鸡骨柴不同器官挥发油成分分析

采用共水蒸馏法分别提取唇形科香薷属鸡骨柴茎、叶、花中的挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术并结合Kovats保留指数(KI)对比法对挥发油进行了化学成分对比鉴定,运用面积归一化法确定各组分相对含量。分别从茎、叶、花中鉴定出24、33、42种成分。其中花和叶中的主要成分和相对含量相似,分别为1,8-桉树脑(21.9%,24.73%)、丁香烯(8.79%,8.51%)、γ-松油烯(4.57%,5.11%)、邻伞花烃(3.98%,6.13%)等,其次要成分差异较大。茎中的成分与花和叶中的相差较大,主要成分为棕榈酸(65.05%)、植醇(2.75%)、丁香烯(2.53%)等。结果表明,鸡骨柴茎、叶、花挥发油的成分和相对含量各不相同,均含有大量的活性成分,具有较高的应用潜力和综合开发前景。     

基于HS-SPME-GC-MS的襄荷不同部位挥发性成分分析

探讨襄荷不同部位的挥发性成分差异,以便从襄荷植株提取天然香料成分。本研究采用顶空固相微萃取法结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)测定襄荷不同部位(根、茎、叶、花苞)中的挥发性成分。结果表明：从襄荷四个部位中共鉴定了197种化合物,其中根92种,茎67种,叶64种,花苞96种。烯烃类和醇类化合物是各部位中的主要挥发性化合物,而桧烯(sabinene)为根和花苞中含量最高的化合物,约占13%,但在叶中的含量只有1.98%。β-蒎烯(β-pinene)为茎和叶中含量最高的化合物,在叶中的含量占到53.46%。此外,α-蒎烯(α-pinene)、隐品酮(cryptone)、α-松油醇(α-terpineol)等化合物在襄荷各部位挥发性成分中的占比也较高。襄荷不同部位中均有其特殊的挥发性成分,共有的挥发性成分为23种。     

三白草花、叶和茎挥发性成分的比较分析

采用顶空固相微萃取提取三白草花、叶和茎中的挥发性成分,利用GC-MS对比分析三者中的挥发性成分.从三白草花、叶和茎分别鉴定出的31、22和22个成分,分别占总挥发性成分的95.64％、98.75％和98.54％.三者共有18个化学成分,其主要化合物类型是萜类(单萜和倍半萜,其中单萜含量最高),分别占总挥发性成分的92.18％、98.19％和97.74％,还含有两个芳香族化合物:枯茗醇和姜黄烯,此外,4-(1,5-二甲基己基-4-烯)环己烯-2-酮和二十一烷两个脂肪族化合物仅存在于花中,三者的主要化合物均为柠檬烯、柠檬醛(含顺式柠檬醛)、蒎烯(含α和β构型)和β-月桂烯,另外大根香叶烯D、姜黄烯、1-b-红没药烯和β-倍半水芹烯在花中的含量均高于叶和茎.叶茎中化合物种类和含量差别均不大,但与花有较大的差别.     

珠子参地上部分氨基酸测定及营养评价

对珠子参茎、叶、花的氨基酸组成与含量进行测定和营养评价分析。结果表明,珠子参茎、叶、花中均含有17种常见氨基酸,氨基酸总量分别为3.73%,14.80%和8.72%;珠子参的茎中必需氨基酸与总氨基酸的比值(E/T)为0.39,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值(E/N)为0.64,叶中E/T为0.41,E/N为0.71,花中E/T为0.39,E/N为0.63,氨基酸配比较为合理;珠子参茎、叶、花中蛋氨酸+胱氨酸均为第一限制氨基酸;珠子参茎、叶、花中均含有γ-氨基丁酸,含量分别为0.12%,0.26%和0.16%,叶片中γ-氨基丁酸的含量最高。     

长叶水麻挥发性化学成分研究

长叶水麻(Debregeasia longifolia (Burm.f.) Wedd.)是荨麻科植物,果可食,根入药,除风湿。本文采用毛细管气相色谱_质谱联用法对长叶水麻挥发性化学成分进行了研究,经毛细管色谱分离出108个峰,共确认了其中83种成分。用气相色谱面积归一化法测定了各成分的相对百分含量,分析鉴定结果表明,长叶水麻挥发油主要化学成分为丁基化羟基甲苯、十五烷、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、2,6-二甲基奈、癸酸乙酯、十八烷、丁二酸二乙酯、3,7-二甲基-1,6辛二烯-3-酮等,化合物类型以烃、脂肪酸和酯、醇、酮、芳香和芳香杂环化合物为主。     

