黄病毒属病毒复制子载体研究进展

RNA复制子是一种能自主复制的RNA载体,保留了病毒非结构蛋白(复制/转录酶)基因,而结构蛋白基因缺失或由外源抗原基因替代,复制/转录酶可控制载体RNA在细胞质中高水平复制以及外源基因的高水平表达。在黄病毒属病毒感染性克隆基础上,其复制子载体得到了成功的构建。黄病毒属病毒复制子为病毒基因组结构功能研究、表达载体构建、假病毒包装及新型疫苗制备等提供了新的技术平台。本文综述黄病毒属病毒复制子的构建原理、方法及应用。     

基于甲病毒的RNA复制子疫苗

RNA复制子疫苗利用源自病毒能够自主复制的RNA,结构蛋白基因由外源抗原基因取代,保留了非结构蛋白基因,非结构蛋白可控制载体RNA在胞浆中高水平复制和外源基因的高水平表达。RNA复制子疫苗克服了传统疫苗和普通DNA疫苗存在的缺点,具有免疫效果显著、安全性好、应用范围广等优点,具有很好的应用前景。用于RNA复制子疫苗的载体主要源自甲病毒,本文以甲病毒载体为例,简要阐明RNA复制子疫苗的基本原理和特点,并对其应用作一综述。     

RNA复制子疫苗及其包装系统

RNA复制子疫苗是一种基于RNA的复制子,能够进行自我复制的新型疫苗,保留了病毒的复制酶基因,结构基因由外源基因所代替,复制酶可控制载体RNA在胞质中高水平复制和外源基因高水平的表达。RNA复制子疫苗被包装成病毒样颗粒后,大大提高了RNA复制子的稳定性。近几年来,关于RNA复制子的包装系统发展迅速,并且许多包装系统都获得成功,大大提高了复制子疫苗的生物安全性和外源基因的高效表达性,具有很好的应用前景。     

RNA复制子疫苗

RNA复制子是自主复制的RNA,保留了病毒复制酶基因,而结构蛋白基因缺失,由外源抗原基因取代,复制酶可控制载体RNA在胞浆中高水平复制和外源基因的高水平表达。用于开发复制子的主要是单股正链RNA病毒,如甲病毒(辛德比斯病毒、塞姆利基森林病毒、委内瑞拉马脑炎病毒)、黄病毒(登革热病毒、昆津病毒)、小RNA病毒(脊髓灰质炎病毒、人鼻病毒)、副粘病毒(犬瘟热病毒)、杯状病毒(猫杯状病毒)。基于复制子的疫苗不会产生能复制的感染性病毒粒子,不可能与细胞基因组发生整合,但可诱导全身免疫和粘膜免疫以及MHCI限制性CTL反应,而不受体内已有载体抗体的干扰。目前已开发了大量基于复制子的疫苗和肿瘤的治疗性和预防性疫苗,并在很多疾病模型上取得成功,包括病毒(流感病毒、人免疫缺陷病毒、拉沙病毒、马尔堡病毒、呼吸道合胞体病毒、诺沃克样病毒、马动脉炎病毒等)肿瘤(人乳头瘤、癌胚抗原、B16肿瘤、小鼠黑素瘤等)、以及细菌毒素(肉毒杆菌毒素、葡萄球菌肠毒素、破伤风毒素等)。     

昆津病毒复制子——一种新型病毒载体

病毒复制子 (Replicon) 是指来源于病毒基因组的能够自主复制的RNA分子,保留了病毒非结构蛋白基因,而结构蛋白基因缺失或由外源基因替代。昆津病毒 (Kunjun virus) 为黄病毒科黄病毒属成员,其复制子具有表达效率高、细胞毒性低、遗传稳定等特点,在病毒基因组复制调控机制、外源蛋白表达、新型疫苗和基因治疗等领域得到了广泛应用。以下就昆津病毒复制子系统的构建、特性及应用方面的研究进展作一综述。     

