大肠埃希菌耐药与抗菌药物使用量的相关性研究

目的探讨大肠埃希菌的耐药率与多种抗菌药物使用量之间的相关关系。方法计算主要抗菌药物每百床日的用药频度（DDDs）,以及温州医学院附属第一医院院内感染大肠埃希菌的耐药率,并采用多元线性回归的方法进行分析。结果大肠埃希菌对头孢他啶的耐药率与头孢哌酮和头孢克罗的用量呈负相关,与头孢他啶的用量呈正相关;对庆大霉素的耐药率与头孢他啶、哌拉西林的用量里负相关;对亚胺培南的耐药率与哌拉西林用量呈正相关,与季度呈负相关;对复方新诺明的耐药率与阿米卡星用量呈正相关;对呋喃妥因的耐药率与头孢他啶、去甲万古霉素用量呈负相关。结论在大肠埃希菌耐药水平和抗菌药物使用量之间存在相关关系。     

我院2008-2011年抗菌药物使用量与铜绿假单胞菌耐药相关性的研究

目的:探讨2008-2011年我院抗菌药物使用与铜绿假单胞菌(PA)耐药水平变化之间的关系.方法:计算10种抗菌药物平均每日每百张床住所消耗的限定日剂量(DDD)及同期PA的耐药率,并对抗菌药物用量与耐药率进行相关性分析.结果:发现头孢哌酮/舒巴坦及左氧氟沙星DDD分别与铜绿假单胞菌对头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、左氧氟沙星、亚胺培南、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢吡肟耐药率的相关性有统计学意义,其它组数据无统计学意义.结论:呼吸病区左氧氟沙星及头孢哌酮/舒巴坦DDD的使用量与PA耐药率相关.     

环丙沙星药物使用频度与细菌耐药性的相关性分析

目的回顾性分析我院喹诺酮类抗菌药物环丙沙星的使用频率和与临床分离主要细菌耐药性的相关性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法回顾性分析中山大学附属第三医院2013年1月至2015年6月各季度环丙沙星使用频率与临床分离的5种主要细菌的耐药率,并对二者的相关性进行分析。结果 2013年1月至2015年6月各季度环丙沙星的使用DDDs值呈下降的趋势,随着环丙沙星使用频度的降低,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌对其耐药率呈正相关,差异有统计学意义(r=0.68,P0.05;r=0.68,P0.05)。鲍曼不动杆菌对环丙沙星的耐药率呈负相关,差异有统计学意义(r=-0.66,P0.05),铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌其耐药率与药物使用频度无关(r=0.07,P0.05;r=0.01,P0.05)。结论细菌的耐药性和环丙沙星的使用频度具有一定相关性,应注意合理使用抗菌药物,减少多重耐药菌株的产生。     

铜绿假单胞菌耐碳青霉烯类抗菌药机制

铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,PA)是医院内感染常见的条件致病菌,其耐药性日益严重,经常仅对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物(如亚胺培南、美洛培南、伊米培南和帕尼培南等)敏感.然而近年来,国内、外文献报道PA对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药(RCPA)呈逐渐上升趋势,这些耐药菌同时还对氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类等其他类型的多种抗菌药物耐药,成为临床治疗的难题.在北美、南美、欧洲和澳大利亚进行的统计显示PA对美罗培南耐药率为75.4%,其他地区的耐药率在62%～70%[1].     

革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率的变迁分析

目的:分析革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率的变迁。方法:收集某医院2008年1月-2012年12月从住院患者各种临床标本中分离的革兰阴性杆菌,对分离出的革兰阴性杆菌进行菌种鉴定和药敏试验,采用回顾性的方式分析研究结果。结果:研究结果显示,本次实验共分离出866株革兰阴性杆菌,包括22个细菌种。其中有375株为肠杆菌科细菌,占总数的43.30%,有480株为非发酵菌,占总数的55.43%;分离率最高的病原菌为是铜绿假单胞菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌等等;药敏试验结果显示,肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南的耐药率均比较低下,仅弗氏柠檬酸杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率超过百分之一,其他类型肠杆菌均在百分之一之下;其中,嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为100.0%,洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为97.8%,脑膜脓毒金黄杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为97.4%,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为21.1%,亚胺培南对亚胺培南的耐药率为20.4%。结论:临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌主要是非发酵菌,对肠杆菌科细菌应用亚胺培南能够发挥较强的体外抗菌活性,而在非发酵菌中的体外抗菌活性则相对比较低下,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率呈不断增长的势态发展。     

