Multivariate analysis of anthropometric data and classifications of British Columbian natives

Anthropometric data collected in native populations of British Columbia in the late 19th century by Franz Boas were analyzed by two multivariate techniques. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to test physical classificatory units devised by Boas and an ad hoc classification based on local cultural units. Both were found to have some empirical validity. Mahalanobis' D (Mahalanobis, '30) was computed between pairs of local groups, for both sexes. From these a matrix of differences was prepared and diagrams drawn to illustrate phenetic relationships among samples. By this means one cluster of groups, Interior B.C. peoples, could be distinguished and other local samples appeared distinctly different from each other. It was concluded that in the absence of genealogical data by which to identify local populations, local cultural units are preferable to more inclusive units for making empirical comparisons and classifications.     

中国东部亚热带青冈种群叶片的生态解剖

运用生态解剖学的方法对我国亚热带东部分布的１０个青冈种群叶片的解剖特征进行了比较分析,结果如下：①青冈叶片结构在种群间存在着广泛的差异,这种差异是青冈适应不同环境条件的结构基础。青冈叶片各部分结构特征在种群间的变化不晃同步的,变异系数（ＣＶ）在６．０％～２０．５％之间;变异幅度最大的是栅栏组织和上角质膜厚度,最小的是下表皮厚度。②相关分析表明,温度和降雨是影响青冈叶片地理变异的主导因子,其中温度、     

Effects of exercise on young and adult cattle at low and high altitude

Nine calves and nine oxen walked on a treadmill in a climatized low pressure chamber for one hour each day, 2 weeks at 400 m and 4 weeks at 3,500 m. The overall effects of walking were: increases in heart rate, pulmonary arterial pressure, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, blood-pH and lactate/pyruvate ratio. Haemoglobin, haematocrit, blood specific gravity and blood viscosity increased in the oxen but decreased in the calves. Blood lactate and blood pyruvate declined in both age groups, plasma viscosity only in the calves. The exercise effects were more pronounced at 3,500 m than at 400 m as exemplified by the following percentile differences (3,500-400 m): in heart rate 26%, mean pulmonary arterial pressure: 22%, respiratory rate: 11%, blood pH: 0.3%, blood lactate: 39%, blood pyruvate: 56%, haemoglobin: 4%, blood viscosity: 5%. Compared with the calves, the oxen experienced larger increases in heart rate and respiratory rate in response to exercise, suggesting a greater rise in metabolic rate: they also showed a more pronounced respiratory alkalosis. Thus, exercise seems to have strained the oxen more than the calves. In the oxen, there was a training effect as judged by reductions in exercising heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature.     

Effects of English admixture and geographic distance on anthropometric variation and genetic structure in 19th-century Ireland

The analysis of anthropometric data often allows investigation of patterns of genetic structure in historical populations. This paper focuses on interpopulational anthropometric variation in seven populations in Ireland using data collected in the 1890s. The seven populations were located within a 120-km range along the west coast of Ireland and include islands and mainland isolates. Two of the populations (the Aran Islands and Inishbofin) have a known history of English admixture in earlier centuries. Ten anthropometric measures (head length, breadth, and height; nose length and breadth; bizygomatic and bigonial breadth; stature; hand length; and forearm length) on 259 adult Irish males were analyzed following age adjustment. Discriminant and canonical variates analysis were used to determine the degree and pattern of among-group variation. Mahalanobis' distance measure, D2, was computed between each pair of populations and compared to distance measures based on geographic distance and English admixture (a binary measure indicating whether either of a pair of populations had historical indications of admixture). In addition, surname frequencies were used to construct distance measures based on random isonymy. Correlations were computed between distance measures, and their probabilities were derived using the Mantel matrix permutation method. English admixture has the greatest effect on anthropometric variation among these populations, followed by geographic distance. The correlation between anthropometric distance and geographic distance is not significant (r = -0.081, P = .590), but the correlation of admixture and anthropometric distance is significant (r = 0.829, P = .047). When the two admixed populations are removed from the analysis the correlation between geographic and anthropometric distance becomes significant (r = 0.718, P = .025). Isonymy distance shows a significant correlation with geographic distance (r = 0.425, P = .046) but not with admixture distance (r = -0.052, P = .524). The fact that anthropometrics show past patterns of gene flow and surnames do not reflects the greater impact of stochastic processes on surnames, along with the continued extinction of surnames. This study shows that 1) anthropometrics can be extremely useful in assessing population structure and history, 2) differential gene flow into populations can have a major impact on local genetic structure, and 3) microevolutionary processes can have different effects on biological characters and surnames.     