基于DNA的Semliki森林病毒复制子载体体内外高水平表达外源基因

基于DNA的复制子载体显著地提高了复制子载体的应用范围,在体外可用于高水平表达外源基因,大规模制备重组病毒颗粒,在体内可用于复制子疫苗和基因治疗载体研究.将复制子RNA的cDNA置于RNA聚合酶Ⅱ启动子和转录终止子控制下时,基于RNA的复制子载体可转变为基于DNA的复制子载体.当DNA载体转染细胞后,第一阶段,RNA聚合酶Ⅱ启动子在核内起始合成RNA,经过加工和修饰后运输到细胞质中,相当于复制子RNA,第二阶段,该RNA自我复制及表达外源基因,相当于病毒RNA复制循环.在成功地构建了基于DNA和RNA的双功能复制子表达载体pSCTA和辅助载体pSHCTA的基础上,为了获得高效的基于DNA的复制子载体,对其进行改进而构建了共4种不同的基于DNA的semliki森林病毒复制子,通过对表达载体和相应的辅助载体表达报告基因及对制备重组病毒颗粒的能力进行比较,获得了复制能力提高的复制子载体pSCAR和pSHCAR.该表达载体pSCAR可高水平表达外源基因,与辅助载体pSHCAR共转染可制备高滴度的重组病毒颗粒,并且也能表达抗原基因.另外,报告基因在DNA复制子载体注射的小鼠体内得到了高水平表达,并且DNA免疫小鼠后也诱导产生高滴度特异性抗体以及细胞免疫反应.结果表明,经过改造SFV复制子载体,获得了高效的基于DNA的SFV复制子载体.该复制子载体增强了原复制子载体应用能力,并有潜力作为复制子疫苗和基因治疗载体.     

一种基于塞姆利基森林病毒复制子的新型复制子载体

RNA复制子是能自主复制的病毒RNA。基于RNA复制子的表达载体和基因疫苗比常规真核表达载体和DNA疫苗具有更大的优越性。以塞姆利基森林病毒RNA复制子衍生的真核表达载体pSFV1为骨架 ,插入CMV立即早期启动子和SV40晚期Poly(A)信号 ,构建了一种完全基于DNA的复制型表达载体pSFV1CS ,将增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因EGFP插入其中 ,构建了重组质粒pSFV1CS EGFP ,通过转染 2 93T细胞 ,证实外源基因能在其中高效表达。该载体可用于表达真核蛋白和构建复制子载体疫苗。     

日本脑炎病毒(JEV)复制子表达载体的构建及其鉴定

在以往构建的JEV疫苗株SA14-14-2感染性克隆pBRkpn-JTF的基础上,构建了去除JEV结构区域基因(prM基因和E基因),保留非结构区域基因的复制子表达载体pCTCJEV、pCTMJEV,转染BHK-21细胞后,通过反转录PCR(RT-PCR)和间接免疫荧光实验(IFA)检测该载体的自主复制能力和蛋白表达情况,结果证实该载体在BHK-21细胞中能够自主复制并且表达非结构蛋白。进一步在该载体中插入报告基因EGFP,检测外源蛋白的表达情况,结果显示在转染复制子载体的24h后,荧光显微镜下能够看见绿色荧光蛋白的表达,阳性信号持续增强,能够维持10d左右,证实了构建的复制子载体pCTCJEV能够有效地表达外源蛋白,这为进一步建立以乙脑病毒复制子为基础的疫苗载体系统打下基础。     

日本脑炎病毒C蛋白对其复制子载体自主复制活性的影响

为了研制具有高效自主复制能力的日本脑炎病毒 (JEV) 复制子载体,验证其作为新型复制子疫苗载体的可能性。以保留全长核心蛋白C基因的JEV复制子载体pCTCJEV为基础,通过PCR的方法减短C蛋白的部分基因序列,分别保留C23和C68位氨基酸,以Lac Z基因作为报告基因,构建了C基因长短不同的JEV复制子载体pCMW-2M-1LACZ、pCMW-2M-3LACZ。将复制子载体转染表达JEV结构蛋白的细胞系CME-4,通过Lac Z的表达检测JEV复制子载体表达外源蛋白的能力,反映了JEV的系列复制子载体的自主复制能力。结果保留C基因全长,C68、C23的复制子载体表达外源蛋白的能力相当,以上结果说明仅仅保留C蛋白的69个核苷酸即可保留JEV复制子载体的自主复制能力,为进一步优化JEV复制子载体,将该载体开发研制成为高效表达外源蛋白的疫苗载体提供了依据。     

