水稻开花期调控的分子机理研究进展

水稻准确地感知外部环境信号,通过内部复杂的基因网络做出反应,在一年中最适合的时候开花繁殖。与长日促进长日模式植物拟南芥开花相反,短日促进短日模式植物水稻开花。通过对水稻和拟南芥的开花期调控机理的对比分析,发现水稻和拟南芥有着一些相对保守的开花期控制基因,其调控机理也是相似的。另外,水稻也有一些独特的开花期控制基因和开花途径。本文着重从光周期对水稻开花期的调控途径和作用机理角度进行了阐述,并对水稻开花期的自然变异与其育种应用、生物钟关联基因、光中断现象和临界日长现象以及开花期与产量的关系进行了总结。     

荚蒾属植物花期物候对春季异常气象事件的响应

在全球气候变化背景下异常气象事件频繁发生。华北地区在经历了2010年春季的异常冷湿后,2016年春季又出现了异常暖旱的气象事件。对荚蒾属(Viburnum)植物2009–2016年春季的2次气象事件及正常年份的多年花期物候进行观测,发现春季异常暖旱时荚蒾属植物的花期整体提前,但花期时长均未缩短;海拔跨度小的琼花(V.macrocephalum)和欧洲绣球(V.opulus),其始花期、花前积温和花期长短年际变化幅度较大,而海拔跨度较大的李叶荚蒾(V.prunifolium)、黑果荚蒾(V.lantana)和红蕾荚蒾(V.carlesii)无论春季冷湿或暖旱,其始花期、花前积温和花期长短都表现出较小的可塑性,并且这3个物种的始花期也相对固定。春季气候暖旱时荚蒾枝条的同化产物分配增加,枝条增粗明显,叶片生长速率加快,叶面积更大但叶片更薄,远果叶的同化产物分配显著增加,可能意味着果实发育的同化产物供给受到影响。针对异常气象事件中专属植物的花期物候格局的研究,不仅能更精准地追踪物种繁育特征的环境可塑性及系统认识专属植物的气候变化响应,而且可为物候学大尺度数据分析提供基本信息。     

Flowering Response of Pharbitis nil to Agents Affecting Cytoplasmic pH

Permeant weak acids and auxins have been shown to reduce the cytosplasmic pH in several systems. Lactic, citric, formic, butyric, salicylic, parahydroxybenzoic, propionic acid, and sodium propionate inhibited the flowering response of Pharbitis nil seedlings when applied immediately before an inductive dark period. The acidic auxins IAA, indolebutyric, and α-naphtaleneacetic acid, as well as the nonacidic auxin α-naphtaleneaceteamid, also inhibited the flowering response. Inhibition was generally more pronounced with a 12-hour than with a 16-hour dark period. Salicylic acid and sodium propionate shifted the response curve of the dark period by about 2 hours. Salicyclic acid, sodium propionate, and indolebutyric acid were inhibitory when applied during the first few hours of the dark period. The permeant weak bases NH₄Cl, procaine, and trisodium citrate enhanced the flowering response. NH₄Cl reduced the length of the critical dark period. The inhibition of flowering by acids and auxins as well as the promotion of flowering by bases was obtained even when only the cotyledons had been treated. The inhibition of floral induction by auxins may not be dependent on their effect on the cytoplasmic pH.     

Flowering in Pisum: the Sites and Possible Mechanisms of the Vernalization Response

Grafting experiments with several genotypes provide evidencethat vernalization acts through at least two mechanisms. Vernalization of the stock promoted flowering by 26 nodes ingenotype If e Sn Hr and 5.5 nodes in genotype If e Sn hr buthad no detectable effect in genotype If e sn hr. Cold treatmentappears to cause a higher ratio of promoter to inhibitor, atleast in part, through low temperature repression of Sn activity.This mechanism is particularly evident in the cotyledons sincethey form a major area of Sn activity during vernalization.Continuous light was shown previously to prevent Sn forminginhibitor. It seems therefore that both photoperiod and vernalizationhave an effect through the Sn gene. Vernalization of the shoot promoted flowering by 19 nodes ingenotype If e Sn Hr, 3 nodes genotype If e Sn hr, and 1 nodein genotype If e sn hr1 grafted to an If e Sn hr stock. Theshoot effect may result from one or possibly two mechanisms.Firstly, vernalization may lower the threshold ratio of promoterto inhibitor required at the apex for floral initiation. Thesame change in threshold could result in changes in the floweringnode of quite different magnitude depending on the rate of changein the hormonal levels in the different genotypes. Secondly,vernalization may disturb the ageing process relative to theplastochronic age leading to an earlier (nodewise) decline ininhibitor level.     