孜然芹种子挥发油化学成分的研究

本文用毛细管气相色谱和 GC/MS 联用技术,从孜然芹(Cuminum cyminum L.)种子挥发油中鉴定出:α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、莰烯、月桂烯、γ-松油烯、对-聚伞花素、异松油烯、芳樟醇、胡薄荷酮、枯茗醛和桃金娘醛11个组分。又用硅胶柱层析,并经 IR、MS 和 NMR 等波谱法解析,确证了已知化合物的结构为     

荆芥中总黄酮的微波提取及含量测定

中药荆芥原名假苏 ,始载于《本经》,列入下品 ,为唇形科植物裂叶荆芥 ( Schizonepeta tenuifolia〈 Benth〉Briq)和多裂叶荆芥的茎叶和花穗。民间用于治疗祛风、解表、透疹和止血。近年研究表明荆芥具有解热降温、镇静、镇痛、抗炎、止血、抑制心肌收缩、祛痰平喘、抗氧化等药理作用。目前从荆芥中分离得到的主要化学成分有酚类、酸类、黄酮类化合物 ,穗状花序含有单萜类化合物 ,荆芥挥发油主要含有胡薄荷酮和薄荷酮等化合物 ,具有特殊的香气[1] 。微波技术的应用 ,近年来得到很大发展。微波具有穿透力强、选择性高、加热效率高等特点。微…     

裂叶荆芥花穗腺鳞代谢规律研究

为揭示荆芥穗腺鳞在不同开花序列中数量性状及内含物的代谢规律,本实验通过对荆芥穗不同开花序列的萼片进行腺鳞密度及半径的测算,以腺鳞指数拟合评价其数量性状的动态变化;同时对不同开花序列腺鳞内含物中6种单萜类成分(β-月桂烯、d-柠檬烯、dl-薄荷酮、薄荷呋喃、胡薄荷酮、β-石竹烯)进行气相色谱检测与定量研究。结果显示:腺鳞的主要发生阶段为开花前期,并于开花期基本完成;荆芥穗开花后,腺鳞因受到外界因素的影响数量逐渐减少;以D10轮为界,腺鳞中对薄荷烷型单萜类成分的代谢过程存在明显的物候迭代规律,并致使胡薄荷酮在腺鳞内含物中蓄积。说明荆芥穗腺鳞于开花期基本完成其数量性状增长及内含物的合成,但薄荷酮、薄荷呋喃、β-石竹烯等化合物在开花后期仍处于旺盛代谢状态,并且其含量变化可直接造成荆芥穗药效性质的改变,因此D10轮可作为荆芥穗的采收节点。     

植物芳香疗法

植物芳香疗法汪开治香料植物是可更新的自然资源。它们的很多部份包括花、叶（含针叶）、茎皮、茎干、心材、果实、果皮、根和种子以及树胶或树脂都含有芳香化合物。利用蒸馏和冷压等方法,可从这些部份提取出含有挥发性芳香物质的香精油,且其质量以从叶和花中提取者为最...     

珠子参地上部分氨基酸测定及营养评价

对珠子参茎、叶、花的氨基酸组成与含量进行测定和营养评价分析.结果表明,珠子参茎、叶、花中均含有17种常见氨基酸,氨基酸总量分别为3.73％,14.80％和8.72％;珠子参的茎中必需氨基酸与总氨基酸的比值(E/T)为0.39,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值(E/N)为0.64,叶中E/T为0.41,E/N为o.71,花中E/T为0.39,E/N为0.63,氨基酸配比较为合理;珠子参茎、叶、花中蛋氨酸+胱氨酸均为第一限制氨基酸;珠子参茎、叶、花中均含有γ-氨基丁酸,含量分别为0.12％,0.26％和0.16％,叶片中γ-氨基丁酸的含量最高.     

