中国林蛙变态蝌蚪对pH、盐度和碱度的适应性

在水温16～18℃的野外条件下,采用单因子急性毒性实验法,研究了水环境中pH、盐度和碱度对中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)变态蝌蚪的毒性效应．结果表明,中国林蛙变态蝌蚪对pH的适应范围为4．3～9．7,最低耐受限3．6,最高耐受限10．7;对盐度的最高耐受限为9．98g·L^-1,适应盐度上限7．14g·L^-1,安全盐度上限1．70g·L^-1;对碱度的最高耐受限为19．96mmol·L^-1,适应碱度上限8．76mmol·L^-1。安全碱度上限2．41mmol·L^-1．野外变态蝌蚪饲养池水体pH应控制在6．5～8．5,盐度控制在2．0g·L^-1以下,碱度不超过4．0mmol·L^-1．中国林蛙变态蝌蚪是一种狭酸碱、低耐盐、低耐碱生物。     

日本沼虾幼虾对碱度和pH的适应性

采用急性毒性实验法,研究日本沼虾（Macrobrachium nipponense）对碱度和DH的适应能力,探讨内陆盐碱水域养殖的可能性。结果表明,pH对幼虾的24、48、72、96h半数致死值分别为10．13、9．72、9．67和9．51,安全与适应范围分别为5．26～8．67、5．10～8．84。碱度对幼虾的24h半数有效浓度为17．96mmol／L,95％置信限14．60—22．53mmol／L;24、48、96h半数致死浓度分别为48．95、45．15和44．96mmol／L,95％置信限分别为45．72～50．60、39．46～51．67及34．34～55．38mmol／L,安全碱度11．52mmol／L。结果表明,在pH≤9．0、碱度≤20．0mmol／L的内陆盐碱水域,可以养殖日本沼虾。     

杀虫剂敌敌畏和除草剂丁草胺对饰纹姬蛙蝌蚪的急性毒性实验

采用静态换水法研究了杀虫剂敌敌畏、除草剂丁草胺对饰纹姬蛙(Microhyla ornata)蝌蚪的急性毒性影响。结果表明,杀虫剂敌敌畏对饰纹姬蛙蝌蚪的24-h、48-h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为3．91μl／l和1．97μ/l;除草剂丁草胺对饰纹姬蛙蝌蚪的24-h LC50和48-h LC50分别为3．37μl／1和1．88μl／1,饰纹姬蛙蝌蚪对丁草胺的敏感性稍大于敌敌畏。     

中国林蛙蝌蚪和大蟾蜍蝌蚪的最适温度、逃避温度及致死温度

报道了中国林蛙蝌蚪 (Ranachensinensis)和大蟾蜍蝌蚪 (Bufogargarizans)在不同驯化温度下的最适温度、逃避温度和致死温度的研究结果。将中国林蛙蝌蚪和大蟾蜍蝌蚪分别在 5、1 5和 2 5℃ 3个不同温度下驯养 3周 ,利用温度梯度装置观察记录 2种蝌蚪的最适温度、逃避温度和最高致死温度。结果表明 ,经过在 5、1 5和 2 5℃ 3个温度下的驯化 ,中国林蛙蝌蚪的最适温度范围分别为 1 3 . 5～ 1 8℃、2 0. 5～2 5℃和 2 3～ 2 7. 5℃ ;大蟾蜍蝌蚪的最适温度范围分别为 1 2～ 1 6 .5℃、2 1～ 2 5. 5℃和 2 2～ 2 6. 5℃。中国林蛙蝌蚪和大蟾蜍蝌蚪的最高致死温均在 3 7～ 3 8℃之间 ,最低致死温均为 0℃。驯化温度对最适温度影响显著 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,对致死温度则没有显著影响。驯化温度对中国林蛙蝌蚪和大蟾蜍蝌蚪的逃避温度产生的影响比最适温度的大。     

壬基酚对中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的毒性效应

为评价壬基酚对中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)蝌蚪的急性毒性,将26～28期的中国林蛙蝌蚪暴露于浓度为0.05～0.5 mg·L-1壬基酚(NP)的水体中进行急性毒性试验.结果表明:24、48、72、96h蝌蚪的死亡几率与浓度对数的回归方程分别为y=8.4087χ 10.202、y=9.5104χ 11.745、y=10.284χ 12.498、y=10.619,χ 13.095;半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为0.24、0.20、0.19、0.17 mg·L-1;安全浓度(SC)为0.017mg·L-1;96h的LC0为0.14 mg·L-1.证明林蛙蝌蚪的死亡几率与一定范围的NP浓度呈线性正相关.为探讨低浓度壬基酚对中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的影响,将26期林蛙蝌蚪分别在100、60、30、10μg·L-1 NP的水体中连续暴露直至完全变态,并以3、0.3 μg·L-1雌二醇(E2)作为阳性对照,分别统计林蛙蝌蚪暴露于NP和E2,中20、40d和完成变态后幼蛙的体质量、全长以及从26期到完全变态所需的时间.结果表明,NP浓度在100 μg·L-1以下,对林蛙蝌蚪不能致死.100、10 μg·L-1NP与3 μg·L-1E2的效应相似,均可滞后蝌蚪变态时间,降低蝌蚪变态后幼蛙的体质量.说明NP浓度在100μg·L-1以下不直接损伤蝌蚪机体,但可以通过干扰内分泌活动影响林蛙幼体的生长发育.     

