L-arg和LNNA对大鼠胸主动脉内皮损伤后舒缩反应及cGMP含量的影响

本研究在大鼠胸主动脉内皮损伤内膜增生模型上观察了Ｌ－ａｒｇ和ＬＮＮＡ对大鼠胸主动脉条的血管反应性及ｃＧＭＰ含量的影响。血管反应性观察及血管局部ｃＧＭＰ测定发现,大鼠胸主动脉内皮损伤后３天对－ａｒｇ及ＬＮＮＡ的舒缩反应明显受损,血管局部基础ｃＧＭＰ明显下降,用Ｌ－ａｒｇ和ＬＮＮＡ干预后的ｃＧＭＰ变化亦明显受损,损伤后１０天,以上现象明显恢复,损伤后２１天进一步恢复,但仍不能恢复正常。结果表明,内皮损伤后的动脉血管ＥＤＲＦ产生明显受损,且长期不能恢复正常。     

内皮源性舒张因子对内皮损伤的大鼠胸主动脉中血管紧张素Ⅱ的影响

利用放免测定法在大鼠胸主动脉内皮损伤内膜增生模型上观察了内皮源性舒张因子（ＥＤＲＦ）的前体Ｌ－Ａｒｇ和抑制剂ＬＮＮＡ对内皮损伤血管局部ｃＧＭＰ（ＥＤＲＦ的效应物）和Ａｇ－Ⅱ水平的影响。结果发现,动脉血管内皮损伤后,其ｃＧＭＰ含量显著下降,血管局部Ａｇ－Ⅱ水平明显上升;ＬＮＮＡ可使这一现象更加明显;而Ｌ－Ａｒｇ却可使内皮损伤动脉中下降的ｃＧＭＰ明显上升,使其升高的局部Ａｇ－Ⅱ水平明显下降。表明ＥＤＲＦ可通过ｃＧＭＰ途径抑制内皮损伤的动脉中Ａｇ－Ⅱ的产生。     

L—arg斤LNNA对大鼠胸主动脉内皮损伤后舒缩反应及cGMP…

本研究在大鼠胸主动脉内皮损伤内膜增生模型上观察了Ｌ－ａｒｇ和ＬＮＮＡ对大鼠胸主动脉条的血管反应性及ｃＧＭＰ含量的影响。血管反应性观察及血管局部ｃＧＭＰ测定发现,大鼠胸主动脉内皮损伤后３天对－ａｒｇ及ＬＮＮＡ的舒缩反应明显受损,血管局部基础ｃＧＭＰ明显下降,用Ｌ－ａｒｇ和ＬＮＮＡ干预后的ｃＧＭＰ变化亦明显受损,损伤后１０天以上现象明显恢复,损伤后２１天进一步恢复,但仍不能恢复正常。结果表明,内皮损伤     

NO—样松弛因子对止血带休克大鼠血管舒缩活动的影响

本工作在大鼠止血带休克（ＴｏＳ）模型上观察ＮＯ前体Ｌ－精氨酸Ｌ－Ａｒｇ,ＮＯ合成阻断剂Ｌ－ＮＮＡ及可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶抑制剂亚甲兰（ＭＢ）对离体胸主动脉舒缩活动的影响。发现止血带休克大鼠离体灌流的主动脉对去甲肾上腺素的反应性降低。血管组织ｃＧＭＰ含量增加。Ｌ－Ａｒｇ可增强这一变化,而Ｌ－ＮＮＡ或ＭＢ可减轻上述变化,而且这些药物作用不受血管内皮是否存在的影响。实验结果提示,非内皮细胞源的ＮＯ－样松弛因子（ＮＯ－ＬＲＦ）是引起止血带休克动物血管低反应性的因素之一     