基于DNA和RNA的双功能Semliki森林病毒复制子载体的构建

以semliki森林病毒衍生的复制子载体pSFV1和辅助载体pSFV-helper2为骨架, 用CMV IE和T7启动子替换SP6启动子并在3′ UTR下游插入BGH转录终止子,构建了基于DNA和RNA的复制子表达载体pSMCTA和辅助载体pSHCTA。在DNA和RNA二种递送方式上证实该表达载体可高水平表达外源基因,与辅助载体共转染可制备具有感染能力并能表达外源基因的重组病毒颗粒。构建的基于DNA和RNA的双功能复制子载体显著地提高SFV载体应用范围,在体外可用于高水平表达外源基因及大规模制备重组病毒颗粒,在体内也可用于研制复制子疫苗和基因治疗载体。     

体外转录的自我复制型mRNA疫苗研究进展*

自我复制型mRNA是一种灵活的疫苗平台,该平台的开发基于甲病毒表达载体,其中复制必需基因得以完整保留,而结构蛋白基因则被来自病原的抗原基因替换。由于避免了病原培养、毒力返强和现存免疫的干扰,使其成为疫苗快速设计的理想平台。大量研究数据显示,此类疫苗可应用在人、小鼠、兔、猪、禽甚至鱼类体内诱导体液免疫和细胞免疫。过去,自我复制mRNA疫苗的研究采用重组单载体的模式,基因组骨架来源于辛德毕斯病毒、塞姆利基森林病毒和委内瑞拉马脑炎病毒。现在,反式复制型RNA和核酸修饰的反式复制型RNA作为下一代技术平台被寄予厚望。对基于甲病毒表达载体的mRNA疫苗技术的研究进展进行概述,重点介绍针对以流感病毒、新型冠状病毒和寨卡病毒等为代表的自我复制型mRNA疫苗研究现状,并探讨了该技术平台的未来发展方向。     

Cancer therapy using a self-replicating RNA vaccine.

'Naked' nucleic acid vaccines are potentially useful candidates for the treatment of patients with cancer, but their clinical efficacy has yet to be demonstrated. We sought to enhance the immunogenicity of a nucleic acid vaccine by making it 'self-replicating'. We accomplished this by using a gene encoding an RNA replicase polyprotein derived from the Semliki forest virus, in combination with a model antigen. A single intramuscular injection of a self-replicating RNA immunogen elicited antigen-specific antibody and CD8+ T-cell responses at doses as low as 0.1 microg. Pre-immunization with a self-replicating RNA vector protected mice from tumor challenge, and therapeutic immunization prolonged the survival of mice with established tumors. The self-replicating RNA vectors did not mediate the production of substantially more model antigen than a conventional DNA vaccine did in vitro. However, the enhanced efficacy in vivo correlated with a caspase-dependent apoptotic death in transfected cells. This death facilitated the uptake of apoptotic cells by dendritic cells, providing a potential mechanism for enhanced immunogenicity. Naked, non-infectious, self-replicating RNA may be an excellent candidate for the development of new cancer vaccines.     

Targeting and expression of antigenic proteins in transgenic plants for production of edible oral vaccines

Summary Exploiting plants as biological bioreactors for production and delivery of edible oral subunit vaccines is a promising application of biotechnology. Efforts to enhance expression levels of transgenes coding for antigenic proteins by exploiting promoters, targeting sequences, and enhancer elements have produced rather low quantities of the antigen in plant tissues, but enough to induce immune responses in feeding studies. This review will cover components of various gene constructs used in developing plant-based vaccines against a myriad of viral and bacterial diseases. Specifically, it will focus on sequences that are involved in targeting the antigen to mucosal tissues of the intestinal tract, thus enhancing the immunogenicity of the plant-based vaccine as well as those components that result in higher accumulation of the protein within the plant.     

Modulation of replication, aminoacylation and adenylation in vitro and infectivity in vivo of BMV RNAs containing deletions within the multifunctional 3'' end.