Role of the Quality of Light in the Photoperiodic Flowering Response in Four Latitudinal Ecotypes of Chenopodium rubrum L.

The effect of the quality of light on the photoperiodic floweringresponse in four latitudinal ecotypes of Chenopodium rubrumwas examined. Two southern ecotypes, Sel-184 (50°10' N)and Sel-194 (34°20' N), displayed an obligate short-dayplant under white (W), red (R) and blue (B) light. Sel-372 (62°46'N),the most northern ecotype, was day-neutral in B and W lightand had an ambiphotoperiodic response in R light. Sel-374 (60°47'N) was an ambiphotoperiodic in B light and had a short-day responsein W and R light. In the B light regimens, the flowering ofSel-374 was modified from a typical ambiphotoperiodic to day-neutralresponse by changing the temperature from 20°C to 12°C. The photopriodic flowering response in the 8–16 hr photoperiodwas suppressed severely by the reducing light intensity from3,000 to 1,500 ergs.cm^–2.sec^–1, but that in continuousillumination was lowered only slightly by decreasing the lightintensity. The ambiphotoperiodic flowering response differedin its reaction to light; flowering in the 8-18 hr photoperiodrequired a high intensity light independent of the quality oflight, and flowering in the 24 hr photoperiod was promoted byB light. We considered the ambiphotoperiodic flowering responseto be a combination of the obligate short-day flowering responseand the flowering response for an extreme long-day condition,which is favored by B light. Therefore, this photoperiodic responseprobably is an intermediate step in the short-day and day-neutralresponses in day-neutralization. (Received December 8, 1980; Accepted February 20, 1981)     

The Interaction of Photoperiod and Temperature on the Flowering Response of Rice

Eight varieties of the species Oryza sativa L. and two varietiesof O. glaberrima Steud. were grown under controlled conditionsin combinations of three photo-periods (8 10 and 11 hours lightper day), each giving the same total daily radiant energy, andfour temperature régimes (‘night’ and ‘day’temperatures of 25-35° 30-35° 30-40° and 35-35°respectively). The flowering responses were measured as thenumber of days from sowing to the first appearance of the panicle.Under the range of conditions investigated, one variety (Kogbati3) was completely insensitive to both photoperiod and temperature.The remainder were affected by both factors and the optimumphotoperiod (i.e. the photoperiod resulting in earliest flowering)varied between 8 and 10 hours. In general, the higher the temperaturerégime, the longer the duration of the vegetative phase.In some varieties, but not all, there was some indication thatthe value of the optimum photoperiod increased with increasingtemperature. No specific effects of night temperatures as opposedto day temperatures on the flowering response could be detected,but there was some evidence that high night temperatures weremore deleterious to vegetative growth than high day temperatures.The 8-hour photoperiod also resulted in particularly poor vegetativegrowth by comparison with other photoperiodic treatments.     

Spikelet Sterility and Flowering Response of Rice to Water Stress at Anthesis

Water deficits at the anthesis stage of rice (Oryza sativa L.)induce a high percentage of spikelet sterility and reduce grainyield. This study attempted to elucidate the direct effectsof water stress on panicle exsertion, spikelet opening, andspikelet desiccation leading to spikelet sterility. A well-wateredtreatment and two water stress levels were imposed in pot-grownplants of IRAT 13 (upland cultivar) and IR20 (lowland cultivar)at the time of flowering under greenhouse conditions A cultivar difference was observed in the flowering responseto water stress with a high sensitivity in IR20. The time courseof panicle exsertion showed an inhibitory effect due to thelow panicle water status. Low panicle water potentials significantlyreduced the number of opened spikelets. Spikelet opening wascompletely inhibited at panicle water potentials below –1·8MPa and –2·3 MPa in IR20 and IRAT 13, respectively.However, the peak spikelet opening time in a day was not influencedby the stress treatment. Spikelets in stressed panicles wereobserved to remain open for a longer period than in the well-wateredpanicles. The role of turgor in spikelet opening is also discussedin the study. At low panicle water potentials, severe desiccationof spikelets and anthers was noted. The deleterious effectsof water deficits on spikelet opening and spikelet water losscontributed to reduced spikelet fertility Oryza sativa L., rice, spikelet sterility, flowering, water stress, panicle water potentials, turgor potentials, desiccation     

Flowering in Pisum: Kinetics of the Vernalization Response in Genotype If e Sn Hr