An anthropometric assessment of Huntington's disease patients and families

An anthropometric investigation was designed to evaluate patterns of physical deterioration in Huntington's disease (HD). In this study a comprehensive set of measurements was taken including height, weight, body circumferences, skinfold thickness, and craniofacial, linear, and breadth components of the body, on 44 normal, 26 affected, and 70 at-risk individuals between 14 and 88 years of age. The anthropometric data were converted to z-scores using standards to adjust for age and sex differences. These scores were then adjusted for inter-family variation. There were significant differences among normal and affected individuals for all dimensions of body mass, as well as for several craniofacial and linear components of the body. Several significant differences were also found between normals and particular age cohorts of at-risk persons. HD gene carrier status was further assessed by factor analysis of the adjusted scores.     

气候因子对橘小实蝇生长发育及地理分布的影响

文章概述橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)生活史、地理分布和生态要求的基础上,分析温度、湿度、降雨以及气候因子与橘小实蝇生长发育的关系,以及对橘小实蝇地理分布的影响。综述结果表明:喜湿热,厌干冷是橘小实蝇主要的生态学特征,低温与干旱不利于其生长发育;温度是橘小实蝇纬度分布中最主要的影响因子,冬季低温是中高纬度分布的主要限制因子,夏季高温是低纬度地区的限制因素之一,降雨影响橘小实蝇在经度上的分布范围。     

Selection on floral characters in natural Spanish populations of Silene latifolia

In insect-pollinated plants, floral characters are expected to play an important role in paternal and maternal reproductive success. Bateman's principle states that male reproductive success increases with more mating opportunities, while female reproductive success is limited by the amount of resources available to produce progeny, thus there should be greater selection on male floral characters than on female. In the case of the dioecious plant Silene latifolia, floral characters are likely to be influenced by its association within its native European range with moths of the genus Hadena, which serve as both pollinators and seed predators. The present study addresses relationships between male and female reproductive success, spatial location and floral characters (corolla, calyx and claw) over a 2-year period in two Spanish populations of S. latifolia in the presence of Hadena moths. A maximum likelihood paternity analysis using genetic variation at six allozyme markers showed heterogeneity in male reproductive success. There was much less variation in female reproductive success. When this analysis was extended to include interplant distance as a causal factor underlying variation in male success, we found that successful pollination tended to be limited to nearby females, in accordance with exponential decay of pollen dispersal with increasing distance. When the paternity analysis included floral characters as a causal factor underlying variation in male success, our data showed little evidence for directional selection, but there was stabilizing selection in one of the two years for calyx diameter. Selection on female characters varied widely between sites and years, in most of the site/year combinations there was little selection on female floral characters; however, in one site/year there was evidence for selection on all three floral characters. We conclude that pollinators visit flowers that are close together, and that while floral characters are important for the attraction of pollinators, larger flowers do not necessarily attract more pollinators at all sites and that variation among sites and years makes difficult any conclusions about the long-term importance of the predictions suggested by Bateman's principle.     

不同生态条件对烤烟形态及相关生理指标的影响

选云南玉溪主产烟区红塔区大营街镇、通海县四街镇和峨山县小街镇三个不同生态环境下种植烤烟K326,探讨烤烟形态和生理差异及其影响因子。结果表明：大营街的烤烟形态性状最好,四街烤烟形态性状最差。三个试验点烤烟叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b比值及类黄酮含量均没有显著差异,其中尤以四街烤烟类胡萝卜素含量、可溶性蛋白含量最高,而叶绿素/类胡萝卜素比值最低,均与其余地点有显著差异。Pnmax、LCP和LSP的大小顺序为四街＞大营街＞小街。光强在800~1000 mol?m-2?s-1范围内时,Ci、Gs和Tr为大营街＞小街＞四街,WUE为四街＞小街＞大营街。用灰色关联法对影响烤烟形态及生理特征的主要生态因子进行分析,对K326茎高、中部叶叶面积、类黄酮含量、丙二醛含量和叶绿素含量影响最大的生态因子分别是光照度、日平均气温、降水量、UV-B辐射和日照时数;而土壤氮含量是影响类胡萝卜素含量、可溶性蛋白含量和最大净光合速率的主要因子。     

Mutant allele frequencies and genetic distance relationships in domestic cat populations of lower Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean

Summary Gene frequency surveys conducted in Alexandria and Cairo reveal genetic profiles which are extensions of those that characterize the cat populations of European cities. For nine selected comparisons with Alexandria, regression analysis indicates that a linear function best describes the relationship between Nei's and Cavalli-Sforza's genetic distance indices and geographic distance.     