密度对中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的影响

将中国林蛙（Rana chensinensis）蝌蚪分别饲养在40只／L、80只／L、120只／L、160只／L、200只／L和240只／L6个不同的密度条件下,通过定时定量喂食及测量其全长、尾长、体宽、体重和死亡率的变化,分析密度对中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的影响。实验结果表明：（1）饲养密度和生长发育时间及两者的交互作用对中国林蛙蝌蚪的生长发育影响都极其显著;（2）在40只／L的密度下,中国林蛙蝌蚪的全长、尾长、体宽、体重的增长速率最快,在240只／L的密度下,中国林蛙蝌蚪的全长、尾长、体宽、体重的增长速率最慢;（3）在相同时间内,40只／L的密度条件下中国林蛙蝌蚪的存活率最高,在240只／L的密度条件下中国林蛙蝌蚪的存活率最低;（4）中国林蛙蝌蚪的生长发育速度随饲养密度的升高而减慢。     

农药乐果对昭觉林蛙蝌蚪的耐受性研究

采用水生生物急性毒性试验方法,研究乐果对昭觉林蛙Rana chaochiaoensis蝌蚪的急性毒性影响,同时运用扫描取样法对正式实验的昭觉林蛙蝌蚪进行行为观察.结果 表明:昭觉林蛙蝌蚪在试验组中正常静止行为、异常静止行为、正常运动行为、异常运动行为分别占74.08%、9.41%、0.58%、2.36%;在对照组中,只有正常静止行为和正常运动行为,分别占90.99% 和9.01%.乐果对昭觉林蛙蝌蚪24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半致死浓度 (LC50) 分别为:76.97 mg/L、67.85 mg/L、56.61 mg/L、52.80 mg/L,呈现出线性关系,安全浓度 (SC) 为5.28 mg/L.因此,乐果对昭觉林蛙蝌蚪当属于低毒性农药.但是当乐果残留量超过安全浓度时,将会影响昭觉林蛙蝌蚪的正常生长发育,并对其行为产生影响.     

同一生境牛蛙与昭觉林蛙蝌蚪的食性比较

对采自昆明东北郊同一水塘的牛蛙和昭觉林蛙蝌蚪进行食性分析。结果表明 ,牛蛙蝌蚪Ⅰ、Ⅱ期的食物种类分别为 8大类 5 1种和 37种 ,而昭觉林蛙蝌蚪Ⅱ期的食物种类有 6大类 30种 ;两者的食物组成均以硅藻门、绿藻门、蓝藻门为主 ,但昭觉林蛙蝌蚪Ⅱ期与牛蛙蝌蚪Ⅰ期的摄食种类差异极显著 ,与牛蛙Ⅱ期的不显著。昭觉林蛙蝌蚪Ⅱ期与牛蛙蝌蚪Ⅰ、Ⅱ期的食物生态位重叠度分别为 0 6 95 2和 0 6 887,单位体重摄食的生物量分别是后两者的 10 96倍和 15 4 8倍 ,但百分率相似性指数并不高 (分别为 5 4 95 %和 5 8 11% )。与等重量牛蛙蝌蚪相比 ,昭觉林蛙蝌蚪食物量较大 ,即昭觉林蛙蝌蚪为生存所需要的生物量远高于牛蛙蝌蚪。本文结果及野外观察表明 ,昭觉林蛙与牛蛙蝌蚪存在较激烈的食物竞争 ,且前者处于不利地位。     

中国林蛙生长发育盐效应的研究进展

本文对中国林蛙受精卵、蝌蚪和幼蛙等不同发育阶段生长发育的盐效应进行了综述。盐度对不同发育阶段的中国林蛙均有影响。中国林蛙受精卵孵化的最适盐浓度范围为0~5 g/L,孵化率超过80%;在2~3 g/L盐浓度下孵化的中国林蛙雌性个体超过90%,孵化后中国林蛙蝌蚪的存活率没有显著变化;中国林蛙蝌蚪和变态幼蛙的安全盐度上限分别为2 g/L和1.5 g/L。这些研究结果为中国林蛙野生资源的保护和人工养殖提供了一定的理论基础。     

Cu对中国林蛙蝌蚪的急性毒性

试验测定了不同温度条件下Ｃｕ２＋对中国林蛙蝌蚪的急性毒性．结果表明,在水温为９～１３℃、１８℃和２４℃条件下,Ｃｕ２＋对１０ｄ龄中国林蛙蝌蚪９６ｈ的ＬＣ５０分别为５．０１、３．８０和２．９９ｍｇ·Ｌ－１,致死阈浓度分别为４．０、２．５和１．６ｍｇ·Ｌ－１,而在９６ｈ内的无可观察效应浓度分别为２．５、１．６和１．０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１．１８℃条件下Ｃｕ２＋对２０ｄ龄中国林蛙蝌蚪的９６ｈＬＣ５０为２．１７ｍｇ·Ｌ－１．     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.