细胞色素b5还原酶缺乏症的分子病理机制

细胞色素ｂ_５还原酶缺乏症的分子病理机制凌光鑫（广东医学院,湛江５２４０２３）关键词细胞色素ｂ_５还原酶缺乏症,突变酶接触某些药物或化学制品,或是先天性ＮＡＤＨ－细胞色素ｂ５还原酶（ｂ５Ｒ）缺乏,均可造成高铁血红蛋白（ＭＨｂ）血症。一组从事ｂ５Ｒ研究的...     

NADH-细胞色素b5还原酶在大肠杆菌中的表达及其产物的纯化

为了探讨 NADH-细胞色素 b5还原酶基因突变引起遗传性高铁血红蛋白血症的分子病理机制 ,研究突变型 ( b5R)蛋白结构和功能的关系 ,用基因重组技术将野生型和突变型 ( C2 0 3Y) b5Rc DNA克隆于 p GEX- 2 T载体 ,在大肠杆菌 BL2 1中诱导表达 .Western印迹鉴定所表达的蛋白为GST- b5R融合蛋白 .应用谷胱甘肽 - Sepharose 4B亲和层析 ,还原型谷胱甘肽洗脱得到纯化的GST- b5R和 GST- b5RC2 0 3Y融合蛋白 .比较 GST- b5R和 GST- b5RC2 0 3Y酶活性及稳定性 ,发现野生型和突变型的酶活性基本相同 .但与野生型酶相比 ,突变型酶对热的稳定性较差 ,对胰蛋白酶更加敏感 .结果提示 ,C2 0 3Y突变可引起蛋白质二级结构改变而导致酶的稳定性下降 .     

NADH-细胞色素 b5 还原酶在甲状腺过氧化氢生物合成中的作用

应用高香草酸荧光分析技术及NADH－高铁氰化钾还原酶法,对正常和Graves病甲状腺过氧化氢（H2O2）和NADH－细胞色素b5还原酶（b5R)进行测定,发现Graves病甲状腺b5R活性和H2O2水平均明显高于正常,而H2O2酶活性在Graves病和正常甲状腺间无显著差异。加b5R抑制剂对氯汞苯甲酸抑制b5R活性,Graves病和正常甲状腺b5R活性降低近85％,同时H2O2降低近50％,蛋白结合碘形成减少近52％。b5R活性和H2O2水平两者呈显著正相关关系。以上结果表明,b5R参与甲状腺内H2O2的生物合成,是甲状腺内产生H2O2的重要酶系。     

细胞色素b5家族蛋白序列分析

以牛肝微粒体细胞色素b5(CYB5-BOVIN)为切入点,利用生物学信息学方法获得一系列细胞色素b5家族的成员蛋白,同时对蛋白序列进行多重对齐分析及进化分析,借此为细胞色素b5蛋白的分子设计与构建提供指导意义。     

高山被孢霉ATCC 32222中细胞色素b5还原酶I的克隆、表达和功能鉴定

【目的】鉴定产油微生物高山被孢霉ATCC 32222中细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ的功能。【方法】将高山被孢霉ATCC 32222中膜结合细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ基因与人可溶性细胞色素b_5还原酶基因序列比对,去除该基因N端穿膜区域后,与人可溶性细胞色素b_5基因分别在大肠杆菌中异源表达;通过钴离子亲和层析、离子交换和分子排阻色谱等方法对表达产物进行纯化;以2,6-二氯靛酚钠(DCIP)为底物,测定细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ的体外活性及其对NADH和NADPH的偏好性;在反应体系中存在NADH时,通过全波长扫描方法检测细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ与细胞色素b_5的相互作用。【结果】高山被孢霉ATCC 32222中膜结合细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ被成功可溶表达,经纯化后检测到体外活性:使用NADH时酶活为564.57 U,使用NADPH时为51.97 U;在NADH存在时,细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ能够还原细胞色素b_5,其吸收峰从411 nm偏移至422 nm,并在521 nm和554 nm处吸光值增加。【结论】细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ N端穿膜区域的去除增加了其可溶性,并保持了蛋白质活性;高山被孢霉ATCC 32222中细胞色素b_5还原酶Ⅰ基因编码的是一种NADH-细胞色素b_5还原酶,其在体外能与细胞色素b_5相互作用。     