Effects of climate change on different geographical populations of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera,Noctuidae)

The effects of climate change on pest phenology and population size are highly variable. Understanding the impacts of localized climate change on pest distribution and phenology is helpful for improving integrated pest management strategies. Here, the population dynamics of cotton bollworms (Helicoverpa armigera) from Maigaiti County, south Xinjiang, and Shawan County, north Xinjiang, China, were analyzed using a 29‐year dataset at lower latitudes and a 23‐year dataset at higher latitudes to determine the effects of climate change on the population dynamics of H. armigera. The results showed that all generations of H. armigera at both sites showed increasing trends in population size with climate warming. Abrupt changes in phenology and population number occurred after abrupt temperature changes. Climate change had a greater effect on the phenology of H. armigera at higher latitudes than at lower latitudes and led to a greater increase in population size at lower latitudes than at higher latitudes; the temperature increase at higher latitudes will cause a greater increase in the adult moth population size in the future compared to that at lower latitudes; and abrupt changes in the phenology, temperature increase, and population size at lower latitudes occurred earlier than those at higher latitudes. Thus, it is necessary to develop sustainable management strategies for Helicoverpa armigera at an early stage.     

岷江柏4个地理种群年龄结构动态比较分析

对川西地区岷江柏(Cupressus chengiana S. Y. Hu)4个地理种群进行了调查,编制种群静态生命表并进行生存分析.结果表明,岷江柏4个地理种群的存活曲线都属于Deevey-Ⅲ型,死亡率与所对应的消失率变化趋势一致,并存在2个高峰.种群生存率均单调下降,累计死亡率单调上升,下降或上升的速度以理县种群最快,马尔康种群最慢;死亡率密度在幼苗期重合,并达到最大(0.05),但从幼苗级向幼树级过渡时迅速下降到0.01以下;种群的危险率曲线与其死亡率变化趋势一致,其中马尔康种群波动最小,小金种群波动最大.综合分析表明,岷江柏4个种群均有较强的自然更新能力,属增长型种群,但人为砍伐是其最重要的干扰因素.     

基于地理探测器的内蒙古自然和人为因素对植被NDVI变化的影响

研究区域植被覆盖度变化趋势并探寻其驱动因素对于维护生态安全具有重要意义。将内蒙古旗县分为牧业旗县和非牧业旗县,应用线性趋势分析法和地理探测器模型探讨2000-2015年自然和人为因素对植被NDVI变化的影响。结果表明：（1）2000-2015年内蒙古地区植被覆盖度总体上呈增加趋势,但空间上显现出西部减少,东部与南部增加的趋势;非牧业旗县植被NDVI改善面积大于牧业旗县。（2）在整个内蒙古地区中,年降水量和土壤类型是影响植被NDVI的主要驱动因素,解释率在22%以上。在牧业旗县年降水量和土壤类型是主要驱动因素,而在非牧业旗县中粮食产量是最主要的驱动因素。（3）各因子之间的交互影响均高于单因子的影响。在牧业旗县,因子之间的交互作用呈现出非线性增强和双因子增强关系,植被NDVI变化受乡村户数和牲畜数量的交互影响最为突出。非牧业旗县因子之间呈现出非线性增强的交互作用关系,植被NDVI变化受土壤类型和粮食产量的交互影响最为明显。     

光温因子与杂交水稻生态群体的产量和品质性状的典型相关分析

以54个杂交水稻组合的F₁生态群体为材料,应用典型相关分析方法分析了光温因子与杂交水稻的产量和品质性状的典型相关性.结果表明,光温因子与杂交水稻的产量构成因素、产量性状和品质性状间均有显著典型相关关系,尤其是营养生长期的光温因子与产量性状的第一典型相关系数为λ₁=0.9975^**,其相关信息占两组性状间总相关信息的99.96%,引起的产量变异为99.50%;光温因子主要通过对每穗实粒数、每穗总粒数和结实率的作用而影响杂交水稻的产量;不同生育期起主导作用的光温因子并不相同,营养生长期为积温和有效积温,生殖生长期为极端温差和日照时数;光温因子对杂交水稻品质性状的精米率和整精米率影响明显;不同生育期影响品质性状的主导光温因子不同,灌浆期前是积温,之后是极端温差和日照时数.     

