PCR产物直接测序还是克隆测序 密叶杉属rDNA ITS序列的测定方法

通过PCR产物直接测序和克隆测序对三种密叶杉属（Athrotaxis）植物rDNA内转录间隔区(ITS)及5.8 S rDNA序列进行了测定与分析。实验表明A. selaginoides rDNA重复序列间的纯合程度很高, 对PCR产物直接测序就可以测定其ITS区序列。而A. laxifolia、A. cupressoides的ITS1重复序列间的纯合程度较低,各重复单位间序列存在插入/缺失,只有对PCR产物进行克隆测序才能确定其序列。A. laxifolia、A. cupressoides的ITS2区尽管也存在 多态性,但不同重复序列的浓度比较平均,对PCR产物直接测序就可确定重复序列间的变异情况。本实验表明尽管是同一属的三种植物,但其rDNA重复序列间的纯合程度不同,同一植物ITS的不同区域,其重复序列间的纯合程度也不同,针对不同的ITS片段可采用不同的方法以测定其序列。     

基于核rDNA的ITS序列在种子植物系统发育研究中的应用

种子植物核rDNA是高度重复的串联序列,由于同步进化的力量．大多数物种中这些重复单位间已发生纯合或接近纯合。5．8S rDNA把核rDNA的内转录间隔区分为ITS1和ITS2两部分．在被子植物中ITS1的长度为165～298bp,ITS2的长度为177～266bp,而在裸子植物中ITS片段较长。且其长度变化主要由ITS1的长度变异所致。可对这两个片段PCR产物进行直接测序或克隆测序。由于ITS序列变异较快．能够提供较丰富的变异位点和信息位点,已成为被子植物较低分类阶元的系统发育和分类研究中的重要分子标记,为探讨多倍体复合体网状进化关系,异源多倍体的起源提供了重要的系统学信息．但它一般不适合科以上水平的系统学研究。裸子植物中ITS片段较长,重复序列间的纯合程度不同,测序比较困难．因此对探讨裸子植物系统发育和分类受到了一定的限制,但近年来有所发展。     

核rDNA的ITS序列在被子植物系统与进化研究中的应用

被子植物与其它高等真核生物相似,核rDNA是高度重复的串联序列。由于同步进化的力量,绝 大多数物种中这些重复单位间已发生纯合或接近纯合。核rDNA的内转录间隔区(ITS)包含被5.8S rDNA所分隔的ITS1和ITS2两个片段,ITSl的长度为187～298bp,ITS2为187～252bp,经PCR扩 增后可以方便地对这两个片段进行直接测序或克隆测序。ITS序列变异较快,可以提供较丰富的变异 位点和信息位点,已证实它是研究许多被子植物类群系统与进化的重要分子标记,不仅可用于解决科、 亚科、族、属、组内的系统发育和分类问题,而且可用于重建多倍体复合体的网状进化关系,探讨异源多倍体的起源过程,然而,正是由于ITS序列变异较快,它一般不适于科以上水平的系统发育研究。     

杂草稻nrDNA ITS序列的测序分析

杂草稻nrDNAITS序列的直接测序和克隆测序比较结果表明直接测序和克隆测序均能得到准确的杂草稻nrD-NAITS序列。尽管直接测序方便和经济,但它的峰图差,有叠峰出现。杂草稻的ITS序列在587-589bp之间,其中ITS1长度为193-194bp,ITS2的长度为230-232bp,而5.8S均为164bp。与已公布的部分稻属的ITS进行多重比较,该序列蕴含了大量的系统学信息,可在分子水平为杂草稻的发生机理提供证据。     

贵州桐梓何首乌rDNA ITS序列分析

以改进的CTAB法对何首乌总基因组DNA进行提取,采用通用引物对不同来源的何首乌rDNA ITS序列进行PCR扩增、测序和序列分析.结果表明,何首乌rDNA完全序列片段长度共约652 bp,其中ITS1的长度为202 bp,5.8S的长度为161 bp,ITS2长度为232 bp,与其近缘种ITS序列间存在明显差异.其rDNA ITS序列在分子水平上为鉴别何首乌提供了参考依据.     

烟曲霉rRNA基因ITS区的克隆测序分析

对烟曲霉rRNA基因内转录间区(ITS区)进行了克隆测序,并将之与其他几种常见曲霉的相应序列进行了比较.发现3株烟曲霉的ITSⅠ区完全相同,而其中1株烟曲霉的ITSⅡ区与一条已知相应序列仅有2个碱基的变异.提示烟曲霉rRNA基因的两个ITS区序列均十分保守,而且与黄曲霉、黑曲霉、土曲霉及构巢曲霉的相应序列相比较,均有一定程度的变异.     

