益螨利用研究的进展

近十几年来,农业螨类学(Agricultural acarology)发展迅速,不仅对农作物的害螨有很多研究,而且对有益螨类也有不少报道。这是由于自然界螨的种类繁多,与农业害虫和害螨生活上有密切的联系。这种联系可分为寄生(寄生性螨类)、捕食(捕食性螨类)、食分泌物(食泌者exudate feeder)、携播(携播种Phoretic species)及与群栖昆虫共栖(共栖者Commelsals)等五类。其中寄生与捕食二类,不仅是害虫与害螨自然控制的重要因子,而且可以作为天敌来利用,是生物防治上可忽视的一大类群。今后如何加以保护与利用,是很值得研究的本文综述国内外关于益螨利用的研究进展,以供参考。     

截形叶螨药剂防治对比试验

截形叶螨(Tetranychus truncatus Ehara)在云南昆明主要为害大棚花卉,尤其对月季(Rosa chinensis)为害严重。使用玻片浸液法,选用6种化学杀螨剂和1种植物叶面保护剂对该叶螨进行室内药效测定;同时,选取真除螨、主力和植物叶面保护剂等3种杀螨剂实施田间防治试验。结果表明,室内施药48h后,真除螨2 000、3 000倍液杀螨效果达100%;田间喷药3d后,真除螨4 000倍液能达到30%的防治效果,可有效降低害螨数量。建议每年截形叶螨为害严重的5～11月期间,在保护地栽培的月季上连续施用真除螨。害螨发生高峰期前,可使用植物叶面保护剂,减少害螨的取食。     

尼氏真绥螨对三种橡胶叶螨的控害效能评价

【目的】明确尼氏真绥螨Euseiusnicholsi对3种橡胶叶螨的捕食选择性和控害潜能。【方法】在室内温度(27±1)℃、RH(75±5)%、光周期12L︰12D条件下,研究了尼氏真绥螨对六点始叶螨Eotetranychus sexmaculatus(Riley)、东方真叶螨Eutetranychus orientalis(Klein)和比哈小爪螨Oligonychus biharen(Hirst)不同螨态的捕食选择性和捕食作用。【结果】尼氏真绥螨对六点始叶螨不同螨态均表现为嗜食性而不取食比哈小爪螨卵。尼氏真绥螨对3种叶螨不同螨态的功能反应均能较好的拟合Holling-Ⅱ型圆盘方程,其对六点始叶螨不同螨态的捕食效能(a/Th)最高,对雌成螨、若螨、幼螨以及卵的捕食效能分别为49.79头、106.83头、157.25头和38.44粒,其次为东方真叶螨,最后为比哈小爪螨。在不同温度条件下,尼氏真绥螨对六点始叶螨若螨的捕食效能(a/Th)在30℃时最强,而对东方真叶螨和比哈小爪螨若螨的捕食效能(a/Th)均在33℃时最强。【结论】尼氏真绥螨对3种橡胶害螨均具有较好的控害潜能,其中对六点始叶螨的控害效果最佳,可以考虑作为橡胶害螨的优势天敌资源加以利用。     

中国植绥螨属二新种(蜱螨亚纲:植绥螨科)

植绥蟥是农业害螨的重要捕食性天敌。本文记述我国植绥螨科Phytoseiidae植绥螨属Phytoseius的2新种。模式标本保存在复旦大学生物系。 泰安植绥螨Phytoseius taianensis,新种(图1) 本新种与Phytoseius orizaba De Leon相似,但区别在于本新种j1毛锯齿状,Ⅳ足     