Previous work has shown that vernalization acts at two sites,one in the cotyledons and one in the shoot, in young plantsof genotype Ife Sn Hr. During the present study the size ofthe vernalization responses in both the cotyledons and shootincreased as the temperature was lowered from 17 to 3 °C.This occurred regardless of whether the treatment was givenfor the same chronological period of time or for the same physiologicalperiod of time. Vernalization treatment was effective from thetime the seeds were developing in the pods on the maternal plantuntil at least 20 leaves were expanded and became graduallymore effective as the length of the treatment was increasedfrom 2 to 5 weeks. High pre– or post–vernalizationtemperatures can reduce the cotyledon effect and to a lesserextent the shoot effect of vernalization. Devernalization occurredto a larger extent in low light intensities and darkness thanin high light intensities. No stabilization of the vernalizationeffects in the cotyledons or shoot appeared to occur at normalgrowing temperatures (15–25 °C). These results arediscussed in terms of the previously hypothesized mechanismsfor the cotyledon and shoot effects of vernalization. Pisum sativum, flowering, vernalization     

A Semidian Rhythm in the Flowering Response of Pharbitis nil to Far-Red Light: II. The Involvement of Phytochrome

The semidian (~12 h) periodicity in the effect of far-red (FR) interruptions of the light period preceding inductive darkness on flowering in Pharbitis nil appears to be mediated by phytochrome: (a) promotion by interruptions 2 hours before inductive darkness (−2 hours) and inhibition at −8 hours are greater the higher the proportion of FR/R+FR during the interruption; (b) brief FR exposures followed by darkness are even more effective than FR throughout; (c) the effect of brief FR is reversed by subsequent R; (d) R interruptions of an FR background are most promotive at −8 hours, when FR is most inhibitory. Promotive FR interruptions at −2 or −14 hours shorten the critical dark period whereas inhibitory FR interruptions at −8 hours lengthen it. We conclude that the semidian rhythm is controlled by a `timing pool' of phytochrome FR absorbing form (Pfr) which disappears rapidly in darkness: four different estimates from our experiments indicate that Pfr was reduced to the level set by FR within 20 to 45 minutes in darkness. However, flowering may also be influenced by a `metabolic pool' of Pfr with a delayed loss in darkness, the time of which can be advanced or retarded by shifting the semidian rhythm.     

生长调节剂处理对银杏结实的影响

盛花期对银杏雌株叶面喷施多效唑,B9,GA3,GA3＋6－BA。结果表明,多效唑和B9能够明显提高坐果率,有效增加来年成花数量,GA3和GA3＋6－BA对提高坐果无影响,但能增加种子重量,促进纵,横径增加,GA3还能够促进翌年成花数量,多效唑处理提高产量的原因,一是抑制树体营养生长,二是减少落花落果,增加植株翌年成花量。     

Flowering and Growth Response of Peanut Plants (Arachis hypogaea L. var. Starr) at Two Levels of Relative Humidity

Peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L. var. Starr) grown under two different relative humidities were used in all experiments. All plants were germinated and grown to flowering in the greenhouse. At this time, one group was moved to a growth room under 95% relative humidity. After 50 days the humidity of the growth room was lowered to 50%. The second group was moved into a growth room at 50% relative humidity and after 50 days the humidity was raised to 95%.     

Environmental Control of Flowering in Vicia faba L.

There is a heteroblastic change in leaflet number in many stocksof Vicia faba, the rate of change being affected by the temperatureand photoperiod under which the plants are grown. In all exceptthe earliest flowering stocks of broad beans, and particularlyat high temperatures, flower initiation shows a quantita-tivelong-day response. For full development of the initiated inflorescenceslong days are required. Flower initiation may be accelerated in all except the earliestflowering stocks of V.faba by brief exposures to low temperatures,particularly when the plants are grown in short days at hightemperatures. The response to low temperatures is more rapidat I0° C. than at 4° C. but eventually approaches saturationat both temperatures. More prolonged exposure to low temperaturesdelays flower initia-tion. The response to low temperaturesincreases with increasing plant age but can occur during embryodevelopment on the mother plant. At temperatures above 14° C, and particularly above 23°C, a reaction inhibitory to flower initiation occurs. This reactionis probably restricted to the diurnal dark periods but is operativeat all stages of the life cycle, including embryo development.Its inhibitory effects may be overcome by subsequent cold treatment,and when the low temperature processes have reached saturationsubsequent high temperatures are no longer inhibitory. Although nucleosides could accelerate flower initiation, purineand pyrimidene analogues did not, with one exception, reducethe response to low temperature treatment.