新型的NDA序列测定策略：PCR产物直接测序

ＤＮＡ序列的测定在现代分子生物学中的应用越来越广泛 ,传统的模板制备方法是将待测序列的ＤＮＡ片段插入质粒或病毒载体中 ,然后让其在宿主细菌细胞中增殖。尽管这套方法已被简化和标准化 ,但由于其涉及到活细胞的保存和使用 ,不可避免地会带来诸如载体和宿主细胞基因发生突变等不利影响。而用ＰＣＲ技术直接从基因组或克隆片段制备测序模板 ,可以完全避免细菌培养、模板提取等重复性操作 ,也克服了以上弊端 ;由于ＰＣＲ技术快速、简便 ,在检测人类遗传病的基因突变时 ,需要比较患者和正常人中的突变分布情况 ,应用ＰＣＲ直接测序技术就能…     

两株中国腮腺炎野毒SH基因cDNA直接测序和克隆测序

对来源于兰州和上海两市的两株腮腺炎病毒野毒的小疏水蛋白（ＳＨ）基因及其旁侧区ｃＤＮＡ的ＰＣＲ扩增产物,分别进行直接测序和克隆测序。用直接测序法测定２株腮腺炎野毒３７８个核苷酸序列,在此范围内存在１６个核苷酸（４．２％）差异,其中１１个（２．９％）位于编码区序列中,所推导的ＳＨ蛋白序列有６个氨基酸（１０．５％）差异。克隆测序法测定的这两株腮腺炎野毒的核苷酸序列相当于直接法的７８－３７８位核苷酸。两处     

2例PCR扩增失败的分析与探讨

根据GenBank报道的序列设计引物,PCR扩增克隆玉米乙醇脱氢酶1(Adh)核基质结合区序列及大鼠脑啡肽基因。扩增的序列电泳分析条带与预期的片段大小基本一致,但测序分析均为非目的片段,为非特异PCR产物,一例为非靶序列间的重复序列配对造成,一例为一侧引物单独引起,重新设计引物,采用巢式PCR获得了目的基因片段。     

PCR产物直接测序技术中影响因素的研究

探讨了PCR产物直接测序技术中的影响因素,结果表明：PCR产物特异性是影响其测序成败的关键因素,PCR反应只有产生惟一扩增产物时,其产物才能被用来直接测序;PCR反应体系残留混合物（dNTP、引物和盐离子等）对其测序质量有明显不利影响,PCR产物纯化后其测序质量能明显提高;同时,PCR产物大小不同,其测序反应的模板用量也不同,在一定长度范围内,最适模板用量随PCR产物长度增加而增加。 Factors that Influence Direct Sequencing of PCR Products XU Zu-yuan1,2,BAO Qi-yu1,NIU Yu-xin1 1.Beijing Genomics Institute / Human Genome Center,Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China; 2.Jingzhou Teachers College,Jingzhou,Hubei 434104,China Abstract:Factors influenced direct sequencing of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) products were investigated in this paper.It showed that the specialization of PCR products played a key role in their sequencing reactions and only which could be sequenced directly.It also showed that the PCR reaction residues (including dNTP,primers,and metal ion) affected badly on the sequencing quality,so the purification of PCR products was necessary before sequencing.In addition,the optimum templates amount in sequencing reaction rose with the increasing of their DNA size in a certain range. Key words：polymerase chain reaction(PCR); direct sequencing of PCR product; ABI 377-DNA sequencer; Q20     

Application of ITS sequences of nuclear rDNA in phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of angiosperms

Nuclear rRNA genes (rDNA) in angiosperms are arranged in long tandem repeat ing units, much like those of other higher eukaryotes. Owing to rapid concerted evolution, the repeat units have homogenized or nearly so in most species. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear rDNA is composed of ITS1 and ITS2, which are seperated by 5.8S rDNA. The two spacers, ITS1 (187～298 bp) and ITS2 (187～252 bp), can be readily amplified by PCR and sequenced using universal primers. The sequences contain many vari able sites and potential informative sites among related species, and have been proven to be a useful molecular marker in phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of many angiosperm taxa. It can be used not only in classification and phylogenetic inferences at the levels of family, subfamily, tribe, genus and section, but also in reconstruction of reticulate evolution and de tection of the speciation via hybridization and polyploidization. But this region may not be useful for resolving phylogenetic relationships among families or taxa of higher hierarchy ow- ing to the rapid variation of the ITS sequences.     