Fumigant activity of plant essential oils and components from Schizonepeta tenuifolia against Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae)

Plant essential oils from 21 plant species were tested for their insecticidal activities against larvae of Lycoriella ingenua Dufour (Diptera: Sciaridae) by using a fumigation bioassay. Good insecticidal activity against larvae of L. ingenua was achieved with essential oils of Acorus gramineus Solander, Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briquet, and Zanthoxylum piperitum De Candolle at 25 microg/ml air. S. tenuifolia oil showed the most potent insecticidal activity among the plant essential oils. At 12.5 microg/ml air concentration, S. tenuifolia oil caused 96.6% mortality, but mortality decreased to 60% at 3.125 microg/ml air. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to identification of three major compounds from S. tenuifolia oil. These three compounds were tested individually for their insecticidal activities against larvae of L. ingenua and compared with the toxicity of dichlorvos. Pulegone was the most toxic, followed by menthone and limonene with LC50 values of 1.21, 6.03, and 15.42 microg/ml, respectively. LC50 of dichlorvos was 8.13 microg/ml. Effects of S. tenuifolia and its components on growth of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) Kummer also were investigated.     

Developmental Control of Monoterpene Content and Composition in Micromeria fruticosa(L.) Druce

White micromeria [ Micromeria fruticosa(L.) Druce, Lamiaceae]is a dwarf evergreen shrub endemic to Israel and the easternMediterranean. The essential oil of M. fruticosa largely comprisesthe monoterpenes (+)-pulegone and isomenthol. Seasonal variationsin the levels and composition of the monoterpene componentsof the essential oil of M. fruticosa were noted. During thesummer months, when growth rates are maximal, (+)-pulegone constitutedup to 80% of the essential oil, while in early winter, a periodof growth-rest in Mediterranean climates, (+)-pulegone levelsdropped dramatically to a few percent, while isomenthol constitutedup to 80% of the essential oil. Experiments in which plantswere grown under controlled temperature and photoperiodic regimesindicated that the variation was not directly associated withenvironmental conditions, but the composition of the monoterpenesobtained from mature flowering branches was strikingly differentto that obtained from young vegetative branches. Additionally,there were marked differences in the extracts obtained fromindividual leaf pairs from the same plant. In young upper leaves,the main component was (+)-pulegone, constituting up to 70%of the total essential oil extracted. During maturation, levelsof this component dropped steadily, becoming negligible in olderleaves. Reciprocally, levels of isomenthol increased steadilywith leaf position, from 0% in young leaves to more than 60%in older leaves. Less pronounced but significant decreases inthe levels of limonene, isopulegone, piperitenone oxide, germacreneD and bicyclogermacrene, accompanied by increases in neoiso-isopulegol,isopulegol, neoisomenthol and pulegol were noted. This studyindicates that the strong seasonal variation observed in thechemical composition of M. fruticosa is primarily due to leafmaturation. Copyright 2001 Annals of Botany Company Micromeria fruticosa, Lamiaceae, essential oil, leaf age, monoterpenes, (+)-pulegone, isomenthol, pulegol     

鸭儿芹根、茎、叶挥发油的化学成分

采用水蒸气蒸溜法提取其根、茎、叶中的挥发油,利用GC-MS联用仪对其化学成分进行分析,以归一化法计算各个化学成分的相对含量.鸭儿芹根挥发油中共分离出11个峰,鉴定出11种化合物,占总离子峰的98.61％,主要成分为α-芹子烯、γ-芹子烯等;茎中共分离出25个峰,鉴定出25种化合物,占总离子峰的100.00％,主要成分为...     

Effect of (+)-pulegone and other oil components of Mentha x Piperita on cucumber respiration

Peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) essential oil and main components were assessed for their ability to interfere with plant respiratory functions. Tests were conducted on both root segments and mitochondria isolated by etiolated seedlings of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Total essential oil inhibited 50% of root and mitochondrial respiration (IC50) when used at 324 and 593 ppm, respectively. (+)-Pulegone was the most toxic compound, with a 0.08 and 0.12 mM IC50 for root and mitochondrial respiration, respectively. (-)-Menthone. followed (+)-pulegone in its inhibitory action (IC50 values of 1.11 and 2.30 mM for root and mitochondrial respiration respectively), whereas (-)-menthol was the less inhibitory compound (IC50 values of 1.85 and 3.80 mM respectively). A positive correlation was found for (+)-pulegone, (-)-menthone and (-)-menthol between water solubility and respiratory inhibition. The uncoupling agent. carbonyl-cyanide-m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone (CCCP), lowered (-)-menthol and (-)menthone inhibition and annulled (+)-pulegone inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, whereas salicyl-hydroxamic acid (SHAM) 2-hydroxybenzohydroxamic acid, the alternative oxidase (AO) inhibitor, increased (-)-menthone inhibition and annulled both (+)-pulegone and (-)-menthol inhibitory activity. The possible interaction of (-)-pulegone and (-)-menthol with AO and the mechanism of action of(+)-pulegone, (-)-menthone and (-)-menthol on mitochondrial respiration are discussed.     