剑毛帕厉螨对韭蛆捕食功能反应的研究

【目的】韭菜是广受人们喜爱的蔬菜,韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga YangZhang是近年来危害韭菜的重要根部害虫,长期过量施用剧毒化学农药已严重影响了人们的健康和造成环境的污染,挖掘和筛选有效防控韭蛆的天敌迫在眉睫。剑毛帕厉螨Stratiolaelaps scimitus是一种与韭蛆栖境相同的捕食性天敌螨类。目前尚未有关于剑毛帕厉螨对韭蛆的捕食功能反应的研究。【方法】测定了剑毛帕厉螨对1龄韭蛆的捕食作用和种内干扰对其捕食能力的影响。【结果】该螨对1龄韭蛆的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型;随着捕食螨密度的增加,该螨成虫间存在相互干扰作用;其搜寻效应随猎物密度的增加而下降,表明猎物对捕食作用的干扰较明显。【结论】剑毛帕厉螨是一种有效防治韭蛆的天敌,有较好的应用前景。     

中国蜱螨学研究的回顾和展望

蝉螨亚纳（Acari）,包括蝉类（ticks）和螨类（mites）,是蛛形纲中最大的,也是生物多样性最为复杂的类群。地球上的各种生态环境,从陆地到海洋,从森林到土壤,从沙漠到河流,碑螨这一类微小的动物几乎无处不在。蝉螨种类极其繁多,估计种类数约100万种。蝉螨不但分布广泛,而且生活方式极为复杂。有些蝉螨寄生于人畜,吸食血液,是传播人畜疾病的重要媒介;也有的螨类取食植物,是农作物和林木的重要害螨;捕食性的螨类是害虫（螨）的天敌,是有利用价值的生物资源;自由生活的腐食性螨类对土壤有机物质的分解发挥着重要作用,在自然…     

不同饥饿程度拟小食螨瓢虫对朱砂叶螨的捕食作用

为明确饥饿程度对拟小食螨瓢虫 Stethorus (Allosstethorus) parapauperculus 控害潜能的影响,本研究通过比较不同饥饿程度下拟小食螨瓢虫对朱砂叶螨 Tetranychus cinnabarinus 的功能反应和自身密度干扰效应,探讨不同饥饿程度拟小食螨瓢虫对朱砂叶螨的捕食作用。结果表明,饥饿程度对拟小食螨瓢虫朱砂叶螨的捕食量有明显的影响,瓢虫的取食量与朱砂叶螨的密度呈正相关,表现为饥饿48 h＞饥饿24 h＞未饥饿;拟小食螨瓢虫对各虫态朱砂叶螨的捕食作用均符合Holling Ⅱ模型。在一定空间范围内,拟小食螨瓢虫个体间存在竞争和相互干扰,Hassell Varley模型能较好地反映拟小食螨瓢虫在捕食各虫态朱砂叶螨时受自身密度的干扰情况。在同样饥饿状态下,随着瓢虫自身密度增加,捕食效率降低,干扰效应增大。     

马六甲肉食螨对害嗜鳞螨捕食效应研究

本首次报道马六甲肉食螨Cheytetns malaccensis对贮存物中重要害螨,害嗜鳞螨的捕食效应研究。马六甲肉食螨的雌螨、雄螨、前若螨、后若螨对害嗜鳞螨的成螨的功能反应均属Holling Ⅱ型。温度对马六甲肉食螨捕食影响较大．在12-29℃范围内随着温度上升其捕食量增加,其直线回归方程为Y=-1.0964 0．5084X(r=0．9765)。在猎物密度不变情况下,马六甲肉食捕食猎物的数量是随着自身密度的增加而下降,其方程为A=16．546^0.5425(r=0．9699)．用寻找效率a与处理时间Th之比a/Th来衡量天敌对害虫控制能力．其值越大则控制猎物能力就越强。因此本试验表明：马六甲肉食螨控翩害嘈鳞螨的能力是雌>雄螨>前着螨>后若螨。     

我国南方柑桔钝绥螨属及其新种描述(蜱螨目:植绥螨科)

