A biosystematic study of Coreopsis saxicola (Compositae)

On the basis of morphological, hybridization, genetic, and field studies, it is proposed thatCoreopsis saxicola Alex. be reduced to varietal rank asC. grandiflora var. saxicola.     

A biosystematic study of the Interiores species group of the genus Vernonia (Compositae)

The taxa of the Interiores species group are treated as two species, one of which is divided into two subspecies.Vernonia missurica, a widespread taxon, has large flower heads (32-58 flowers per head), obtuse involucral bract tips, and a characteristic flavonoid Chromatographic profile.Vernonia baldwinii ssp.baldwinii, occurring throughout the Ozarks and Ouachitas, andV. baldwinii ssp.interior of the Central Plains possess smaller flower heads (17-34 flowers per head), acute or acuminate involucral bracts, and a different Chromatographic profile.Vernonia baldwinii ssp.baldwinii is distinguished from ssp.interior by the recurved involucral bract tips and by the possession of more flowers per head. Morphological data reveal that an intergradation zone exists between the population systems of the two subspecies along the edges of the Ozarks and Ouachitas. Although much gene exchange occurs between these two taxa, they maintain a level of genetic integrity that permits their ready recognition throughout wide ranges. All three taxa have a gametic chromosome number ofn = 17 and hybridize extensively with sympatric species.     

Flavonoid chemistry of Coreopsis grandiflora (Compositae)

The leaf flavonoid chemistryof Coreopsis grandiflora, which includes var.harveyana, var.longipes, var.saxicola and the typical var.grandiflora, is quite uniform with 6-hy-droxyquercetin 7-O-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, marein-maritimein chal-cone-aurone pair and lanceolin-leptosin chalcone-aurone pair as consistent com-ponents. Flavonoid data lend support to the hypothesis that the hexaploid var.longipes originated from parents which would be included withinC. grandiflora, i.e., there is no evidence that other species were involved in its formation. One population of var.grandiflora and several collections of var.saxicola contain additional flavonoid components in the form of flavonol 3-O-glycosides. In nearly all instances the additional compounds are attributable to hybridization withC. lanceolata orC. pubescens because these flavonols are characteristic of these two species and morphological considerations also suggest it. Flavonoid chemistry supports the treatment of var.saxicola as a variety ofC. grandiflora rather than as a distinct species.     

Leaf flavonoid chemistry of Coreopsis (Compositae) section Palmatae

Examination of leaf flavonoids of all taxa ofCoreopsis sectionPalmatae revealed that most members synthesize an array of common flavone (mostly luteolin and apigenin) glycosides. Each diploid species or diploid member of a species is characterized by a particular ensemble of compounds. These taxa includeC. major, C. verticillata, C. pulchra, C. palmata, andC. tripteris. The latter species differs from all other taxa in producing flavonol (kaempferol and quercetin) glycosides and what appear to be 6-oxygenated compounds. Tetraploids ofC. verticillata exhibit the same flavonoids as diploid members of the species, thus flavonoid chemistry supports the hypothesis that they originated from diploids within the species. Certain populations of hexaploid and octoploidC. major are similar chemically to diploids, suggesting they also originated as intraspeciflc polyploids. Other populations of these polyploids exhibit a flavonoid profile which differs from the profile of the diploids, and this profile is nearly identical to the octoploidCoreopsis × delphinifolia. The latter taxon has been viewed by Smith (1976) and Mueller (1974) as an interspecific hybrid betweenC. verticillata andC. major and/orC. tripteris. Species-specific compounds from the former species occur inC. × delphinifolia but no compounds unique to either of the latter two species are discernable. Flavonoid chemistry is not useful in ascertaining whether either or both species have been involved withC. verticillata in producing plants referable toC. × delphinifolia. There is morphological intergradation between octoploidC. major andC. × delphinifolia, and all plants not appearing to be “pure”C. major exhibit a flavonoid chemistry likeC. × delphinifolia. All plants of sectionPalmatae considered to be alloploids (includingC. × delphinifolia) produce the same array of leaf flavonoids, including several “novel” compounds not expressed in the putative parental taxa. Two of the “novel” flavonoids are present in the geographically restricted diploidC. pulchra. The systematic and phylogentic significance of this is not readily apparent.     

A new species of Coreopsis (Compositae — Heliantheae) from Mexico

Coreopsis crawfordii is described and illustrated. It is also compared with themorphologically similar species, C. pringlei and C. rudis , also from Mexico, and a key to all the species of Coreopsis known from Mexico is provided.     

Transfer of Coreopsis insularis (Compositae: Heliantheae) to Coreocarpus

Retrorsely barbed aristae on a few immature disk achenes ofCoreopsis insularis (Brandegee) S. F. Blake, together with its other characters, suggest that the species would be better treated asCoreocarpus insularis.     

A new okanin glycoside from the flowers of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.

Phytochemical investigation on the water-soluable portions of the EtOH extracts of the flowers of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. led to the isolation of six flavonoids, including a new okanin glycoside. The structures of these compounds were identified by spectroscopic analysis, chemical method, and comparison with the literature.     

A biosystematic study of the Panicum amarum-P. Amarulum complex (Gramineae)

Panicum amarum andP. amarulum exhibit north-south clinal variation and are virtually indistinguishable in the southern part of their range. Cytological evidence indicates thatP. amarum (2n = 54) is probably an autohexaploid derivative ofP. amarulum (2n = 36). The minor morphological differences, the apparent close genetic relationship, and the close ecological and chemical affinities between these two taxa indicate thatP. amarum andP. amarulum should have varietal rather than specific rank.     