临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性监测

目的了解临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供实验室依据。方法采用微量稀释法对392例临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌进行药物敏感性测定;超广谱β-内酰胺酶(Extendedspectrumbeta-lactamases,ESBLs)检测用微量稀释法初筛,纸片法做确证试验。结果肺炎克雷伯菌对18种抗菌药物的药敏结果中,耐药率大于30%的抗菌药物多达11种;其中氨苄西林-舒巴坦、氨苄西林、头孢噻吩、哌拉西林、复方新诺明和头孢唑啉的耐药率高达20%以上。耐药率低于10%的抗菌药物仅有4种,分别为头孢曲松(7.7%)、头孢噻肟(7.4%)、氨曲南(6.9%)和亚胺培南(3.1%)。其它抗菌药物的耐药率都高于10%。产ESBLs菌株的发生率为32.9%～45.8%,平均为39.8%;产ESBLs菌株对多种抗菌药物的耐药率显著高于非产ESBLs菌株(P<0.05)。结论临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌对多种抗菌药物的耐药率较高,尤其是产ESBLs菌株的高耐药率及多重耐药性更为明显。临床应加强对肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性的监测并预防耐药菌株的传播流行。     

ICU感染嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌分布与耐药性分析

目的了解ICU感染嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌的分布与耐药性,比较本院ICU与非ICU嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌的耐药性,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法对2011年6月-2014年6月临床标本中分离的嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌120株采用K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,应用SPSS 20.0对数据进行统计分析。结果嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌主要来源于呼吸道标本(痰),占69.17%。临床分布以ICU多见,占30.00%。在20种抗菌药物中有14种抗菌药物耐药率50%,仅氧氟沙星、复方磺胺甲唑、米诺环素、左氧氟沙星等有较低耐药率,耐药率分别为0.00%、16.67%、1.67%、9.17%;头孢噻肟、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、美罗培南等12种抗菌药物ICU与非ICU耐药率分别为100.00%,66.67%;97.22%,75.00%;100.00%,40.48%;97.22%,33.33%;100.00%,79.76%;差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论临床感染嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌对常用抗菌药物耐药严重,ICU嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌耐药率明显高于非ICU,临床应高度重视,控制感染。     

摩根摩根菌临床分布及耐药性分析

目的分析摩根摩根菌的临床分布特点及耐药现状,为抗感染治疗提供参考依据。方法对医院2013年7月-2015年6月临床分离的80株摩根摩根菌的来源与耐药性进行回顾性分析,并对痰液标本与其他类型标本分离到的摩根摩根菌对抗菌药物的耐药情况进行统计学比较。结果多种临床标本均可分离到摩根摩根菌,以痰液标本居多,占58.75%;科室分布以ICU为主,占41.25%,其次为急诊内科,占31.25%。20种抗菌药物中,敏感性较高的药物为丁胺卡那霉素(98.75%)、头孢吡肟(91.25%)、氨曲南(87.50%)、亚胺培南(86.25%);痰液标本与其他标本分离到的摩根摩根菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、厄他培南、亚胺培南、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、复方新诺明等9种抗菌药物有显著性差异(P0.05)。其他标本分离到的摩根摩根菌对此9种药物的敏感性要显著高于痰液标本分离到的摩根摩根菌。结论对摩根摩根菌引起的感染应合理使用抗菌药物早期治疗,避免耐药菌株的产生;不同部位的摩根摩根菌感染应选用不同种抗菌药物,以提高治疗效果。     

