of basal segments or as segment appendages. Each cone consists of a series of spirally arranged bracts, of which the middle bracts each subtend a single, sessile ovule. There is no ovuliferous scale. Ovules arise as ovoid outgrowths; integument development involves periclinal divisions of hypodermal cells with the integument becoming bilobed and extended laterally. The mature ovule is flask-shaped. The integument includes an extensive middle region bounded by an inner and outer epidermis; the outer hypodermis is differentiated as two contrasted cell layers. An aril differentiates late by periclinal divisions of the outer hypodermal cells at the base of the ovule. The three outermost layers of the integument become differentiated in the mature seed as an epidermis, with thick, cutinized outer tangential walls, an outer hypodermal tanniniferous layer and a sclerotic inner layer. Each ovule is vascularized by two strands that diverge from the axial bundles delimiting the gap left by the departing bract trace.     

Ephemeral and non-ephemeral structures during seed development in two Cytisus species (Papilionoideae,Leguminosae)

Abstract

Seed formation involves not only the embryo and endosperm development, but also the formation of a series of either ephemeral or non-ephemeral structures. In this article, we study several of those structures in Cytisus multiflorus and Cytisus striatus. The endosperm development is first nuclear and later cellular, except for the chalazal area, whose development is always nuclear. It generates, in the early developmental stages, a sac-like haustorium. As the seed develops, two structures seem to be closely related to nutrient mobilization to the embryo sac: on the one hand, a group of cells and a channel, located in the chalazal area and closely related between them and to the endosperm haustorium, which could be interpreted as a hypostase and on the other hand, an endothelium, derived from the inner integument, which later degenerates leaving no trace in the mature seed. All of these structures would be associated with the directionality of assimilates from ovule tissues to embryo sac. In mature seed and surrounding the embryo appears a unicellular layer of cells rich in proteins (aleurone layer), which is the origin of the outermost layer of the cellular endosperm. The seed coat is made up only of the outer integument.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gypsy embryo</Emphasis> specifies ovule curvature by regulating ovule/integument development in rice

The embryo position in a seed is stable in most plant species, indicating the existence of a strict regulatory mechanism that specifies the embryo position in the seed. To elucidate this mechanism, we analyzed the gypsy embryo (gym) mutant of rice, in which the position of the mature embryo in the seed is altered at a low frequency. Analyses of early embryogenesis and ovule development showed that the ectopic embryo was derived from an ill-positioned egg cell, which resulted from the incomplete curvature of the ovule. Although the development of both the inner and outer integuments was impaired, the ovule curvature was associated closely with the extent of inner integument growth. Therefore, inner integument development controls ovule curvature in rice. The expression patterns of OSH1 and OsMADS13 indicated that, in gym, a small number of indeterminate cells are maintained on the style side of the ovule and then in the integument primordium at a low frequency. The prolonged survival of these indeterminate cells disturbs normal integument development. The gym fon2 double mutant suggests that GYM and FON2 are involved redundantly in floral meristem determinacy. Possible functions of the GYM gene and the ovule developmental mechanism are discussed.     

Seed coat development in Leucospermum cordifolium (Knight) Fourcade (Proteaceae) and a clarification of the seed covering structures in Proteaceae

MANNING, J. C. & BRITS, G. J., 1993. Seed coat development in Leucospermum cordifolium (Knight) Fourcade (Proteaceae) and a clarification of the seed covering structures in Proteaceae . The development of the seed coat and pericarp is studied in Leucospermum cordifolium from ovule to mature seed. The ovule and seed are characterized by a tegmic pachychalaza. The pericarp is adnate to the integuments from anthesis and remains unthickened to maturity. The outer integument forms the seed coat and the seed is endotestal: the outer epidermis becomes tanniniferous and the inner epidermis develops into a crystalliferous palisade. The inner integument degenerates at an early stage. Examination of the literature reveals that the crystal palisade layer of the outer integument has been erroneously assumed to constitute an endocarp. This finding indicates that a re-interpretation of all published information on the seed coat in indehiscent Proteaceae is necessary before any speculations on the phylogenetic significance of the seed coat can be entertained.     

ULTRACYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF PLASMA MEMBRANE-ASSOCIATED PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN DEVELOPING TOBACCO SEEDS

Plasma membrane-associated phosphatase activity was found in integumentary cells of developing tobacco ovules from the megaspore tetrad stage to seed maturity. Enzyme activity is greatest in the innermost layers of the integument from the mature megagametophyte stage on. The egg, zygote, and synergids almost totally lack plasma membrane-associated reaction product, while the antipodals show some activity at their chalazal ends. The endosperm has much plasma membrane-associated phosphatase activity in most of its cells during development, but it is primarily the outermost plasma membranes of the surface cells of the embryo that have associated reaction product. It is concluded that the plasma membrane-associated phosphatase activity is related to active transport of assimilates and that the integument is the most important site of active transport in the young ovule. After fertilization, in addition to the innermost layers of the integument, the endosperm and the outermost cells of the embryo become involved in active transport, which continues to seed maturity.     

