人胎胰腺巢蛋白阳性细胞的分离培养及其生物学特性研究

胰腺巢蛋白(nestin)阳性细胞是近年发现的与胰腺发育密切相关的一种多能干细胞。我们对人胎胰腺中的nestin~+细胞进行了分离和体外培养,并对其生物学特性进行了研究结果表明:(1)胎胰nestin~+细胞表达高水平ABCG2/BCRP1,并在形态和生长方式上均不同于导管上皮细胞;(2)Nestin~+细胞在体外可自发形成类胰岛细胞团(ICC,islet-likc cell clusters);(3)ICC中的nestin~+细胞具有多向分化潜能,可表达多种细胞特异抗原,经体外诱导可产生少量胰岛素阳性的类β细胞。     

人胎胰巢蛋白阳性细胞的异种体内移植研究

人胎胰巢蛋白阳性(nestin^ )细胞在体外培养中可自发形成类胰岛细胞团(islet-like cell cluster,ICC),有多向分化潜能,并可产生分泌胰岛素的类β细胞。为了验证其体内生物学特性和生理功能,我们进行了诱导后ICC的NOD—Scid糖尿病模型小鼠和正常小鼠肾膜下移植,通过免疫细胞化学检测,超微结构观察以及血糖水平监测等手段考察移植后细胞的形态与功能变化情况,结果表明：(1)移植处有明显的血管增生。(2)ICC可使糖尿病模型小鼠血糖明显降低。(3)ICC在正常小鼠体内分化为多种结构,同时继续增殖侵入肾实质。     

人胎胰巢蛋白阳性细胞的异种体内移植研究

人胎胰巢蛋白阳性(nestin~+)细胞在体外培养中可自发形成类胰岛细胞团(islet-1ike cell cluster,ICC),有多向分化潜能,并可产生分泌胰岛素的类β细胞。为了验证其体内生物学特性和生理功能,我们进行了诱导后ICC的NOD-Scid糖尿病模型小鼠和正常小鼠肾膜下移植,通过免疫细胞化学检测,超微结构观察以及血糖水平监测等手段考察移植后细胞的形态与功能变化情况,结果表明:(1)移植处有明显的血管增生。(2)ICC可使糖尿病模型小鼠血糖明显降低。(3)ICC在正常小鼠体内分化为多种结构,同时继续增殖侵入肾实质。     

成人胰腺导管干细胞的体外分离、纯化、培养及鉴定

目的:建立人胰腺导管干细胞的体外分离、纯化、培养及鉴定的方法.方法:胶原酶分次消化剪切的人胰腺组织,经过Ficoll密度梯度离心后去除胰岛组织,培养于含,10%胎牛血清的CMRL1066培养液中,7-10天可行成单层细胞,用0.25%胰酶-EDTA消化并传代培养.取2-3代细胞利用免疫荧光染色和RT-PCR方法检测CK19、Pdx-1、Nestin、Insulin及Glucagon的表达.结果:经过胶原酶消化、Ficoll密度梯度离心及后续的培养,去除了胰岛组织及外分泌腺,可获得较纯化的鹅卵石样的胰腺导管细胞.免疫荧光结果示:胰腺导管细胞CK19、Pdx-1和Nestin染色呈阳性,阳性细胞率分别为(87.5±6.2)%、(77.5±8.6)%和(50.9±9.5)%,而Insulin染色为阴性.RT-PCR结果显示该细胞表达CK19、Pdx-1和Nestin基因,而未观察到Insulin及Glueagon基因的表达.结论:该方法可较好的分离纯化出人胰腺导管细胞,经鉴定获得细胞具有胰腺干细胞的特性.     

胎牛雄性生殖干细胞源类ES细胞的分离培养与多能性研究

雄性生殖干细胞（male germ stem cells, mGSCs）来源于原始生殖细胞(primordial germ cells, PGCs),且终生存在于性分化后的睾丸中。从20周胎牛分离睾丸细胞,2步连续贴壁速率差法能有效纯化胎牛mGSCs,经流式细胞仪检测,CD9阳性细胞的比例达到 95.8%。原代与支持细胞共培养,出现隆突状和鸟巢状两种细胞集落。获得1株传至4代仍呈现集落生长的细胞株,且集落AKP染色阳性。对第3代鸟巢状细胞集落免疫组化和诱导分化分析,结果显示：SSEA1和Oct-4免疫组化染色阳性;短期内可自发形成c-kit染色阳性的分化态精原细胞;定向诱导分化形成了表达神经丝蛋白(Neuro filament,NF)的神经样细胞和表达α-actin的心肌样细胞团。试验结果表明：20周胎牛雄性生殖干细胞在体外可形成具有多分化潜能性的类胚胎干（embryonic stem, ES）细胞。     

