新疆布尔津盆地晚始新世一早渐新世岩石及生物地层

布尔津盆地中的第三纪地层过去被称为“乌伦古河组”。该套地层的岩性组合独特 ,不同于乌伦古河流域该组命名剖面的乌伦古河组。依据布尔津县城西北 2 0km处的额尔齐斯河北岸出露的地层剖面 ,建立两个岩石地层单位 :下部额尔齐斯河组和上部克孜勒托尕依组。额尔齐斯河组为一套富含铁质的色彩鲜艳的碎屑堆积 ,克孜勒托尕依组是一套浅黄绿色砂岩夹杂色泥岩地层。克孜勒托尕依村附近的建组剖面为一连续沉积剖面 ,含有 3个确切的哺乳动物化石层位、5个化石地点。最下部化石层含有典型的始新世Ergilian期哺乳动物 ,其余两个层位的化石均属早渐新世Shandgolian期哺乳动物。因此 ,该剖面为一Ergilian Shandgolian(晚始新世—早渐新世 )过渡时期的地层剖面 ,是进一步研究该过渡期哺乳动物群替代及Ergilian/Shandgolian地层界线的理想剖面。     

中国空谷期—罗德期菊石壳的形态发育史及其在国际对比中的意义北大核心CSCD

基于一些业已报道的中国Kungurian期至Roadian期界线附近的菊石材料(26个属,48个种),对其进行壳的形态空间分析,发现空谷期菊石在形态空间上主要分为三个类型:1)旋环重叠程度D=0—0.1,旋环膨胀速率W=1.5—2.5,代表Saunders等(2004)的A类型;2)D=0—0.1,W=3,代表F类型;3)D=0.05—0.15,W=4—5,与F类型相比较,具有较大膨胀速率。相对应的罗德期菊石主要可以分为两个类型:1)D=0.1—0.25,W=1—2,代表A类型;2)D=0.4—0.6,W=1—2,代表C类型。从壳的形态发育史来看,空谷期到罗德期总体趋势是连续的,并没有受到外界大的干扰,同时也发生了明显的变化(罗德期形态空间明显占据了更广阔的位置,代表了菊石演化的新方向),壳不仅变得更加外卷,壳的膨胀速率也有所减小,比如,空谷期存在的膨胀速率较大的第三种类型在罗德期中并未发现。这一趋势在全球早—中二叠世菊石壳D-W等密度图中同样反映出来,说明尽管空谷期—罗德期这一时间段我国存在较多地方性属种(以其特殊的壳饰与缝合线为特征),在国际对比中难以应用,但是从壳的形态发育特征来说,与其它地区对比具有潜在的意义。     

吉林乾安大布苏晚更新世动物群

描述比较了在吉林省乾安县大布苏泡子新发现的鬣狗科化石Crocutaultima。依据到目前为止所发现的 6目 1 2科 1 8属 1 9种脊椎动物化石组合 ,结合含化石地层的孢粉分析和1 4 C测年数据推测 ,大布苏一带在晚更新世晚期曾经以草原景观为主 ,兼有森林及荒漠 ,而且经历了从干凉草地向较潮湿凉爽的疏林或森林草原 ,直至干凉半荒漠草原环境变迁的历程。     

内蒙古大青山调角海子地区全新世气候与环境重建研究

以全封闭湖泊调角海子湖相沉积的高分辨率采样为基本分析材料,采用孢粉分析、沉积地球化学分析、     

江苏句容宝华山全新世中晚期的花粉与环境

根据宝华山华山口和官塘头两个剖面的花粉、地层资料,结合植物大化石和＾１４Ｃ年代资料,提示该地区从＞６７００－５６００ａＢＰ为稳定的温暖湿润时期;自５６００－５１００ａＢＰ为全新世中期气候的转型时期,冷暖干湿变化较大,前期转凉,旱涝频繁,中期暖湿,后期转冷;大约从４４００－４０００ａＢＰ又变为稳定的暖湿气候。还根据自然保护区现代植被与花粉的关系和与植物大化石共生的沉积物花粉,阐明长江下游新石器时代以     

西藏羊湖地区近1.4万年以来孢粉植物群及古气候研究

通过对西藏羊湖地区ZK1和卡拉苏代牙剖面（IP16）的孢粉分析和总有机碳（TOC）、元素含量分析等,建立了羊湖地区近1.4万年以来的孢粉组合带、重建当时的植被类型及古气候演变序列。结果显示：该时期经历了5次植被类型的更替,即草原型→疏林草原型→草原型→疏林草原型→草原型,与之相对应的气候经历了5次波动（2个半旋回）, 即11 220 a.B.P.左右的第一气候旋回：由干旱→半干旱半湿润转化;8 970a.B.P.左右的第二气候旋回,同样由干旱→半干旱半湿润转化,然后进入半个气候旋回,即干旱气候期,推测今后有可能进入半干旱半湿润气候期。     