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEED OF SOLANUM PHUREJA

Dnyansagab , Vishnu R., and Delmer C. Cooper . (U. Wisconsin, Madison.) Development of the seed of Solanum phureja. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(3) : 176—186. Illus. 1960.—Ontogeny of the seed of Solanum phureja Juz. et Buk. is described. The megagametophyte, during the course of its development, ruptures the nucellus and at maturity lies in direct contact with the inner layer (endothelium) of the single massive integument. The mature megagametophyte, a 7-celled structure, consists of a 3-celled egg apparatus, an endosperm mother cell with fused polar nuclei and 3 persistent antipodals. Both 2- and 3-celled mature pollen grains are formed within anthers of the same flower; hence this character cannot be considered of any taxonomic value. Double fertilization occurs between 24 and 72 hr. after pollination. A cellular endosperm is formed, the peripheral layer acting as an absorbing tissue during the early ontogeny of the seed. Later this layer becomes organized as an aleurone layer and thereafter the source of nutrients is via the basal portion of the endosperm immediately adjacent to the apical end of the vascular tissue of the developing seed. Embryo development follows the Nicotiana variation of the Solanad type. The mature testa is composed of an outer layer of thick-walled epidermal cells, an inner layer of thin-walled cells and an intervening mass of disorganized tissue. In those instances where the ovule or young seed aborts, the endothelial cells of the integument become hyperactive and proliferate to such an extent that the space formerly occupied by the gametophyte or the developing endosperm and embryo becomes completely filled with endothelial tissue.     

ANATOMY OF THE SEED OF CONVOLVULUS ARVENSIS

Sripleng , Aksorn , (Kasetsart U., Bangkok, Thailand), and Frank H. Smith . Anatomy of the seed of Convolvulus arvensis. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(5) : 386—392. Illus. 1960.–The anatropous ovule has a small, ephemeral nucellus covered by a massive integument. Shortly after fertilization, a lateral pouch develops from the upper portion of the embryo sac toward the dorsal side of the ovule and then downward. This leaves a partial integumentary septum in the base of the seed. The cellular endosperm is mostly absorbed by the embryo. Two—6 cell layers persist on all sides of the seed except below the cotyledons on the dorsal side where larger amounts persist. Over most of the seed the dermatogen develops into an epidermis that consists in part of groups of thick-walled elongate cells that produce the papillose appearance of the mature seed. The cells beneath the dermatogen divide periclinally and form 2 layers. The outer layer undergoes anticlinal divisions and differentiates a subepidermal layer of small, rectangular, thick-walled cells that become lightly lignified and suberized. The cells of the inner layer undergo some anticinal and periclinal divisions, elongate and differentiate as palisade sclerenchyma. The inner layers of the integument consist of parenchyma cells that are crushed and partially absorbed at maturity. The pad on the basal end of the seed, between the hilum and micropyle, is derived from a multiple epidermis that is differentiated into several layers of rectangular cells and a layer of palisade sclerenchyma. The subepidermal and palisade layers found over other parts of the seed dip beneath the pad.     

Embryology of the dioecious Woonyoungia septentrionalis (Magnoliaceae)

The embryological characteristics and ovular integument development of the dioecious species Woonyoungia septentrionalis (Dandy) Law (Magnoliaceae), which are poorly understood, were investigated under laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) and light microscope (LM). The embryological characteristics conform to most of the previously studied species in Magnoliaceae. The anther has 4 microsporangia, and the anther wall develops according to the dicotyledonous type. Cytokinesis at meiosis of the microspore mother cells follows a modified simultaneous type, giving rise to isobilateral or decussate tetrads, and a cell plate is absent, but a membrane was observed. Mature pollen grains are 2‐cellular and have high germination rates. The ovule is anatropous, crassinucellate and bitegmic, and meiotic result in linear tetrads of megaspores, the one at the chalazal end functions directly as an embryo‐sac cell. The development of the embryo sac is of the Polygonum‐type and endosperm formation is of the nuclear type. The outer integument of the ovule differentiates into an outer fleshy and an inner stony layer while the inner integument is reduced to a tanniniferous layer. The normal embryological development, high germination rates of pollen and high seed set indicate that the primary reason for the decline of the species is not to be found in these developmental processes.     

Photosynthesis nuclear genes generally lack TATA-boxes: a tobacco photosystem I gene responds to light through an initiator

A maternal plant exquisitely promotes the success of its offspring by orchestrating embryo development and endowing protection even after the embryos mature. It uses ovule integuments for physical and physiological contact with the developing embryo and for subsequently equipping the seed with a seed coat (testa). The testa is developmentally and metabolically dynamic, but its molecular biology is not well understood. We show here that the inner integument in Brassica napus undergoes organized development and then programmed cell death (PCD), as evident from vacuolation, starch mobilization, DNA fragmentation and eventual compression. We have identified a cysteine proteinase gene (BnCysP1) that is expressed only in the inner integument as it undergoes PCD, well before the embryo begins storage protein synthesis. Two paralogous Cys proteinases have been recruited in rapeseed for the PCD of testa and for leaf senescence, and these differ 25% in their primary structure and post-translational modifications. Despite Arabidopsis being closely related to rapeseed, and an indication of developmental compression of its inner integument, the Arabidopsis genome is suggestive of only one Cys proteinase that shows approximately 72% identity to BnCysP1. It is, however, leaf senescence-associated, and the other Cys proteinases are <52% identical. BnCysP1 also differs from ricinosome-deployed PCD Cys endopeptidases in lacking the hallmark KDEL tail and being glycosylated. BnCysP1, one of the very few plant genes known to function only in the seed coat, will be useful in dissecting post-fertilization development of this important organ in rapeseed.