叶绿体中细胞色素的氧化还原光谱变化研究

通过不同的氧化还原试剂处理,可以使叶绿体中的细胞色素b-559、细胞色素f和细胞色素b6的光谱信号分别显示出来。TritonX-100处理及长时间放置可使叶绿体中的细胞色素b-559由高电位型式转变为低电位型式。解联剂的存在有助于观测细胞色素f的光氧化信号。预先加入铁氰化钾氧化的叶绿体中,可看到细胞色素b－559的光还原,这种还原被DCMU所抑制。     

真菌细胞色素P450在大肠杆菌中的表达

【背景】真菌细胞色素P450蛋白在大肠杆菌中表达水平低甚至不表达,近期研究发现通过对该类蛋白氨基端(N端)氨基酸序列的修饰可优化其表达水平。【目的】在大肠杆菌系统中表达预测功能为P450酶的焦曲霉094102菌株的Au8002蛋白,为真菌P450蛋白在大肠杆菌表达系统中的N端氨基酸序列修饰策略提供有效依据。【方法】对野生型P450蛋白Au8002的氨基酸序列进行分析,对其N端序列进行了3种序列修饰,并在诱导蛋白表达时添加P450生物合成前体5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-ALA),研究N端氨基酸序列修饰策略及前体添加对真菌P450在大肠杆菌中蛋白表达的影响。【结果】SDS-PAGE和Westernblot检测结果显示,对目的蛋白进行的3种氨基酸序列修饰均使Au8002蛋白获得了表达,前体5-ALA的添加提高了目的蛋白表达量。其中对目的蛋白进行N端全长截短时可部分增加其可溶性,同时也验证了其特征性的CO结合能力。【结论】对预测为P450酶的菌株094102蛋白Au8002氨基端(N端)氨基酸序列的修饰有效解决了其在大肠杆菌内不表达的难题,实现了其可溶性表达;另一方面P450生物合成前体5-ALA的添加也能有效提高该类蛋白的表达水平,上述策略对改善其它该类蛋白在大肠杆菌内的表达水平具有借鉴意义。     

人细胞色素P450在大肠杆菌中的功能表达

研究人细胞色素P450（P450,CYP）在大肠杆菌中的功能表达对新药研发,临床药物治疗和药物早期ADME/T性质研究均有重要意义。异源表达人P450使用最多的宿主是大肠杆菌E.coli,然而要获得足量的有催化活性的P450仍是一个难题。结合作者近年研究,对异源表达的研究意义,P450在E.coli中功能表达的策略,高效表达的影响因素和共表达等方面做一评述,指出今后的研究应用方向。     

Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Cytochrome b5 for Studies of Its Interaction with Cytochrome P450

We have shown earlier that microsomal cytochrome b ₅ can form a specific complex with mitochondrial cytochrome P450 (cytochrome P450scc). The formation of the complex between these two heme proteins was proved spectrophotometrically, by affinity chromatography on immobilized cytochrome b ₅, and by measuring the cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity of cytochrome P450scc in a reconstituted system in the presence of cytochrome b ₅. To further study the mechanism of interaction of these heme proteins and evaluate the role of negatively charged amino acid residues Glu42, Glu48, and Asp65 of cytochrome b ₅, which are located at the site responsible for interaction with electron transfer partners, we used sitedirected mutagenesis to replace residues Glu42 and Glu48 with lysine and residue Asp65 with alanine. The resulting mutant forms of cytochrome b ₅ were expressed in E. coli, and full-length and truncated forms (shortened from the C-terminal sequence due to cleavage of 40 amino acid residues) of these cytochrome b ₅ mutants were purified. Addition of the truncated forms of cytochrome b ₅ (which do not contain the hydrophobic C-terminal sequence responsible for interaction with the membrane) to the reconstituted system containing cytochrome P450scc caused practically no stimulation of catalytic activity, indicating an important role of the hydrophobic fragment of cytochrome b ₅ in its interaction with cytochrome P450scc. However, full-length cytochrome b ₅ and the full-length Glu48Lys and Asp65Ala mutant forms of cytochrome b ₅ stimulated the cholesterol side-chain cleavage reaction catalyzed by cytochrome P450scc by 100%, suggesting that residues Glu48 and Asp65 of cytochrome b ₅ are not directly involved in its interaction with cytochrome P450scc. The replacement of Glu42 for lysine, however, made the Glu42Lys mutant form of cytochrome b ₅ about 40% less effective in stimulation of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity of cytochrome P450scc, indicating that residue Glu42 of cytochrome b ₅ is involved in electrostatic interactions with cytochrome P450scc. Residues Glu42 and Glu48 of cytochrome b ₅ appear to participate in electrostatic interaction with microsomal type cytochrome P450.     