Heterogeneity of ITS1 sequences in the biting midge Culicoides impunctatus (Goetghebuer) suggests a population in Argyll, Scotland, may be genetically distinct.

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) is a useful genomic region for understanding evolutionary and genetic relationships. In the current study, variation in ITS1 from eight Culicoides species was analysed by PCR, DNA restriction analysis, cloning, and sequencing. ITS1 variants were essentially homogenized within a species, as sequences were identical or closely related. However, Culicoides impunctatus ITS1 sequences derived from one (Argyll) of five populations contained considerable genomic diversity. The secondary structure of each ITS1 was computed. The structure aided the production of an accurate alignment and the identification of a large indel. A phylogenetic analysis was performed. Some of the sequences from the diverse Argyll C. impunctatus population were more related to Culicoides imicola, a vector of animal pathogens in the Old World, than they were to the other C. impunctatus sequences. Thus, the rDNA ITS1 regions of individuals in the Argyll C. impunctatus population were not conforming to the general theory of rDNA homogenization through molecular drive.     

Defining orthologous groups among multicopy genes prior to inferring phylogeny,with special emphasis on the Triticeae (Poaceae)

Sequence information from multicopy genes has been widely used for phylogenetic inference. Among those sequences analyzed, nuclear 5S rRNA genes, the two internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) of the 18S-26S rDNA genes, and the intergenic spacer (IGS) regions of the same 18S-26S rDNA genes have all been used at the specific, generic, familial and tribal levels. Many investigations have used direct sequencing of PCR products to generate sequence data. The merits of an alternate approach, namely, cloning prior to sequencing followed by careful alignment of numerous cloned sequences to discern groups of putative orthologous sequences that may then be useful for the inference of relationships among species and genera, are examined and discussed. This process discerns patterns resulting from several cycles of careful alignment followed by manual editing conducted by eye--an exacting operation especially when sequences are unequal in length due to the presence of additions/deletions. Based upon examples taken from our work on the sequencing of individual 5S rDNA clones from several wheat and barley species (Triticum and Hordeum respectively), and the re-analysis of data of others taken from several studies using the nuclear genes mentioned above, we are able to identify groups of putative orthologous sequences that we have named "unit classes". Furthermore, comparisons between provisional orthologous sequences isolated from different species are required for the inference of phylogenetic relationships between them. Paralogous sequences from different unit classes can be compared to infer evolutionary relationships among repeat types only, i.e. among unit classes. In several cases, the analysis of the sequence diversity obtained from different clones permitted the assignment of unit classes to specific haplomes.     

Cryptic long internal repeat sequences in the ribosomal DNA ITS1 gene of the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides (dinophyceae): a 101 nucleotide six-repeat track with a palindrome-like structure

Extremely long PCR fragments were generated by PCR amplification of ITS and 5.8S rDNA from Cochlodinium polykrikoides against other dinoflagellates. These patterns were consistent among geographically different isolates of C. polykrikoies. DNA sequencing reactions revealed that the PCR products were 1,166 bp in length and consisted of 813 bp of ITS1, 160 bp of 5.8S rDNA and 193 bp of ITS2. Thus, the long length was caused mainly by the long ITS1 sequence. Cryptically, the ITS1 contained a tract of 101 bp that occurs six times in tandem. The six repeated elements had identical nucleotide sequences. ITS1, therefore, separated three distinct regions: the 5' end (122 bp), the six parallel repeats (606 bp), and the 3' region (85 bp). Interestingly, both the single and six-repeat sequences should be palindrome-like sequences. In inferred secondary structures, both repeat sequences formed a long helical structure. This is the first reported discovery of comparatively long internal repeats in the ITS1 of dinoflagellates.     