Demonstration that limonene is the first cyclic intermediate in the biosynthesis of oxygenated p-menthane monoterpenes in Mentha piperita and other Mentha species

The volatile oil of mature Mentha piperita (peppermint) leaves contains as major components the oxygenated p-menthane monoterpenes l-menthol (47%) and l-menthone (24%) as well as very low levels of the monoterpene olefins limonene (1%) and terpinolene (0.1%), which are considered to be probable precursors of the oxygenated derivatives. Immature leaves, which are actively synthesizing monoterpenes, produce an oil with comparatively higher levels of limonene (approximately 3%), and isolation of the pure olefin showed this compound to consist of approximately 80% of the l-(4S)-enantiomer and approximately 20% of the d-(4R)-enantiomer. The time course of incorporation of [U-14C]sucrose into the monoterpenes of M. piperita shoot tips was consistent with the initial formation of limonene and its subsequent conversion to menthone via pulegone. d,l-[9-3H]Limonene and [9,10-3H]terpinolene were prepared and tested directly as precursors of oxygenated p-menthane monoterpenes in M. piperita shoot tips. Limonene was readily incorporated into pulegone, menthone, and other oxygenated derivatives, whereas terpinolene was not appreciably incorporated into these compounds. Similarly, d,l-[9-3H]limonene was specifically incorporated into pulegone in Mentha pulegium and into the C-2-oxygenated derivative carvone in Mentha spicata, confirming the role of this olefin as the essential precursor of oxygenated p-menthane monoterpenes. Soluble enzyme preparations from the epidermis of immature M. piperita leaves converted the acyclic terpenoid precursor [1-3H]geranyl pyrophosphate to limonene as the major cyclic product, providing a further indication that this olefin plays a central role in the formation of oxygenated monoterpenes in Mentha. No free intermediates were detected in the cyclization of geranyl pyrophosphate to limonene, suggesting that the olefin is the first cyclic intermediate to arise in the pathway, and resolution of the biosynthetic limonene, by crystallization of the derived d- and l-carvoximes, indicated an enantiomer mixture nearly identical to that isolated from the leaf oil.     

Fumigant activity of essential oils and components of Illicium verum and Schizonepeta tenuifolia against Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

To develop a natural fungicide against Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, a total of 25 essential oils were tested for their fumigant activity against post-harvest pathogens. The vaporous phases of oils were treated to each fungus on potato dextrose agar medium in half-plate separated Petri plates at 10 microg per plate. The essential oil of Illicium verum strongly inhibited the mycelial growth of both B. cinerea and C. gloeosporioides by over 90%. On the other hand, the essential oil of Schizonepeta tenuifolia showed inhibitory activity against mycelial growth of only B. cinerea by over 90%. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and bioassay indicated trans-anethole in I. verum and menthone in S. tenuifolia as a major antifungal constituent. The essential oils of I. verum and S. tenuifolia and their major constituents could be used to manage post-harvest diseases caused by B. cinerea and C. gloeosporioides.     