双环醇减轻超氧阴离子诱导的大鼠胸主动脉舒张功能损伤

目的：探讨双环醇（bicyclol）对超氧阴离子（O2）诱导的血管舒张功能损伤的影响。方法：采用离体器官灌流技术,观察bicyclol对离体大鼠胸主动脉环张力的影响。采用焦酚（O2的供体）建立O2损伤模型,观察bicyclol预孵育对氧化应激损伤后血管内皮依赖性舒张功能的改善作用。结果：bicyclol（10-8~10-5mol/L）对由苯肾上腺素预收缩的内皮完整主动脉环产生舒张作用,该作用可被NO合酶抑制剂L-NAME和环氧化酶抑制剂吲哚美辛阻断。500μmol/L焦酚可引起乙酰胆碱诱导的主动脉环内皮依赖性舒张反应减弱,bicyclol（10-5mol/L）预孵育45 min可减轻焦酚的损伤作用。对于吲哚美辛处理的主动脉环,bicyclol（10-5mol/L）可抑制焦酚所致的血管舒张反应降低,但这一效应未见于L-NAME处理的主动脉环。结论：bicyclol具有内皮依赖性舒血管作用,并能对抗O2引起的血管舒张功能损伤,该作用通过NO途径介导。     

EDRF对PE引起的大鼠主动脉缩血管效应的作用

本文研究ＥＤＲＦ（ｅｎｄｏｔｈｅｌｉｕｍ－ｄｅｒｉｖｅｄｒｅｌａｘｉｎｇｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＥＤＲＦ）对ＰＥ（ｐｈｅｎｙｌｅｐｈｒｉｎｅ）引起的大鼠主动脉收缩反应的影响。内皮完整和去内皮的大鼠主动脉环悬挂于器官浴槽中,测定血管的张力和收缩速度的变化。所有的实验在消炎痛（ｉｎｄｏｍｅｔｈａｃｉｎ,１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）存在下进行。用美兰（ｍｅｔｈｙｌｅｎｅｂｌｕｅ,ＭＢ,１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）或左旋硝基精氨酸（ＮＧ－ｎｉｔｒｏ－Ｌ－ａｒｇｉｎｉｎｅ,Ｌ－ＮＮＡ,３０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）处理内皮完整的大鼠主动脉环,ＰＥ的剂量－收缩张力曲线明显左移,ＥＣ３０值均降低５倍,最大反应比率分别为１．６±０．４和１．６±０．５。在去内皮的大鼠主动脉环中,经ＭＢ和Ｌ－ＮＮＡ处理后,仍可见ＥＣ３０下降３倍,最大反应比率均为１．０±０．２。后者可能与血管平滑肌产生少量ＥＤＲＦ有关。我们的结果提示ＰＥ对血管的收缩反应也受血管内皮和平滑肌产生的ＥＤＲＦ的调控     

L—NNA 和还原型Hb对SHRsp肠系膜动脉内皮依赖性舒张的影响

我们以主往的工作证实成年自发高血压大鼠肠系膜动脉由乙酰胆碱引起的内皮依赖性舒张减弱,为进一步探讨ＥＤＲ减弱的机制,本文观察了一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂左旋硝基精氨酸及ＥＤＲＦ灭活剂还原型血红蛋白对卒中易感型自发高血压大鼠与常压对照大肠系膜动脉,ＡＣｈ内皮依赖性舒张的影响,发现Ｌ－ＮＮＡ（１０＾－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）可使ＳＨＲｓｐ弱于ＷＫＹ的ＡＣｈ ＥＤＲ（１０＾－８－１０＾－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的差异消失,ＲＨｂ（     

川芎嗪对慢性缺氧大鼠肺动脉和主动脉的离体舒张作用

用生物测定法观察了川芎嗪对慢性缺氧大鼠肺动脉和主动脉环的舒张效应,并与乙酰胆碱的舒血管作用进行了比较。结果表明:川芎嗪对慢性缺氧大鼠肺动脉和主动脉的舒张作用均与平原组无明显差异。慢性缺氧明显减低了乙酰胆碱诱发的肺动脉内皮依赖性舒张反应,但不影响川芎嗪对肺血管的舒张作用。提示川芎嗪对肺血管的舒张作用不依赖于内皮。川芎嗪对肺动脉的舒张作用明显大于体动脉。这些特性有利于川芎嗪对肺动脉高压的治疗。     