THE RATE OF CO2 ASSIMILATION BY PURPLE BACTERIA AT VARIOUS WAVE LENGTHS OF LIGHT

1. The relative absorption spectrum of the pigments in their natural state in the photosynthetic bacterium Spirillum rubrum is given from 400 to 900 mµ. The position of the absorption maxima in the live bacteria due to each of the pigments is: green pigment, 420, 590, 880; red pigment, 490, 510, 550. 2. The relative absorption spectrum of the green pigment in methyl alcohol has been determined from 400 to 900 mµ. Bands at 410, 605, and 770 mµ were found. 3. The wave length sensitivity curve of the photosynthetic mechanism has been determined and shows maxima at 590 and about 900 mµ. 4. It is concluded that the green bacteriochlorophyll alone and not the red pigment can act as a light absorber for photochemical CO₂ reduction.     

FACTORS INFLUENCING DIATOM DISTRIBUTIONS IN CIRCUMPOLAR TREELINE LAKES OF NORTHERN RUSSIA

Diatom assemblages and limnological data were analyzed from 74 lakes spanning arctic treeline in three geographical regions of northern Russia: near the mouth of the Pechora River, on the Taimyr Peninsula, and near the mouth of the Lena River. Analysis of similarities indicated that diatom assemblages in tundra and forest lakes were significantly different from each other in all regions, with tundra lakes generally associated with higher abundances of small benthic Fragilaria Lyngbye taxa. Canonical correspondence analysis identified variables related to ion concentrations (e.g. Na ⁺ , dissolved inorganic carbon), lake depth, silica concentrations, and surface water temperatures as factors that explained significant amounts of variation in the diatom assemblages. Across treeline, the generally higher surface water temperatures of the forested lakes consistently accounted for a significant proportion of the diatom distribution patterns. Major ion concentrations also explained significant amounts of variation in the diatom assemblages across treeline for all three regions; however, regional trends were most likely influenced by local factors (i.e. ocean proximity or anthropogenic activities). The importance of climatic gradients across treeline (e.g. temperature) diatom distributions provides additional evidence that diatoms may be useful as paleoclimatic indicators. However, combination of the three calibration sets revealed that local water chemistry determinants (e.g. lithology, marine influence) overrode the influence of climatic gradients in explaining diatom distributions, suggesting that regional differences must be minimized for successful combination of geographically separate calibration sets.     

嘉陵江下游硅藻群落结构及物种多样性研究

于2006 年11 月, 2007 年2 月、5 月和8 月, 分别采集嘉陵江下游8 个采样点藻类样品, 分析其硅藻群落结构及物种多样性, 并利用物种多样性指数及硅藻商等对水质进行了生物学评价。结果表明: (1)共发现89种硅藻, 硅藻细胞密度变幅为0.57×104—4.51×104 ind/L, 总平均2.31×104 ind/L; 多样性指数值变幅为0.72—3.12, 总平均2.20; 均匀度指数值变幅为0.15—0.52, 总平均0.36; 硅藻商变幅为0.66—9.48, 总平均3.24。(2)硅藻群落结构呈现出季节和水平分布上的变化。在季节变化上, 物种丰富度、细胞密度及多样性指数等以温度较低的春(5 月)、秋(11 月)两季最高, 而以夏季(8 月)最低。在水平分布上, 从上游到下游, 硅藻群落结构呈现出物种丰富度、多样性指数值逐渐减小, 而细胞密度和硅藻商逐渐增加的趋势。(3)嘉陵江下游水质总体为β-中污水体。其中位于城市上游的云门、沙溪、温塘峡、井口水质较好, 为微污或β-中污水体, 而位于城区及下游的合川、毛背沱、磁器口和朝天门水质较差, 为α-中污或污染水体。       