Coreopsis nuecensis (Compositae) and a related new species from southern Texas

An aneuploid chromosome series ofn = 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 inCoreopsis nuecensis Heller was analyzed for morphological, distributional, and genetic correlations with the chromosome number classes. The results show that two sets of basic chromosome numbers occur within what has been treated asC. nuecensis: n = 6, 7 andn = 9, 10. Then = 7 class frequently carries a pair of B chromosomes, forming then = 8 class. The base chromosome numbers are correlated with some minor but consistent morphological differences, with distributional differences, and with strong sterility barriers in the F₁ hybrids. It is proposed that then = 9, 10 segment be recognized as a new species,Coreopsis nuecensoides.     

A biosystematic and evolutionary study of capsicum baccatum (Solanaceae)

Capsicum baccatum L. has frequently been treated as two distinct species,C. microcarpum Cav. andC. pendulum Willd. A biosystematic study reveals a quantitative and qualitative basis for morphological separation ofC. baccatum into two taxa, while cytological and genetic data indicate their close similarity. A resolution of this apparent contradiction can be found in a “gigas” effect imparted to all the organ systems of cultivatedC. baccatum while the fruit has been under intense subconscious and conscious artificial selective pressures for an increase in size. Few, if any, incipient genetic barriers have arisen to separateC. baccatum into distinct species. CultivatedC. baccatum has been isolated by man in a number of localities outside the range of wildC. baccatum. Where both cultivated and wildC. baccatum occur sympatrically, they are effectively isolated by an inbreeding mechanism and agricultural practices. On the basis of this investigationC. baccatum is treated as a wild variety,C. baccatum L. var.baccatum, and a cultivated variety,C. baccatum var.pendulum (Willd.) Eshbaugh.     

A biosystematic study of theOryza meyeriana complex (Poaceae)

To determine the taxonomic status and to clarify the biosystematic relationships of wild rice species, i.e.,Oryza granulata andO. meyeriana in theO. meyeriana complex (Poaceae), a series of intraspecific and interspecific hybridization experiments, genomic analyses through meiotic pairing, and morphological studies were conducted. Hybridization results demonstrate comparatively high crossability with about 34–39% of seed set, and very limited reproductive isolation betweenO. granulata andO. meyeriana. Chromosome pairing in the parental species and their F₁ hybrids indicate very high genomic affinity between the two taxa. Morphological analyses of the parental accessions and their intra- and interspecific hybrids show a large variation among the samples included, but no appreciable grouping was observed. The traditionally used character, i.e., spikelet length, does not contribute significantly to the grouping of the samples included. Based on the facts that the two taxa have negligible reproductive barriers and share almost identical genomes, the authors believe thatO. granulata andO. meyeriana do not warrant separate taxonomic status, and recommend that they be combined asOryza granulata.     

昆仑雪菊黄酮类成分研究

采用大孔树脂、ODS RP-18和Sephadex LH-20柱从昆仑雪菊中分离得到7个黄酮类化合物,通过理化性质和波谱学方法鉴定化合物的结构,分别为:异奥卡宁7-O-β-吡喃葡萄糖苷(1)、栎草亭-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(2)、马里苷(3)、奥卡宁(4)、木犀草素(5)、槲皮素(6)、8-羟基黄颜木素(7)。其中化合物2、5、6和7为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Calyptocarpus vialis and C. wendlandii (Compositae)

RecentlyCalyptocarpus has been considered monotypic, butC. vialis of eastern Mexico proves to be distinct fromC. wendlandii of Central America. A key to these and to the often-misidentifiedSynedrella nodiflora is provided, and all three species are illustrated.     

昆仑雪菊挥发油化学成分及对新生隐球菌抗菌作用

【目的】探究昆仑雪菊挥发油对新生隐球菌抗菌活性及细胞膜的影响。【方法】采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取昆仑雪菊挥发油并用GC-MS分析挥发油中的化学成分,采用微量稀释法测定昆仑雪菊挥发油对新生隐球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),研究昆仑雪菊挥发油对新生隐球菌生物量和芽管萌发的影响,以及昆仑雪菊挥发油对细胞膜中麦角固醇合成和细胞膜渗透性的作用。【结果】昆仑雪菊挥发油对隐球菌的最小抑菌浓度为0.781μL/m L,昆仑雪菊挥发油对新生隐球菌的生物量和芽管萌发都有一定的抑制作用,其抑制作用与浓度呈正相关的趋势。昆仑雪菊挥发油能减少新生隐球菌细胞膜中麦角固醇的合成,并使新生隐球菌细胞膜的渗透性发生改变。【结论】昆仑雪菊挥发油通过破坏新生隐球菌细胞膜而对其达到抑制作用。     

Species divergence and relationships in Stephanomeria (Compositae): PgiC phylogeny compared to prior biosystematic studies

We present a maximum likelihood tree of 41 PgiC sequences for the monophyletic Stephanomeria, with 10 perennial and six annual species, widely distributed in western North America and exemplary of different speciation processes. The phylogenetic analysis represents the first use of PgiC sequences for Compositae. The annual species were originally delimited by biosystematic studies that provided evidence of their reproductive compatibility and chromosome structural homology. The perennial species are highly distinctive in morphology and have not been examined similarly. The PgiC tree provides more resolution than our previous ITS/ETS tree and reflects both past and ongoing hybridization and/or incomplete lineage sorting. Two major PgiC clades were resolved in Stephanomeria. One clade contains the genes from the annual species plus the perennial, insular endemic S. guadalupensis, which appears closely related to a monophyletic S. virgata. Stephanomeria exigua is not monophyletic. The second clade includes the genes from all other sampled perennial species and a monophyletic subclade of four genes from two annual species. The results are compared to previous studies, also using PgiC, of Clarkia (Onagraceae). Both molecular systematic and biosystematic approaches are essential to discern the very different courses of evolution in these two, well-studied genera of western North America.