白细胞介素—8扩血管效应与内皮舒张因子的关系

为探讨内皮舒张因子在白细胞介素-8(IL-8)扩血管效应中的作用,本实验在大鼠离体主动脉条上,观察IL-8对血管反应性及血管组织cGMP含量的影响。实验发现,IL-8显著地扩张离体血管,其作用在去内皮后明显减弱。IL-8还能显著地提高离体血管组织cGMP含量,一氧化氮合成抑制剂L-NNA可阻断这一作用,一氧化氮前体L-精氨酸可逆转L-NNA的效应。结果表明IL-8可以通过促进血管内皮细胞释放一氧化氮而扩张血管。     

大鼠运动性肥大心脏心肌血管内皮生长因子及其基因表达的研究

目的和方法：血管内皮生长因子（ｖａｓｃｕｌａｒｅｎｄｏｔｈｅｌｉａｌｇｒｏｗｔｈｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＶＥＧＦ）是新近确定的一种特异作用于血管内皮细胞的活性肽。最近发现正常心肌细胞可表达ＶＥＧＦ,高血压肥大心脏心肌ＶＥＧＦ及基因表达增强,但对运动性心肌肥大时的变化尚不清楚。本实验采用免疫组化和分子杂交方法,对游泳运动１０周大鼠稳定期肥大心脏心肌ＶＥＧＦ及其基因表达进行研究。结果：ＷｉｓｔａｒＫｙｏｔｏ（ＷＫＹ）大鼠、自发性高血压大鼠（ｓｐｏｎｔａｎｅｏｕｓｌｙｈｙｐｅｒｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｒａｔｓ,ＳＨＲ）和运动大鼠心肌细胞浆内均有特异性ＶＥＧＦ染色颗粒,但运动大鼠心肌细胞胞浆内染色颗粒增加最明显。Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ分子杂交结果表明三组大鼠心肌均有ＶＥＧＦｍＲＮＡ表达,其中ＳＨＲ表达最强,运动大鼠比ＷＫＹ大鼠增强,但低于ＳＨＲ。结论：目前对这一结果的生理意义还不清楚,推测可能与心肌肥大时细胞间质血管增生有关。     

Endothelial cells have a particulate enzyme system responsible for EDRF formation: measurement by vascular relaxation.

Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) released from endothelial cells (EC) has been shown to be nitric oxide (NO) or a closely related molecule. In cultured EC, the enzyme responsible for the formation of EDRF, EDRF-synthase, was initially described as being cytosolic, but more recently we have found it to be predominantly particulate. In view of this discrepancy we have investigated the EDRF synthesizing activity of cytosolic and particulate fractions isolated from native bovine aortic EC. EDRF was measured by cGMP formation in rat fetal lung cultured fibroblasts (RFL-6) and by the ability of cell fractions to relax endothelium-denuded, preconstricted rabbit aortic strips. Cytosolic fractions from native EC (100 micrograms) had no effect on the tone of rabbit aortic strips and little effect on cGMP levels in RFL-6 cells in the presence of L-arginine and NADPH (100 microM). However, under the same conditions the 100,000 x g pellet fractions relaxed rabbit aortic strips and increased cGMP levels in RFL-6 cells. Thus EDRF synthase from native EC, like those grown in culture, is located mainly in the particulate fraction.     