桔全爪螨Panonychus citri(Mcgregor)是柑桔产区发生普遍而为害严重的一种叶螨。柑桔园的钝绥螨属Amblyseius Berlese 1914捕食螨主要捕食桔全爪螨和其它害螨,如跗线螨、细须螨、瘿螨;同时还捕食其它微小昆虫,如小蛾类的卵、蚜、蚧、蓟马、啮虫等幼虫。本文记述了我国南方部分地区柑桔园钝绥螨属16种,其中有2种新种,2种雄性为首次描述,带*者是人工繁殖利用及生物学研究的种类。有些种类已列为害螨综合防治中的重要因素。新种模式标本保存于广东省昆虫研究所。(本文测量长度单位为微米)     

西花蓟马、二斑叶螨与黄瓜新小绥螨的相互关系研究

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis（Pergande）和二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch是温室花卉与蔬菜上的重要害虫（螨）。植物常被两者同时危害。黄瓜新小绥螨Amblyseius cucumeris（Oudemans）是世界上广泛应用的温室蓟马的生物防治物,有时也被用来防治二斑叶螨。本研究中,在人工气候室盆栽条件下利用黄瓜新小绥螨防治西花蓟马和/或二斑叶螨。结果显示,当每豆株上接入10或20头二斑叶螨时,按照1∶4的益害比释放黄瓜新小绥螨可有效控制二斑叶螨。同样密度比的情况下,5和10头黄瓜新小绥螨的释放量可显著控制西花蓟马的接入量。二斑叶螨密度的增加没有显著影响到黄瓜新小绥螨对西花蓟马的控制作用。西花蓟马可捕食黄瓜新小绥螨的卵,日捕食量达1.2粒。本文对利用黄瓜新小绥螨防治温室中西花蓟马进行了讨论。     

植物的抗螨机理

植食性螨类分布广泛,危害多种寄主植物.本文从3个方面介绍了植物的抗螨机理:植物形态如叶型、叶色主要影响螨类的取食产卵位点和营养物质的获取;植物组织结构如叶厚、蜡质、茸毛、气孔等决定螨能否顺利利用口针取食到植物的汁液,而虫菌穴则作用于捕食螨和植食性螨的相互关系,从而达到保护植物的目的;植物理化性质如叶鲜重、生长速度、生育...     

捕食螨化学生态研究进展

捕食螨是重要的生物防治因子。早在20世纪70年代就发现了捕食螨的性信息素,许多研究证明植物挥发物在捕食螨向猎物定位过程中发挥着至关重要的作用,影响捕食螨寻找猎物的植物挥发物来源于未受害植物、机械损伤植物、猎物危害植物、非猎物危害植物。人工合成的植物挥发物组分对捕食螨具有引诱作用,但引诱活性低于虫害诱导植物释放的挥发性混合物。捕食螨的饲养条件、饥饿程度、学习与经验行为等会影响捕食螨对植物挥发物的反应。介绍了信息素与植物挥发物对捕食螨的作用,并讨论了目前存在的问题和研究前景。     

Erinea formation on Quercus ilex leaves: anatomical, physiological and chemical responses of leaf trichomes against mite attack

Structures on the surfaces of leaves, such as dense layers of non-glandular trichomes, strongly affect phylloplane mite activities. On the other hand the feeding of eriophyoid mites on leaf surfaces can cause hyperplasia of leaf trichomes (erinea formation). In many cases the hyperplasia is accompanied by the accumulation of pigments within trichome cells, causing an impressive red-brown colouration of the erineum. There is no information, however, on the structure of these pigments as well as on the chemical alterations in the phenolic content of plant trichomes in response to mite attack. Erinea formation on the abaxial surface of Quercus ilex leaves upon Aceria ilicis (Acari: Eriophyoidea) attack provides an excellent model on this topic. Differences in the structure and chemical composition of isolated trichomes derived either from healthy (normal trichomes) or mite attacked (hypertrophic trichomes) leaves were examined. Carbon investment was comparable between the two different trichome types, but the cell walls of the hypertrophic trichomes appeared thinner and did not contain microcrystalline cellulose. Observations under the fluorescence microscope showed that the emitted fluorescence was different between the two trichome types, indicating a different composition in fluorescencing phenolic compounds. The chemical analyses confirmed that hypertrophic trichomes contained higher concentrations of the feeding deterrents proanthocyanidin B3 and catechin, as well as of quercetin-3-O-glucoside, but lower concentrations of acylated flavonoid glycosides, than the normal ones. The results showed that the structural and functional changes in leaf trichomes upon mite attack may be an effort of the leaf to compensate the damage caused by the pest.     