具有抗HIV活性的突变型天花粉蛋白TCSYFF-KR的构建及原核表达

目的：构建具有抗HIV活性的突变型天花粉蛋白（TCS）,并将其在原核系统内进行表达与纯化。方法：借助计算机预测TCS分子上可能的抗原决定簇（YFF81-83和KR173-174）,并依此设计适当的突变引物;以栝楼基因组DNA为模板,利用重组PCR技术扩增双突变型TCS全长基因,经BamHI和EcoRI双酶切后与原核表达载体pRSET-A连接,转化感受态大肠杆菌DH5α,提取质粒进行酶切鉴定及测序;将所获阳性重组质粒转化感受态大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,经IPTG诱导表达后,对表达产物进行Western印迹鉴定;用Ni-NTA亲和层析柱对所获突变型TCS蛋白进行纯化。结果：构建了突变型TCSYFY-KR,并获得了该蛋白在大肠杆菌内的可溶性高效表达;经Ni-NTA亲和层析柱纯化,产生大量均一的突变型TCS蛋白。结论：TCS的定点突变及其在原核系统内的表达,为基因工程方法改造TCS提供了一条新途径。     

鸡细胞色素P450 1A5的原核表达与活性重组

旨在对鸡细胞色素P450 1A5(CYP1A5)蛋白进行体外功能研究,采用大肠杆菌系统进行CYP1A5的异源表达。以鸡的cDNA为模板,扩增出CYP1A5基因,将该基因的N端编码区进行修饰,并连接到pCW载体中构建His-CYP1A5,经IPTG诱导在大肠杆菌中表达。经CO-差示光谱检测,所获得的His-CYP1A5具有典型的P450吸收峰。该蛋白与细胞色素P450还原酶(CPR)进行体外重组,构成的重组酶系表现出乙氧基试卤灵-O-脱乙基酶活性。结果表明,所采用的表达策略可以成功产生出具有催化活性的鸡细胞色素P450 1A5(CYP1A5)蛋白。     

人胰岛素原基因B10位定点突变对增强胰外表达效率的实验研究

目的构建在肝细胞内增强表达成熟人胰岛素的生理调控性人胰岛素原基因重组质粒。方法利用PCR定点突变技术在B-C及C-A连接处已两点突变的人胰岛素原基因上进行B10位突变,并在其上游连接肝细胞特异的3倍体葡萄糖反映元件(GLRE3)和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-1启动子(IGFBP-1P)。经酶切后将含有调控元件的3点突变人胰岛素原基因(GLRE3-IGFBP-1P-3mINS)插入逆转录病毒载体(pLXSN),脂质体介导转染大鼠肝癌细胞CBRH7919后检测成熟胰岛素表达情况及与含有调控元件的2点突变人胰岛素原基因(GLRE3-IGFBP-1P-3mINS)表达体的表达差异。结果人胰岛素原基因的B10位组氨酸编码序列CAC突变为门冬氨酸编码序列GAC。构建了含调控元件的B10位门冬氨酸人胰岛素原基因逆转录病毒载体质粒(pLXSN-GLRE3-IGFBP-1P-3mINS),酶切、PCR及测序鉴定各段基因碱基序列及连接方向正确。pLXSN-GLRE3-IGFBP-1P-3mINS经脂质体包裹转染大鼠肝癌细胞,细胞外液含5.0、25.0mmol/L的葡萄糖浓度下胰岛素含量分别为5.03±0.72、43.90±2.30mU/L。未进行B10位突变的重组体转染组在同样葡萄糖浓度下胰岛素含量分别为<2.00、2.10±0.23mU/L。结论成功构建了含调控元件的B10位门冬氨酸人胰岛素原基因逆转录病毒载体重组质粒,该重组体已整合入鼠肝癌细胞基因组,其表达效率显著提高并受葡萄糖生理性调控。     

硒蛋白Sep15基因克隆、定点突变及其原核表达

克隆鉴定猪硒蛋白Sep15基因( Sep15 ),将其突变实现原核表达,为以猪为模型研究Sep15功能奠定基础。实验以RT-PCR从猪脾总RNA扩增出含开放阅读框(ORF)至poly(A)共1230 bp的 Sep15 cDNA,3'-非翻译区Sec插入元件为2型,489 bp的ORF及对应氨基酸序列与人相应序列的相似度分别为85.1%和92.7%,ORF含一个硒代半胱氨酸(Sec)密码子TGA,定点突变为半胱氨酸(Cys)的TGC后,经载体pET30转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),0.4 mmol/L IPTG诱导表达3 h获得融合表达产物;该产物在Western blot检测中与人Sep15 Sec下游肽段的商品化多抗产生特异性免疫印迹。猪 Sep15 被首次成功克隆并鉴定,其Cys突变体的原核表达产物与人Sep15 C-端抗体存在交叉免疫反应。     