枸杞多糖对肾性高血压大鼠离体血管反应性的影响及其机制

本工作利用两肾一夹肾性高血压大鼠模型,观察枸杞多糖对高血压大鼠血压的影响以及离体主动脉环丙皮细胞在调节血管张力中的功能改变,探讨ＬＢＰ对高血压发生发展的影响及其机制。结果表明,ＬＢＰ可防止２Ｋ１Ｃ大鼠高血压的形成。离体主动脉环灌流表明ＲＨ组对苯肾上腺素的收缩反应明显高于对照组,去除内皮后组间差异消失．     

A relaxing factor released by phospholipase A2 in the absence of endothelium

Summary Phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) produced slow dose dependent relaxation in intact and endothelium-deprived precontracted rabbit aortic strips. In endothelium-deprived preparations, relaxation induced by PLA₂ is inhibited by hemoglobin, methylene blue and parabromophenacylbromide (PBPB), and is potentiated by superoxide dismutase (SOD). Indomethacin has no effect. Relaxation is accompanied by a rise in c-GMP. Phospholipase C causes a significant increase in tension, while Phospholipase D has no effects. In intact aortic strips PLA₂ causes a biphasic response with no elevation in c-GMP. The results indicate several common features of the PLA₂ released factor with endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). However PLA₂ induced relaxation is not dependent on endothelial cells. Apparently in addition to nitric oxide which may be the endothelium-derived relaxing factor, a second smooth muscle relaxing factor exists which is initiated by PLA₂ and is independent of endothelium. The production of the PLA₂ produced relaxation is dependent on its specific hydrolytic activity. We call this relaxing factor the phospholipid-derived relaxing factor (PDRF).     

The role of arterial smooth muscle in vasorelaxation

The concept of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) implies that nitric oxide (NO) produced by NO synthase (NOS) in the endothelium in response to vasorelaxants such as acetylcholine (ACh) acts on the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) inducing vascular relaxation. The EDRF concept was derived from experiments on denuded blood vessel strips and, in frames of this concept, VSMC were regarded as passive recipients of NO from endothelial cells. However, it was later found that VSMC express NOS by themselves, but the principal question remained unanswered, is the NO generation by VSMC physiologically relevant? We hypothesized that the destruction of the vascular wall anatomical integrity by rubbing off the endothelial layer might increase vascular superoxides that, in turn, reduced the NO bioactivity as a relaxing factor. To test our hypothesis, we examined ACh-induced vasorelaxation under protection against oxidative stress and found that superoxide scavengers restored vasodilatory responses to ACh in endothelium-deprived blood vessels. These findings imply that VSMC can release NO in amounts sufficient to account for the vasorelaxatory response and challenge the concept of the obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle.     

Short-term insulin treatment and aortic expressions of IGF-1 receptor and VEGF mRNA in diabetic rats

We investigated the relationship between the changes in vascular responsiveness and growth factor mRNA expressions induced by 1-wk treatment with high-dose insulin in control and established streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Aortas from diabetic rats, but not those from insulin-treated diabetic rats, showed impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to ACh (vs. untreated controls). The ACh-induced nitrite plus nitrate (NOx) level showed no significant difference between controls and diabetics. Insulin treatment increased NOx only in diabetics. In diabetics, insulin treatment significantly increased the aortic expressions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA and VEGF mRNA. The expression of IGF-1 mRNA was unaffected by diabetes or by insulin treatment. In contrast, the mRNA for the aortic IGF-1 receptor was increased in diabetics and further increased in insulin-treated diabetics. In aortic strips from age-matched control rats, IGF-1 caused a concentration-dependent relaxation. This relaxation was significantly stronger in strips from STZ-induced diabetic rats. These results suggest that in STZ-diabetic rats, short-term insulin treatment can ameliorate endothelial dysfunction by inducing overexpression of eNOS and/or VEGF mRNAs possibly via IGF-1 receptors. These receptors were increased in diabetes, perhaps as result of insulin deficiency.     