The role of glandular and non-glandular trichomes in the negative interactions between strawberry cultivars and spider mite

In tropical countries, spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) is a major pest of strawberries. This pest is mainly controlled by the application of pesticides. Use of pest-resistant cultivars is a healthy and environment-friendly alternative to pesticide use. This paper describes the role of glandular and non-glandular trichomes in the interaction between strawberry cultivars and spider mite. The methodology used in this study was based on two bioassays. First, the thumbtack bioassay of Weston and Snyder was used to differentiate strawberry cultivars in terms of the distance travelled by the mites. Second, different types of trichomes present on the abaxial surface of the strawberry leaves were identified and counted. The results of this study showed a significantly negative correlation between the distance travelled by the spider mites and the density of glandular trichomes on the strawberry plant. The cultivars Camino Real and Dover had the highest densities of glandular trichomes and the shortest distance travelled by the mites. In contrast, the cultivars Ventana and Toyonoka had the lowest density of glandular trichomes and the longest distance travelled by the spider mites. The high density of glandular trichomes might have been responsible for the spider mite non-preference to the Camino Real and Dover strawberry cultivars, whereas the non-glandular trichomes minimally contributed to this non-preference. The results of this study affirm the role of glandular trichomes in negative interactions between strawberry and spider mites.     

Effects of a mulch layer on the assemblage and abundance of mesostigmatan mites and other arthropods in the soil of a sugarcane agro-ecosystem in Australia

Sugarcane farmers can utilise a soil conservation technique called green cane trash blanketing, a form of mulching that can increase plant productivity through a number of channels, e.g., via altering soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics, and influence soil arthropod assemblages. Predatory mites (Mesostigmata) are important components of soil communities because they can control populations of other soil-dwelling pest species. Our aim was to characterise mulch-influenced predatory Mesostigmata community assemblages in sugarcane soils in Queensland, Australia. We found that application of a mulch layer significantly increased the abundance of Mesostigmata, and oribatid mites and collembolans, in soils. Furthermore, we observed that the assemblages of Mesostigmata in soil covered by mulch were significantly different to those in bare soil; and the assemblages of Mesostigmata changed over time. The assemblages of Mesostigmata, but not Oribatida or collembolans, were significantly different in soil under mulch depending on whether the mulch was freshly laid, or decomposing. Our results show that the use of mulch, specifically the green cane trash blanket, can increase overall microarthropod abundance including Mesostigmata. This is likely due to increased habitat complexity and changing resource availability.     

A novel method for nutritional studies of phytophagous mites, using vacuated leaf disks

Because many phytophagous mites often form serious pests in agricultural crops, there have been many investigations on the effect of the nutritional condition of the host plant on the development of phytophagous mite populations. Detached leaf cultures or leaf disks have been commonly used for such studies. However, the disadvantage of these methods is that nutrient levels can only be determined after chemical analyses of the leaves. We now describe a method in which air is pumped out of a closed container which holds a nutrient solution and the leaf disk. The nutrient solution is then pushed into the leaf disk. Using this method, the effect of all sorts of nutrients on phytophagous mites can be analysed. We used the method for studies on the effect of amino acids on the fecundity of the pink tea mite.     