Measuring rDNA diversity in eukaryotic microbial systems: how intragenomic variation, pseudogenes, and PCR artifacts confound biodiversity estimates

Molecular approaches have revolutionized our ability to study the ecology and evolution of micro-organisms. Among the most widely used genetic markers for these studies are genes and spacers of the rDNA operon. However, the presence of intragenomic rDNA variation, especially among eukaryotes, can potentially confound estimates of microbial diversity. To test this hypothesis, bacterially cloned PCR products of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region from clonal isolates of Symbiodinium, a large genus of dinoflagellates that live in symbiosis with many marine protists and invertebrate metazoa, were sequenced and analysed. We found widely differing levels of intragenomic sequence variation and divergence in representatives of Symbiodinium clades A to E, with only a small number of variants attributed to Taq polymerase/bacterial cloning error or PCR chimeras. Analyses of 5.8S-rDNA and ITS2 secondary structure revealed that some variants possessed base substitutions and/or indels that destabilized the folded form of these molecules; given the vital nature of secondary structure to the function of these molecules, these likely represent pseudogenes. When similar controls were applied to bacterially cloned ITS sequences from a recent survey of Symbiodinium diversity in Hawaiian Porites spp., most variants (approximately 87.5%) possessed unstable secondary structures, had unprecedented mutations, and/or were PCR chimeras. Thus, data obtained from sequencing of bacterially cloned rDNA genes can substantially exaggerate the level of eukaryotic microbial diversity inferred from natural samples if appropriate controls are not applied. These considerations must be taken into account when interpreting sequence data generated by bacterial cloning of multicopy genes such as rDNA.     

Evolution of Internal Transcribed Spacer Region of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA in Allopolyploids of Aegilops

Hybridization with subsequent polyploidy is a prominent process in evolution of higher plants, but few data address the evolution of homeologous sequences after polyploidy. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) from eleven allopolyploid species in Aegilops was investigated by PCR amplification and direct sequencing. The sequences obtained were used to study the evolution of ITS region in allopolyploid species. The length of ITS region varied from 599 to 606 bp and the number of variable sites was 93, i.e. 51 and 42 for ITS1 and ITS2 re spectively. Some polymorphic sites were observed in polyploid species, and this indicated that the ancestral sequences had not been homogenized completely by concerted evolution. Distance matrix analysis of diploid and polyploid species by neighbor-joining method, using Triticum monococcum as outgroup, resulted in well-resolved neighbor-joining tree indicating that the ITS regions of UUMM and UUSS genome ( sect. Vertebrata) were homogenizing toward those of UU ancestal genome. This result is in agreement with the results of ctyogenetics of Aegilops. On the other hand, the neighbor joining tree including the D-genome group species (sect. Cylindropyrum and sect. Polyeides ) com prised three clades (CC-DDCC, UU-DDMM-DDMMSS-DDMMUU and MM-DDMvMv), which sug gested that concerted evolution was homogenizing the ITS region of the polyploid derivatives to either of their ancestors.     

Molecular evidence of natural hybridization between Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica.

Nucleotide sequences of two regions, cytochrome c-oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) of the mitochondrial DNA and two regions, internal-transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and the D2 region in the 28S rDNA (28S) of the nuclear DNA were obtained from five Korean worms of the genus Fasciola in order to elucidate their taxonomic status. The CO1 and ND1 regions are all monomorphic in the Korean worms and similar to those of F. gigantica. On the other hand, the ITS2 and D2 regions were found to be polymorphic; that is, out of five worms, two possessed a F. gigantica-type sequence, one, a F. hepatica-type sequence and two possessed sequences of both types indicating an existence of different alleles at the loci. It should be noted that these variations of the ITS2 and D2 regions co-occur at the same individual worms. This was confirmed by sequencing five to six cloned PCR products for each worm. The present study strongly suggests interspecific cross-hybridization between the two species coexisting in Korea.     

毛木耳rDNA序列结构及IGS鉴别菌种初探

rDNA序列中的ITS作为DNA barcode广泛应用于真菌的系统发育与物种辅助鉴定,IGS被认为可以用于种内水平不同菌株的鉴别。有关食用菌rDNA序列的报道较少。本研究对毛木耳Auricularia cornea单核菌株B02进行三代测序与组装,然后用二代测序数据进行校正,得到一个组装效果较好的基因组序列。比对Fibroporia vaillantiir的rDNA序列获得毛木耳rDNA重复单元的完整序列,每个重复单元包含ETS、18S rDNA、ITS1、5.8S rDNA、ITS2、28S rDNA、IGS1、5S rDNA和IGS2,长度分别为398bp、1 790bp、156bp、156bp、206bp、3 432bp、2 247bp、121bp和2 135bp,总长度10 641bp,毛木耳rDNA有310个串联重复单元,转录组和系统发育分析均支持这一结果。与其他已报道的食用菌不同,毛木耳的IGS1、IGS2序列高度保守,其中IGS1的1 400-2 200bp区域在各拷贝之间没有多态性、而在品种之间有较高频率的SNP,这一片段序列有望用于品种鉴别研究。