兔胚胎神经干细胞的分离、培养和鉴别

目的：研究兔胎脑神经干细胞体外生长特性,为探讨神经干细胞的临床应用及神经系统的发育奠定基础。方法：采用含碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）和表皮细胞生长因子（EGF）的N2无血清培养技术,取18天龄兔胚胎脑组织,分离神经干细胞,并观察分离的细胞体外培养、增殖、分化潜能,免疫组化鉴定。结果：从18天龄兔胎脑皮质和纹状体中成功分离出具有自我更新和多分化潜能的神经干细胞,在无血清培养时细胞呈半贴壁状态生长,形成神经球,可传代。细胞呈Nestin免疫反应阳性;在含血清培养基中培养时则分化,分化后的细胞表达神经元细胞、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞的特异性抗原。结论：来自兔胎脑神经干细胞能在体外培养、增殖并保持传代能力。无血清N2EGF、bFGF培养基有利于兔胎脑神经干细胞的存活和增殖,含血清培养基能诱导兔胎脑神经干细胞分化。     

单克隆人胰腺干细胞分化特性的研究

研究1例来源于4月龄男性流产胎儿胰腺组织的单克隆人胰腺干细胞（monoclonal human pancreatic stem cell,mhPSC）系的体内外分化特性。将mhPSCs接种在铺有0．1％明胶的培养皿内,扩增培养3d后,加高糖DMEM诱导液诱导培养25d。相差显微镜下．观察细胞生长状况。采用双硫腙染色法、RT—PCR及葡萄糖刺激释放胰岛素和C肽实验．对体外定向诱导mhPSCs分化为功能性胰岛进行检测。将mhPSCs悬液注射在成年雄性裸鼠腹股沟皮下．注射30d时,取出移植物,采用SP法进行免疫组织化学反应,以检测mhPSCs的体内自然分化潜能。体外扩增培养,mhPSCs贴壁生长,呈多角形上皮样。生长至单层．呈“铺路石”状。体外定向诱导,细胞逐渐由多角形变成圆形,并聚集成类胰岛。诱导培养15d时．形成的类胰岛中少数细胞分化为B细胞,双硫腙染色阳性。诱导培养25d时,多数细胞分化为8细胞,双硫腙染色阳性,转录表达胰岛素的mRNA。用不同浓度葡萄糖刺激．诱导胰岛不仅释放胰岛素和C肽,而且其释放量随糖刺激浓度升高显著增加（0．01〈P〈0．05）。体内分化实验显示,mhPSCs在裸鼠背部形成类畸胎瘤。类畸胎瘤易与裸鼠分离,色白,血管丰富。显著表达pdx1、胰岛素、胰高血糖素、CK、MBP及NF蛋白。该研究结果证实单克隆人胰腺干细胞系体外定向诱导分化为包含大量β细胞的功能性类胰岛,在体内自然分化为胰岛、上皮及神经组织细胞。     

饥饿及雨蛙素诱导的AR42J 细胞中自噬基因LC3及beclin-1 表达的变化

目的:观察饥饿及雨蛙素诱导的大鼠胰腺腺泡细胞AR42J中自噬基因LC3及beclin-1表达的变化,初步探讨吞噬(autophagy)在急性胰腺炎中的作用。方法:选择体外培养的生长状态良好的大鼠胰腺腺泡AR42J细胞,随机分为3组,饥饿组(N=10),雨蛙素处理组(N=10),空白对照组(N=10)。饥饿组加入充足的平衡盐溶液,雨蛙素处理组加入含10-7mol/L雨蛙素的全营养培养液,空白对照组加入含20%灭活胎牛血清的F12-K培养液(p H7.2-7.4),各组分别于处理后2、4、6 h收集细胞并提取蛋白质。采用免疫印迹法检测三组不同时点胰腺腺泡细胞AR42J中自噬基因Beclin-1和LC3的蛋白表达。结果:空白对照组不同时点beclin-1和LC3-II均呈低表达,且各时点比较差异无统计学意义(P<0.05)。饥饿组和雨蛙素处理组beclin-1和LC3-II的表达随处理时间的延长逐渐增加,且不同时点beclin-1和LC3-II的表达均较空白对照组显著增高,差异均具统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:雨蛙素和饥饿刺激可导致大鼠胰腺腺泡细胞AR42J中LC3-II及beclin-1蛋白表达随作用时间的延长而增加,自噬可能参与了胰腺炎的发生发展过程。     

重组人胶质细胞源性神经营养因子的生物学活性研究

从人星形胶质细胞瘤BT-325细胞中克隆胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF) cDNA序列.以大肠杆菌作为表达系统,GDNF蛋白在大肠杆菌JM103中获得了高效表达;表达产物经纯化、复性后,以8日龄鸡胚背根节（DRG）、14日龄胎鼠脊髓前角运动神经元以及新生大鼠大脑皮层胶质细胞作为实验材料,研究了GDNF的生物学活性,结果表明： rhGDNF可有效地促进DRG突起的生长,rhGDNF对体外培养的运动神经元表现出明显的促突起生长作用,并可显著提高体外培养运动神经元的存活率,rhGDNF 对体外培养的胶质细胞具有促增殖作用.     