The genome of brome mosaic virus (BMV) is comprised of three (+) strand RNAs, each containing a similar, highly structured, 200 base long sequence at its 3' end. A 134 base subset of this sequence contains signals directing interaction of the viral RNA with BMV RNA replicase, ATP,CTP:tRNA nucleotidyl transferase and aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. A series of mutants containing deletions within this region, previously constructed and tested in vitro for the effect on replication and aminoacylation activities, has now been assayed in vitro for adenylation function and in vivo for ability to replicate in isolated protoplasts and whole plants. These tests indicate that features of viral RNA recognized by BMV replicase overlap those directing adenylation, but are distinct from those directing aminoacylation. Consequently, the lethality of a deletion preferentially inhibiting aminoacylation suggests that this function may have an essential role contributing to viral replication in vivo. An RNA3 mutant bearing a 20-base deletion yielding normal levels of aminoacylation and enhanced levels of replicase template activity and adenylation in vitro was able to replicate in protoplasts and plants; however, its accumulation in protoplasts was reduced relative to wild-type. This suggests that additional functions affecting the replication and accumulation of viral RNA reside in the conserved 3' sequence.     

Balancing the influenza neuraminidase and hemagglutinin responses by exchanging the vaccine virus backbone

Virions are a common antigen source for many viral vaccines. One limitation to using virions is that the antigen abundance is determined by the content of each protein in the virus. This caveat especially applies to viral-based influenza vaccines where the low abundance of the neuraminidase (NA) surface antigen remains a bottleneck for improving the NA antibody response. Our systematic analysis using recent H1N1 vaccine antigens demonstrates that the NA to hemagglutinin (HA) ratio in virions can be improved by exchanging the viral backbone internal genes, especially the segment encoding the polymerase PB1 subunit. The purified inactivated virions with higher NA content show a more spherical morphology, a shift in the balance between the HA receptor binding and NA receptor release functions, and induce a better NA inhibitory antibody response in mice. These results indicate that influenza viruses support a range of ratios for a given NA and HA pair which can be used to produce viral-based influenza vaccines with higher NA content that can elicit more balanced neutralizing antibody responses to NA and HA.     

Live recombinant vectors for AIDS vaccine development

Live recombinant vectors entered the AIDS vaccine field with the realization that live attenuated HIV vaccines posed too great a safety risk, and that subunit vaccines elicited antibodies which lacked the breadth or potency needed to induce sterilizing immunity. Vectored vaccines provided a means to bring the cellular arm of the immune system into play by mimicking natural viral infection. By delivering antigens within host cells, processing and presentation could occur for induction of cellular immune responses. This recombinant vector approach, either alone or combined with other strategies, has produced impressive results. Recombinants have been generated from DNA and RNA viruses and bacteria. With few exceptions, each vector poses some risk, yet each possesses unique features that make it attractive. In addition to safety, key considerations in vector selection have included previous success as a vaccine against the wild-type agent or other pathogens; ability to induce potent, persistent immune responses; ability to target mucosal inductive sites and antigen presenting cells; lack of integration into the host genome; presence of pre-existing immunity in people; ease of mucosal administration; cloning capacity; ease of engineering and production; and stability of the final product. Here we up-date the status of several live recombinant vectors that have shown good potential in pre-clinical studies. Some have progressed to human clinical trials, and others will shortly. The abundance of vectors, coupled with the complexity arising from use of combination regimens with other vaccine types and heterologous vectors, will necessitate selection of the most promising candidates for large-scale efficacy trials in people. The sooner comparative studies can be designed and implemented in which live recombinant vectors containing the same inserted genes are evaluated head-to-head, the closer we will be to an eventual vaccine.     

人类口服病毒疫苗的研究进展

研制能同时诱导有效黏膜免疫和系统免疫的疫苗是预防黏膜感染病原体的理想目标。消化道具有许多产生黏膜免疫的位点,包括口腔、胃和小肠等。理想的口服病毒疫苗不仅能诱导较好的局部及远端黏膜免疫,也能产生较好的系统免疫,而且还因为具有无痛接种、可自行服用等优势而备受关注。由于人消化道环境及黏膜免疫的复杂性,目前成功上市的人口服病毒疫苗仅限于3种减毒活疫苗。本文将从消化道黏膜免疫的特点、当前口服病毒疫苗种类及研究现状、口服病毒疫苗所面临的挑战等方面进行综述,期望对我国人口服病毒疫苗的研究和开发提供参考和借鉴。