Vasodilatory properties of mono-L-arginine-containing compounds

Benzoyl derivatives of L-arginine, unlike arginine, elicited relaxation of pre-contracted rat aortic rings in a concentration dependent manner. The most potent relaxing agent was N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester. The relaxation was abolished by methylene blue, but not by indomethacin. When incubated with rat aortic rings, the benzoyl derivatives exhibited colorimetric reactions characteristic of citrulline and nitrite ion. This indicates the presence of a peptidyl arginine deiminase like activity in rat aorta. Citrulline had no vasodilatory property. The other product of the iminase reaction is ammonia which through oxygenase pathway may generate nitric oxide, the proposed endothelium derived relaxing factor(EDRF). Our results suggest that an as yet unidentified arginine derivative from the endothelium may be the biological precursor of EDRF.     

Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor: Discovery, Early Studies, and Identification as Nitric Oxide

The discovery, early studies and identification of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) as nitric oxide, are described.     

What is the relationship between the endothelium derived relaxant factor and nitric oxide?

Nitric oxide gas in solution (NO) relaxes blood vessels with similar actions and pharmacodynamics as the endothelium derived relaxant factor (EDRF) and has been proposed to be a component of the materials released from stimulated endothelial cells. Certain data however suggest that EDRF and NO may not be identical. In some non-vascular smooth muscles, NO and EDRF exhibit markedly different pharmacologic profiles. Furthermore the interaction of EDRF and NO with anion exchange resins differ. The hypothesis that EDRF is identical to nitric oxide gas in solution or a nitrogen oxide containing compound is discussed.     

Heme proteins mediate the conversion of nitrite to nitric oxide in the vascular wall

Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to be the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), and its impairment contributes to a variety of cardiovascular disorders. Recently, it has been recognized that nitrite can be an important source of NO; however, questions remain regarding the activity and mechanisms of nitrite bioactivation in vessels and its physiological importance. Therefore, we investigated the effects of nitrite on in vivo hemodynamics in rats and in vitro vasorelaxation in isolated rat aorta under aerobic conditions. Studies were performed to determine the mechanisms by which nitrite is converted to NO. In anesthetized rats, nitrite dose dependently decreased both systolic and diastolic blood pressure with a threshold dose of 10 microM. Similarly, nitrite (10 microM-2 mM) caused vasorelaxation of aortic rings, and NO was shown to be the intermediate factor responsible for this activity. With the use of electrochemical as well as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy techniques NO generation was measured from isolated aortic vessels following nitrite treatment. Reduction of nitrite to NO was blocked by heating the vessel, suggesting that an enzymatic process is involved. Organ chamber experiments demonstrated that aortic relaxation induced by nitrite could be blocked by both hemoglobin and soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-1-one (ODQ). In addition, both electrochemical and EPR spin-trapping measurements showed that ODQ inhibits nitrite-mediated NO production. These findings thus suggest that nitrite can be a precursor of EDRF and that sGC or other heme proteins inhibited by ODQ catalyze the reduction of nitrite to NO.     

Novel action of estrone on vascular tissue: regulation of NOS and COX activity

The hypothesis tested in the present work is that estrone non-genomically regulates aortic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) activities in female rats, and that such regulation depends on ovarian function. We found that physiological concentrations of estrone (E(1)) (0.1-10nM) significantly increased nitric oxide (NO) production (133 and 163% above control). The stimulatory action of E(1) on NOS activity was independent of calcium influx since the increase in NO elicited by the hormone was not affected by EGTA or verapamil. When COX activity was measured, we observed that estrone enhanced thromboxane (TXB(2)) production and prostacyclin (PGI(2)) release, but not prostaglandin (PGF(2), PGD(2), and PGE(2)) synthesis. Finally we demonstrated that the hormonal effect on NOS activity was not detected in rat aortic strips (RAS) isolated from animals deprived of ovarian activity (FR(-)) or ovariectomized rats (OVX). These results suggest that estrone exerts a direct, non-genomic action on rat aortic metabolism, which involves NOS and COX activation and depends on ovarian activity.