膜孔蛋白改变在鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药中的作用

目的对鲍曼不动杆菌耐药情况进行分析,探索膜孔蛋白在亚胺培南耐药中的作用,为临床合理用药及控制医院感染提供依据。方法收集非重复亚胺培南耐药鲍曼不动杆菌63株,亚胺培南敏感鲍曼不动杆菌21株,用K-B纸片法检测上述细菌对16种抗菌药物的敏感性,PCR技术检测carO和oprD膜孔蛋白基因携带情况,并采用DNASTAR软件进行序列对比,对CarO蛋白三维结构建模。结果亚胺培南耐药鲍曼不动杆菌除对替加环素(3.2%)、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(28.6%)和米诺环素(30.2%)耐药率低外,对其他抗菌药物耐药率均较高,而亚胺培南敏感菌对多数抗生素均较敏感。PCR扩增显示所检测菌株carO和oprD基因均阳性。进一步系列比对发现亚胺培南耐药株较敏感株carO基因存在有意义突变,蛋白质分子立体结构有明显差别。结论亚胺培南耐药鲍曼不动杆菌耐药情况严峻,carO膜孔蛋白基因突变发挥重要作用。     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌对左氧氟沙星的耐药性观察

目的对比研究左氧氟沙星和常用的12种抗生素对92株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性.方法药敏试验采用K-B纸片扩散法.结果左氧氟沙星对耐亚胺培南菌株的耐药率为43.48%;显著低于头胞噻肟、头胞西丁、头胞他定、头胞哌酮、氧氟沙星和洛美沙星(P＜0.02或P＜0.001);和诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、阿米卡星、舒普深、妥布霉素的耐药率无差异([ WTBX P＞0.05).结论左氧氟沙星对耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌有良好的抗菌活性.     

Infectivity and resistance to antibiotics of bacterial strains isolated from patients hospitalised in intensive care units

The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of isolation and antimicrobial resistance testing of bacterial strains isolated from clinical specimens from patients hospitalized in three Intensive Care Units in Wroc?aw. The susceptibility of bacteria (107 strains) to selected antibiotics was determined. The results clearly show that non-fermentative rods were identified as the main agents causing pneumonia (58% of isolates). The second commonest pathogens were Gram-positive cocci (29%). The P. aeruginosa and E. cloacae strains were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefuroxime and cefotaxime. All isolates of A. baumanii were susceptible only to imipenem. The rods of K. pneumoniae and E. coli were resistant to ampicillin, about 55% strains of both bacteria were sensitive to other antibiotics, except piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem and ciprofloxacin. About 90% of methicillin resistant S. epidermidis strains were resistant to all antibiotics, except vancomycin (100% isolates were sensitive). ESBL were detected among E. cloace, K. pneumoniae and E. coli. We found P. aeruginosa rods producing MBL.     

Surveillance and Correlation of Antimicrobial Usage and Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Hospital Population-Based Study

This retrospective study evaluated trends and association between resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) and hospital antimicrobial usage from 2003 through 2011 in a tertiary care hospital in northeast China. HAI was defined as occurrence of infection after hospital admission, without evidence that infection was present or incubating (≦48 h) on admission. In vitro susceptibilities were determined by disk diffusion test and susceptibility profiles were determined using zone diameter interpretive criteria, as recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Data on usage of various antimicrobial agents, expressed as defined daily dose (DDD) per 1,000 patients-days developed by WHO Anatomical Therapeutical Chemical (ATC)/DDD index 2011, were collected from hospital pharmacy computer database. Most of 747 strains of P. aeruginosa were collected from respiratory samples (201 isolates, 26.9%), blood (179, 24.0%), secretions and pus (145, 19.4%) over the years. Time series analysis demonstrated a significant increase in resistance rates of P. aeruginosa to ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoperazone/sulbactam, piperacillin, imipenem, meropenem, ceftazidime, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin except aminoglycosides over time in the hospital (P<0.001). The rates of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) isolated from patients with HAIs were 14.3%, 17.1%, 21.1%, 24.6%, 37.0%, 48.8%, 56.4%, 51.2%, and 54.1% over time. A significant increase in usage of anti-pseudomonal carbapenems (P<0.001) was seen. ARIMA models demonstrated that anti-pseudomonal carbapenems usage was strongly correlated with the prevalence of imipenem and meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (P<0.001). Increasing of quarterly CRPA was strongly correlated at one time lag with quarterly use of anti-pseudomonal carbapenems (P<0.001). Our data demonstrated positive correlation between anti-pseudomonal antimicrobial usage and P. aeruginosa resistance to several classes of antibiotics, but not all antimicrobial agents in the hospital.     