植物腺毛中防御物质的合成与调控及转运研究进展

植物毛状体来源于表皮细胞的延伸,是表皮细胞的特有结构。植物毛状体可分为腺毛和非腺毛,腺毛是具有分泌作用的毛状体,也是大量次生代谢产物的合成、储存以及释放的场所。植物腺毛常分泌不同类型的防御物质如萜类、氨基酸及苯丙烷类、酰基糖、脂肪类衍生物等,这些次生代谢物质能够保护植物免受生物和非生物胁迫,具有重要的防御作用。该文对近年来国内外有关植物腺毛的类型、防御物质的合成与调控等方面的研究进展进行综述,并重点对其合成途径、调控机理与转运机制的研究进展进行梳理,以期为防御物质的生物合成和遗传改良研究提供参考。     

In search of artificial domatia for predatory mites

Banker plants can enhance biological pest control by providing both floral resources and appropriate oviposition sites, e.g. through acarodomatia, to predator species. The use of materials mimicking domatia i.e. artificial domatia may be an economically favourable alternative to the use of banker plants bearing domatia. The aim of the present study was to identify materials that are able to host eggs of the Neoseiulus californicus predatory mite but not those of the Tetranychus urticae pest mite. In a laboratory experiment, the oviposition of predatory and phytophagous mites were compared in Petri dishes containing leaves. The different modalities compared were (i) natural domatia of Viburnum tinus or (ii) one of twelve potential artificial domatia materials. The overall oviposition response of predatory mites to all artificial domatia was similar to that of the natural domatia. The oviposition of the Tetranychus urticae pest mite did not increase in response to the artificial domatia. Five artificial domatia hosted as many eggs of the predatory mite as observed in the natural domatia. The effect of the physical properties of artificial domatia was also tested and N. californicus was found to favour the artificial domatia that had high heat retention capacities for oviposition. Three of these artificial domatia were tested on rose plants in a greenhouse experiment; none of which enhanced the biological control on the plants under these conditions. The present study highlights the difficulty in identifying and using suitable artificial domatia as substitutes to banker plants in biological pest control efforts.     

Performance of Amblyseius herbicolus on broad mites and on castor bean and sunnhemp pollen

Amblyseius herbicolus (Banks) is found associated with broad mites Polyphagotarsonemus latus in crops such as chili pepper in Brazil. The species has a potential for controlling P. latus, but little is known about its development and reproduction on this pest as well as on other food sources. We studied biological, reproductive and life table parameters of A. herbicolus on three different diets: broad mites, castor bean pollen (Ricinus communis) and sunnhemp pollen (Crotalaria juncea). The predator was able to develop and reproduce on all diets. However, its intrinsic growth rate was higher on the diet of broad mites or on castor bean pollen than on sunnhemp pollen. Differences among pollen species may be due to their nutritional content. Feeding on alternative food such as pollen can facilitate the predator’s mass rearing and maintain its population on crops when prey is absent or scarce. Other strategies of using pollen to sustain predator population and reduce pest damage are discussed.     

Within-plant distribution of twospotted spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) on impatiens: development of a presence-absence sampling plan

The twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is an important pest of impatiens, a floricultural crop of increasing economic importance in the United States. The large amount of foliage on individual impatiens plants, the small size of mites, and their ability to quickly build high populations make a reliable sampling method essential when developing a pest management program. In our study, we were particularly interested in using spider mite counts as a basis for releasing biological control agents. The within-plant distribution of mites was established in greenhouse experiments and these data were used to identify the sampling unit. Leaves were divided into three zones according to location on the plant: inner, intermediate, and other. On average, 40, 33, and 27% of the leaves belonged to the inner, intermediate, and other leaf zones, respectively. However, because 60% of the mites consistently were found on the intermediate leaves, intermediate leaves were chosen as the sampling unit. These results lead to the development of a presence-absence sampling method for T. urticae by using Taylor coefficients generic for this pest. The accuracy of this method was verified against an independent data set. By determining numerical or binomial sample sizes for consistently estimating twospotted spider mite populations, growers will now be able to determine the number of predatory mites that should be released to control twospotted spider mites on impatiens.