Evaluation of extracts and oils of tick-repellent plants from Sweden

Abstract. Leaves of Myrica gale Linnaeus (Myricaceae), Rhododendron tomentosum (Stokes) H. Harmaja (formerly Ledum palustre Linnaeus: Ericaceae) and Artemisia absinthium Linnaeus (Asteraceae) were extracted with organic solvents of different polarities and the essential oils of leaves were obtained by steam distillation. The extracts or oils were tested in the laboratory for repellency against host-seeking nymphs of Ixodes ricinus Linnaeus (Acari: Ixodidae). Rhododendron tomentosum oil, 10%, diluted in acetone, exhibited 95% repellency; R. tomentosum and A. absinthium extracts in ethyl acetate, > 70% repellency; A. absinthium extract in hexane, approximately 62% repellency; and M. gale oil, 10%, approximately 50% repellency on I. ricinus nymphs. Compounds in the leaf extracts or in the oils were collected by solid phase microextraction (SPME) and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and/or MS. Characteristic volatiles detected from oil or extract of M. gale were the monoterpenes 1,8-cineole, alpha-terpineol, 4-terpineol and thujenol; and of R. tomentosum myrcene and palustrol. Characteristic volatiles from leaf extracts of A. absinthium were sabinene, oxygenated monoterpenes, e.g. thujenol and linalool, and geranyl acetate. Each plant species synthesized numerous volatiles known to exhibit acaricidal, insecticidal, 'pesticidal' and/or arthropod repellent properties. These plants may be useful sources of chemicals for the control of arthropods of medical, veterinary or agricultural importance.     

Volatile secondary metabolites of Micromeria dalmatica Benth. (Lamiaceae): biosynthetical and chemotaxonomical aspects

Analysis by GC and GC/MS of the essential oil obtained from above-ground parts of Micromeria dalmatica Benth. allowed the identification of 116 components, comprising 93.6% of the total oil composition. The major compounds are 3-oxygenated p-menthane monoterpenes and were identified as pulegone (29.6%), menthone (11.7%), and piperitenone (10.8%). The chemical composition of this and additional 30 oils obtained from selected Micromeria Benth. taxa were compared by using multivariate statistical analysis (agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA)). The results of statistical analyses, as well as the domination of different concurrent p-menthane-skeleton-type monoterpene biosynthetical sub-branches in the compared M. dalmatica samples, implied the occurrence of at least two different chemotypes of the mentioned species.     

Effect of growth retardants on growth and essential oil content in Japanese mint

In field experiments with Japanese mint using different growth retardants, chlormequat chloride (2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride) increased the oil content significantly and inhibited growth to some extent only, whilst ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) at 0.06% concentration significantly decreased growth but had no significant effect on oil content. Among the two oil components studied, menthone content only was significantly increased by 0.06% ethephon whereas the other growth retardants were ineffective. Correlation studies indicated a strong negative relationship of leaf/stem ratio with plant height and herb yield while a strong positive relationship was obtained between the latter two characters. The oil content of the plant was negatively correlated with herb yield and plant height but it was related positively with leaf/stem ratio.CIMAP Communication No. 688.     

Chemical composition and phytotoxicity of volatile essential oil from intact and fallen leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora

A total of 23 volatile constituents was identified and characterized by GC and GC-MS in the volatile essential oil extracted from intact (juvenile and adult) and fallen (senescent and leaf litter) leaves of lemon-scented eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.). The leaves differed in their pigment, water and protein content, and C/N ratio. The oils were, in general, monoterpenoid in nature with 18 monoterpenes and 5 sesquiterpenes. However, a great variability in the amount of essential oils and their individual constituents was observed in different leaf tissues. The amount was maximum in the senescent leaves collected from the floor of the tree closely followed by that from juvenile leaves. In all, 19 constituents were identified in oil from juvenile and senescent leaves compared to 23 in adult leaves and 20 in leaf litter, respectively. Citronellal, a characteristic monoterpene of the oil reported hitherto was found to be more (77-78%) in the juvenile and senescent leaves compared to 48 and 54%, respectively, in the adult leaves and leaf litter. In the adult leaves, however, the content of citronellol--another important monoterpene-- was very high (21.9%) compared to other leaf types (7.8-12.2%). Essential oil and its two major monoterpenes viz. citronellal and citronellol were tested for their phytotoxicity against two weeds (Amaranthus viridis and Echinochloa crus-galli) and two crops (Triticum aestivum and Oryza sativa) under laboratory conditions. A difference in the phytotoxicity, measured in terms of seedling length and dry weight, of oil from different leaves and major monoterpenes was observed. Oil from adult leaves was found to be most phytotoxic although it occurs in smaller amount (on unit weight basis). The different toxicity of different oil types was due to the relative amount of individual monoterpenes present in the oil, their solubility and interactive action. The study concludes that oil from senescent and juvenile leaves being rich in citronellal could be used as commercial source of citronellal whereas that from adult leaves for weed management programmes as it was the most phytotoxic.