The prevalence of antimicrobial‐resistant Escherichia coli in sympatric wild rodents varies by season and host

Aims: To investigate the prevalence and temporal patterns of antimicrobial resistance in wild rodents with no apparent exposure to antimicrobials. Methods and Results: Two sympatric populations of bank voles and wood mice were trapped and individually monitored over a 2‐ year period for faecal carriage of antimicrobial‐resistant Escherichia coli. High prevalences of ampicillin‐, chloramphenicol‐, tetracycline‐ and trimethoprim‐resistant E. coli were observed. A markedly higher prevalence of antimicrobial‐resistant E. coli was found in wood mice than in bank voles, with the prevalence in both increasing over time. Superimposed on this trend was a seasonal cycle with a peak prevalence of resistant E. coli in mice in early‐ to mid‐summer and in voles in late summer and early autumn. Conclusions: These sympatric rodent species had no obvious contact with antimicrobials, and the difference in resistance profiles between rodent species and seasons suggests that factors present in their environment are unlikely to be drivers of such resistance. Significance and Impact of the Study: These findings suggest that rodents may represent a reservoir of antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria, transmissible to livestock and man. Furthermore, such findings have implications for human and veterinary medicine regarding antimicrobial usage and subsequent selection of antimicrobial‐resistant organisms.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria in Bulgaria

ObjectivesThe antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria isolated from clinical specimens in the referent for Bulgaria anaerobic laboratory was studied in a period of 25 years/1983–2007/.MethodsNCCLS – recommended agar dilution methods were used. β-lactamase activity was determined with nitrocefin discs.ResultsThe 29 antimicrobial agents included in the study were divided according to their in vitro activity against the anaerobic isolates into 4 main groups for guiding empirical treatment: 1st group of metronidazole, chloramphenicol, meropenem, imipenem and combinations of β-lactam antibiotics with sulbactam – with high activity and drugs of choice for treatment; 2nd group – clindamycin, cefoxitin, carbenicillin/and azlocillin, piperacillin/ – with a good activity and low percent of resistant strains; 3rd group – of tetracycline and erythromycin with higher percent of resistant strains including the new macrolides as josamycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin and azithromycin; 4th group – penicillins/ampicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin/and cephalosporins/cefamandole, cefazolin, cefotaxime and cefoperazone/ – not suitable for treatment of infections including Bacteroides fragilis group strains, with a very high percent of resistant strains, probably due to β-lactamase activity in most of the strains.ConclusionA continued updating and a follow-up in the changes of antibiotic susceptibility are necessary in every country as resistance patterns vary not only between geographical regions but also even among medical centers and hospitals which may be connected with differences in antibiotic usage in man and animals.     