CHEMISTRY OF ATTRACTION AND DEFENSE IN MACRO- AND MICROALGAE

Boland, W. & Pohnert, G. Max-Planck-Institut of Chemical Ecology, Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 10, 07745 Jena, Germany A diverse group of brown seaweeds produce bouquets of C₁₁ and C₈ metabolites, some of which act as pheromones that trigger gamete release or attract sperm to eggs following release [1]. The same compounds and, especially, their oxidative degradation products frequently and strongly deter feeding by mezograzers (Ampithoe longimana) which often consume seaweed spores, zygotes, and juveniles [2]. Besides macroalgae also several microalgae (ca. 20 Gomphonema spp., Asterionella formosa; Diatomophyceae) produce C11 and C8 hydrocarbons along with a toxic polar compound from the pool of highly unsaturated fatty acids (eicosanoids) [3]. In biosynthetic studies with cell free extracts of the diatom G. parvulum (9S)-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic (9S-HPETE) acid was shown to be converted by a novel type of a lyase into the defensive com-pound 9-oxo-nona-5Z,7E-dienoic acid along with cyclic and linear C₁₁ hydrocarbons [4]. If the eicosanoid pre-cursors are first con-verted into C-12 hydroperoxides, subsequent lyase activity produces C₈ trienes together with 12-oxo-dodeca-5Z,8Z,10E-dienoic acid (A. formosa). Both unsaturated acids serve as efficient chemi-cal defenses against attacking feeders and microorganisms. The reaction cascade is triggered by damage of the diatom, initiating rapid release of the free fatty acid from phospholipids followed by lipoxygenation and oxidative cleavage into the unsaturated hydrocarbon and the oxo acid [5]. 1. Boland W 1995 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92:31-43. 2. Hay ME, Piel J, Boland W, Schnitzler I 1998 Chemoecology 8:91-98 3. Pohnert G, Boland W 1997 Tetrahedron 53:13681-13694. 4. Hombeck M, Pohnert G, Boland W 1999 J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 243-244. 5. Pohnert G 2000 Angew. Chem. 112:4506-4508.     

Dichroism of bacteriochlorophyll in chromatophores of photosynthetic bacteria.

The dichroism was measured in films of air-dried and, consequently, flattened chromatophores of Chromatium vinosum, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and Rhodospirillum rubrum. The values (deltaA/A) of dichroism in C. vinosum were found to be -1.05 at 590 nm and 0.75 in the near infrared region. The values of dichroism in R. sphaeroides were -0.70 at 590 nm and 0.80 at 870 nm. The values of dichroism in R. rubrum were -1.45 at 590 nm and 0.97 at 870 nm.     

THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON THE UTILIZATION OF FOOD ENERGY IN BABY CHICKS

1. An optimum of environmental temperature is to be expected for the utilization of food energy in warm blooded animals if their food intake is determined by their appetite. 2. Baby chicks were kept in groups of five chicks in a climatic cabinet at environmental temperatures of 21°, 27°, 32°, 38°, and 40°C. during the period of 6 to 15 days of age. The intake of qualitatively complete food was determined by their appetite. Food intake, excretion, and respiratory exchange were measured. Control chicks from the same hatch as the experimental groups were raised in a brooder and were given the same food as the experimental chicks. The basal metabolism of each experimental group was determined from 24 to 36 hours without food at the age of 16 days. 3. The daily rate of growth increased with decreasing environmental temperature from 2.74 gm. at 40°C. to 4.88 gm. at 21°C. This was 4.2 to 6.5 per cent of their body weight. 4. The amount of food consumed increased in proportion to the decrease in temperature. 5. The availability of the food, used for birds instead of the digestibility and defined as See PDF for Structure showed an optimum at 38°C. 6. The CO₂ production increased from 2.95 liters CO₂ per day per chick at 40°C. to 6.25 liters at 21°C. Per unit of the 3/4 power of the body weight, 23.0 liters CO₂ per kilo^3/4 was produced at 40°C. and 43.4 liters per kilo^3/4 at 21°C. The CO₂ production per unit of 3/4 power of the weight increased at an average rate of approximately 1 per cent per day increase in age. The R.Q. was, on the average, 1.04 during the day and 0.92 during the night. 7. The net energy is calculated on the basis of C and N balances. A maximum of 11.8 Cal. net energy per chick per day was found at 32°C. At 21°C. only 6.9 Cal. net per day per chick was produced and at 40°C. an average of 6.7 Cal. 8. The composition of the gained body substance changed according to the environmental temperature. The protein stored per gram increase in body weight varied from 0.217 to 0.266 gm. protein and seemed unrelated to the temperature. The amount of fat per gram gain in weight dropped from a maximum of 0.153 gm. at 32°C. to 0.012 gm. at 21°C. and an average of 0.107 gm. at 40°C. The energy content per gram of gain in weight had its maximum of 2.95 Cal. per gm. at 38°C. and its minimum of 1.41 Cal. per gm. at 21°C. at which temperature the largest amount of water (0.763 gm. per gm. increase in body weight) was stored. 9. The basal metabolism increased from an average of 60 Cal. per kilo^3/4 at an environmental temperature of 40°C. to 128 Cal. per kilo^3/4 at 21°C. No indication of a critical temperature was found. 10. The partial efficiency, i.e. the increase in net energy per unit of the corresponding increase in food energy, seemed dependent on the environmental temperature, reaching a maximum of 72 per cent of the available energy at 38°C. and decreasing to 57 per cent at 21°C. and to an average of 60 per cent at 40°C. 11. The total efficiency, i.e. the total net energy produced per unit of food energy taken in, was maximum (34 per cent of the available energy) at 32°C., dropped to 16 per cent at 21°C., and to an average of 29 per cent at 40°C.