小分子化合物体外诱导肝上皮样干细胞-WB细胞表达PDX1

目的：近年来干细胞治疗糖尿病一直是国内外研究人员关注的焦点,而肝细胞向胰岛样细胞转变也是热点之一。本实验应用小分子化合物在体外诱导WB-F344大鼠来源肝上皮样干细胞（简写WB细胞）表达胰腺内分泌前体细胞基因PDX1,建立一种体外诱导WB细胞分化为胰腺内分泌前体细胞的实验方法。方法：选用5-AZA TSA,RA,ITS等小分子化合物,分两步法直接诱导WB细胞分化为表达PDX1的胰腺内分泌前体细胞,用含有不同浓度5-AZA分化培养基诱导WB分化,摸索诱导分化的最佳条件。观察细胞形态变化,RT-PCR及实时定量PCR检测部分基因表达情况,免疫荧光检测PDX1的表达。结果：5AZA 5 uM处理2 d,TSA 1 d,RA联合ITS诱导7天,诱导的WB细胞表达PDX1较1-4 uM 5-AZA诱导强,并表达胰腺内分泌前体细胞的相关基因,NGN3,Neurod,NKX2.2,WB表达的Nestin仍持续表达,Insulin1有少量表达。WB表达的肝干细胞基因如ALB,AFP大量下调,标志分化的基因C/EBP下调。结论：5-AZA,TSA,RA,ITS等小分子化合物能够诱导肝上皮样细胞WB表达PDX1,并且这种诱导分化的细胞具有胰腺内分泌前体细胞特征。本实验进一步证明在体外微环境中,肝干细胞能向胰腺内分泌细胞转化,而肝细胞增极强,为将来干细胞治疗糖尿病提供充足的细胞来源     

Long-term cultured human neural stem cells undergo spontaneous transformation to tumor-initiating cells

In this report, we describe the spontaneous malignant transformation of long-term cultured human fetal striatum neural stem cells (hsNSCs, passage 17). After subcutaneous transplantation of long-term cultured hsNSCs into immunodeficient nude mice, 2 out of 15 mice formed xenografts which expressed neuroendocrine tumor markers CgA and NSE. T1 cells, a cell line that we derived from one of the two subcutaneous xenografts, have undergone continuous expansion in vitro. These T1 cells showed stem cell-like features and expressed neural stem cell markers nestin and CD133. The T1 cells were involved in abnormal karyotype, genomic instability and fast proliferation. Importantly, after long-term in vitro culture, the T1 cells did not result in subcutaneous xenografts, but induced intracranial tumor formation, indicating that they adjusted themselves to the intracranial microenvironment. We further found that the T1 cells exhibited an overexpressed level of EGFR, and the CD133 positive T1 cells showed a truncation mutation in the exons 2-7 of the EGFR (EGFRvIII) gene. These results suggest that continuous expansion of neural stem cells in culture may lead to malignant spontaneous transformation. This phenomenon may be functionally related to EGFR by EGFRvIII gene mutation.     

Identification of neural progenitors in the adult mammalian eye

We have shown that the embryonic mammalian retina contains neural progenitors which display stem cell properties in vitro. Here we report the characterization of neural progenitors isolated from the adult mammalian eye. These quiescent cells, located in the pigmented ciliary bodies, proliferate in the presence of FGF2 and express the neuroectodermal marker nestin. The proliferating cells give rise to neural spheres and are multipotential; they express cell type-specific markers corresponding to neurons and glia. In addition, neural progenitors can generate secondary neural spheres, thus displaying potential to self-renew. The ciliary body-derived neural progenitors display retina-specific properties; the undifferentiated cells express Chx10, a retinal progenitor marker, and upon differentiation express markers corresponding to specific retinal cell types. Therefore, the pigmented ciliary body in the adult mammalian eye harbors neural progenitors that display stem cell properties and have the capacity to give rise to retinal neurons in vitro.     

Human breast milk is a rich source of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells

Putative stem cells have been isolated from various tissue fluids such as synovial fluid, amniotic fluid, menstrual blood, etc. Recently the presence of nestin positive putative mammary stem cells has been reported in human breast milk. However, it is not clear whether they demonstrate multipotent nature. Since human breast milk is a non-invasive source of mammary stem cells, we were interested in examining the nature of these stem cells. In this pursuit, we could succeed in isolating and expanding a mesenchymal stem cell-like population from human breast milk. These cultured cells were examined by immunofluorescent labeling and found positive for mesenchymal stem cell surface markers CD44, CD29, SCA-1 and negative for CD33, CD34, CD45, CD73 confirming their identity as mesenchymal stem cells. Cytoskeletal protein marker analysis revealed that these cells expressed mesenchymal stem cells markers, namely, nestin, vimentin, smooth muscle actin and also manifests presence of E-Cadherin, an epithelial to mesenchymal transition marker in their early passages. Further we tested the multipotent differentiation potential of these cells and found that they can differentiate into adipogenic, chondrogenic and oesteogenic lineage under the influence of specific differentiation cocktails. This means that these mesenchymal stem cells isolated from human breast milk could potentially be “reprogrammed” to form many types of human tissues. The presence of multipotent stem cells in human milk suggests that breast milk could be an alternative source of stem cells for autologous stem cell therapy although the significance of these cells needs to be determined.