Quantifying antimicrobial resistance at veal calf farms

This study was performed to determine a sampling strategy to quantify the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance on veal calf farms, based on the variation in antimicrobial resistance within and between calves on five farms. Faecal samples from 50 healthy calves (10 calves/farm) were collected. From each individual sample and one pooled faecal sample per farm, 90 selected Escherichia coli isolates were tested for their resistance against 25 mg/L amoxicillin, 25 mg/L tetracycline, 0.5 mg/L cefotaxime, 0.125 mg/L ciprofloxacin and 8/152 mg/L trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/s) by replica plating. From each faecal sample another 10 selected E. coli isolates were tested for their resistance by broth microdilution as a reference. Logistic regression analysis was performed to compare the odds of testing an isolate resistant between both test methods (replica plating vs. broth microdilution) and to evaluate the effect of pooling faecal samples. Bootstrap analysis was used to investigate the precision of the estimated prevalence of resistance to each antimicrobial obtained by several simulated sampling strategies. Replica plating showed similar odds of E. coli isolates tested resistant compared to broth microdilution, except for ciprofloxacin (OR 0.29, p≤0.05). Pooled samples showed in general lower odds of an isolate being resistant compared to individual samples, although these differences were not significant. Bootstrap analysis showed that within each antimicrobial the various compositions of a pooled sample provided consistent estimates for the mean proportion of resistant isolates. Sampling strategies should be based on the variation in resistance among isolates within faecal samples and between faecal samples, which may vary by antimicrobial. In our study, the optimal sampling strategy from the perspective of precision of the estimated levels of resistance and practicality consists of a pooled faecal sample from 20 individual animals, of which 90 isolates are tested for their susceptibility by replica plating.     

Comparison of prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Campylobacter spp. isolates from organic and conventional dairy herds in Wisconsin

The prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Campylobacter spp. isolates from bovine feces were compared between organic and conventional dairy herds. Thirty organic dairy herds, where antimicrobials are rarely used for calves and never used for cows, were compared with 30 neighboring conventional dairy farms, where antimicrobials were routinely used for animals for all ages. Fecal specimens from 10 cows and 10 calves on 120 farm visits yielded 332 Campylobacter isolates. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in organic and conventional farms was 26.7 and 29.1%, and the prevalence was not statistically different between the two types of farms. Campylobacter prevalence was significantly higher in March than in September, higher in calves than in cows, and higher in smaller farms than in large farms. The rates of retained placenta, pneumonia, mastitis, and abortion were associated with the proportion of Campylobacter isolation from fecal samples. The gradient disk diffusion MIC method (Etest) was used for testing susceptibility to four antimicrobial agents: ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. Two isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and none of isolates was resistant to gentamicin or erythromycin. Resistance to tetracycline was 45% (148 of 332 isolates). Tetracycline resistance was found more frequently in calves than in cows (P = 0.042), but no difference was observed between organic and conventional farms. When we used Campylobacter spp. as indicator bacteria, we saw no evidence that restriction of antimicrobial use on dairy farms was associated with prevalence of resistance to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, erythromycin, and tetracycline.     

Role of calf-adapted Escherichia coli in maintenance of antimicrobial drug resistance in dairy calves

The prevalence of antimicrobial drug-resistant bacteria is typically highest in younger animals, and prevalence is not necessarily related to recent use of antimicrobial drugs. In dairy cattle, we hypothesize that antimicrobial drug-resistant, neonate-adapted bacteria are responsible for the observed high frequencies of resistant Escherichia coli in calves. To explore this issue, we examined the age distribution of antimicrobial drug-resistant E. coli from Holstein cattle at a local dairy and conducted an experiment to determine if low doses of oxytetracycline affected the prevalence of antimicrobial drug-resistant E. coli. Isolates resistant to tetracycline (>4 microg/ml) were more prevalent in <3-month-old calves (79%) compared with lactating cows (14%). In an experimental trial where calves received diets supplemented with or without oxytetracycline, the prevalence of tetracycline-resistant E. coli was slightly higher for the latter group (P = 0.039), indicating that drug use was not required to maintain a high prevalence of resistant E. coli. The most common resistance pattern among calf E. coli isolates included resistance to streptomycin (>12 microg/ml), sulfadiazine (>512 microg/ml), and tetracycline (>4 microg/ml) (SSuT), and this resistance pattern was most prevalent during the period when calves were on milk diets. To determine if prevalence was a function of differential fitness, we orally inoculated animals with nalidixic acid-resistant strains of SSuT E. coli and susceptible E. coli. Shedding of SSuT E. coli was significantly greater than that of susceptible strains in neonatal calves (P < 0.001), whereas there was no difference in older animals (P = 0.5). These data support the hypothesis that active selection for traits linked to the SSuT phenotype are responsible for maintaining drug-resistant E. coli in this population of dairy calves.