Substrate-modulated Cytochrome P450 17A1 and Cytochrome b5 Interactions Revealed by NMR

The membrane heme protein cytochrome b₅ (b₅) can enhance, inhibit, or have no effect on cytochrome P450 (P450) catalysis, depending on the specific P450, substrate, and reaction conditions, but the structural basis remains unclear. Here the interactions between the soluble domain of microsomal b₅ and the catalytic domain of the bifunctional steroidogenic cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) were investigated. CYP17A1 performs both steroid hydroxylation, which is unaffected by b₅, and an androgen-forming lyase reaction that is facilitated 10-fold by b₅. NMR chemical shift mapping of b₅ titrations with CYP17A1 indicates that the interaction occurs in an intermediate exchange regime and identifies charged surface residues involved in the protein/protein interface. The role of these residues is confirmed by disruption of the complex upon mutagenesis of either the anionic b₅ residues (Glu-48 or Glu-49) or the corresponding cationic CYP17A1 residues (Arg-347, Arg-358, or Arg-449). Cytochrome b₅ binding to CYP17A1 is also mutually exclusive with binding of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. To probe the differential effects of b₅ on the two CYP17A1-mediated reactions and, thus, communication between the superficial b₅ binding site and the buried CYP17A1 active site, CYP17A1/b₅ complex formation was characterized with either hydroxylase or lyase substrates bound to CYP17A1. Significantly, the CYP17A1/b₅ interaction is stronger when the hydroxylase substrate pregnenolone is present in the CYP17A1 active site than when the lyase substrate 17α-hydroxypregnenolone is in the active site. These findings form the basis for a clearer understanding of this important interaction by directly measuring the reversible binding of the two proteins, providing evidence of communication between the CYP17A1 active site and the superficial proximal b₅ binding site.     

Functional Analysis of Conserved Histidines in Choline Acetyltransferase by Site-Directed Mutagenesis

Abstract: The choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) reaction involves the transfer of the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA to choline, in which an active site histidine is believed to act as a general acid/base catalyst. A comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of the enzyme from Drosophila , pig, rat, and Caernohabditis elegans revealed three conserved histidines: Drosophila His²⁶⁸, His³⁹³, and His⁴²⁶. Each of these histidines was replaced by a leucine and a glutamine, and the kinetic properties of each of the recombinant mutant enzymes were determined. The mutations yielded active His²⁶⁸Leu-ChAT, His^Z68Gln-ChAT, and His³⁹³Gln-ChAT and inactive His³⁹³Leu-ChAT, His⁴²⁶Leu- ChAT, and His⁴²⁶Gln-ChAT. The kinetic constants K_m(CoA), K_{m(acetyloholine)}. and V_max were essentially the same for all of the active mutants. When the integrity of the CoASAc binding site was investigated in the inactive mutants, the data suggested that the binding site in His³⁹³Leu-ChAT is disrupted but conserved in His⁴²⁶Leu-ChAT and His⁴²⁶Gln- ChAT. These results suggest that His⁴²⁶ is an essential catalytic residue and could serve as an acid/base catalyst.     

不同花色矮牵牛细胞色素b5蛋白的cDNA克隆及序列分析

以云南不同花色矮牵牛的花瓣为材料,提取总RNA,用Oligo(dT)作为引物反转录合成cDNA第一链。以此为模板,用根据国外报道的矮牵牛细胞色素b5蛋白的cDNA序列设计合成的引物进行PCR扩,均扩增到一条约450bp的片段,分别克隆到pGEM-T载体上。对重组克隆进行序列分析,结果表明所克隆到的矮牛细胞色素b5蛋白的cDNA的编码区均含有447个核苷酸,编码149个氨基酸残基,与国外报道的一致;但其核苷酸及氨基酸的序列与国外报道的有所不同,即与国外的相比,紫红色、蓝紫色矮牵牛中的该cDNA的核苷酸有1个不同,而氨基酸完全相同;粉红色、白色矮牵牛中的3个核苷酸不同,并导致了2个氨基酸的不同。暗示该基因对花色的调控可能与其编码cDNA的一级结构有关。