Effects of geographic distance,sea barriers and habitat on the genetic structure and diversity of all-hybrid water frog populations

The history of population size and migration patterns leaves its mark in the genetics of populations. We investigate the genetic structure of the edible frog, Pelophylax esculentus in the Danish archipelago and adjacent countries. This frog is of particular interest because it is a hybrid that, in this area, forms all-hybrid populations of diploid (LR) and triploid (LLR and LRR) genomotypes with no (or very few) adults of the parental species (LL and RR). This study is the first to cover the entire geographic range of Danish, Swedish and German all-hybrid populations, documenting their extent and providing a broad picture of their diversity of neutral genetic markers and genomotype proportions. With 18 microsatellite markers, we found that genetic diversity declines northwards in agreement with the glacial refuge and central-marginal hypotheses; however, populations on small and medium-sized islands are no less diverse than those on large islands and continental peninsulas. Isolation by distance exists across the archipelago with limited influence of fragmentation by brackish seawater. The extremely low genetic diversity in all-hybrid populations, compared with adjacent populations, may be responsible for the maintenance of their special breeding system. We also show large variation among ponds in proportions of LLR, LR and LRR genomotypes, but little geographic pattern in their distribution. Instead, we found relationships between the genomotype proportions and some of 15 habitat parameters monitored. Body size differences among LLR, LR and LRR further suggest ecological differences.     

海拔对青藏高原东缘弯齿风毛菊繁殖特征的影响

研究了海拔对青藏高原东缘不同海拔12个居群弯齿风毛菊繁殖特征的影响.结果表明: 弯齿风毛菊的个体大小、繁殖器官和营养器官生物量、每株头状花序数量及种子总数量均随海拔的升高而减小,而每个头状花序质量和种子百粒重随海拔的升高而增加,表明弯齿风毛菊可以通过减小个体大小来降低资源消耗,把获取的有限资源分配到繁殖部分以达到繁殖成功.为了保证顺利完成有性繁殖,繁殖分配随海拔升高而增大.弯齿风毛菊头状花序的数量与大小、种子数量与百粒重之间均存在资源分配上的权衡,以此来适应环境胁迫,提高自身的适合度.     

Pastoralism, plant conservation, and conflicts on proliferation of Himalayan knotweed in high altitude protected areas of the Western Himalaya, India

The conservation policy of banning pastoral grazing, and subsequently emerging conflicts between conservationists and pastoral communities regarding the proliferation of Himalayan knotweed (Polygonum polystachyum), was studied in the Valley of Flowers National Park, a high altitude protected area of the Western Himalaya, India. A total of 10 habitat types identified in the study area were sampled using quadrats along an altitudinal gradient between 3000 and 4500 m. Plant species richness decreases with altitude and also varies across habitat types. The highest density of P. polystachyum and its associated species, Impatiens sulcata, was found between 3300 and 3500 m in the disturbed habitat types, viz., bouldery areas, fragmented treeline zone, avalanche-prone areas and eroded slopes. Eradication of P. polystachyum from the national park by managers is not going to serve any meaningful purpose to the long-term conservation; rather it initiates soil erosion and instability, hindering the establishment of natural plant communities.     

Effects of concentration,distance, and application methods of Altriset (Chlorantraniliprole) on eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

The effects of various concentrations, distance, and application methods of Altriset (Chlorantraniliprole) were investigated against one of the most destructive termites, the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar. Three laboratory experiments were conducted. First, we examined the concentration effect of treating the soil contiguously to established foraging tunnels at a fixed 1 m distance. The results demonstrated 100% termite control in 19 d posttreatment at 100 and 50 μg/g and 27% termite mortality at 25 μg/g. Second, we tested the distance effect of the soil treatment (2 and 4 m) on the efficacy of Altriset to the satellite termite populations at a fixed 50 μg/g concentration. This resulted in 100% termite control in 22 d posttreatment at both 2 and 4 m. Third, we examined the effect of differing application methods using 12.5 and 25 μg/g prior to the establishment of foraging tunnels at a fixed 1m distance. This illustrated 100% termite control in 9 d posttreatment at 25 μg/g and 12 d posttreatment at 12.5 μg/g. The third experiment demonstrated soil treatments that were applied prior to termite tunnel establishment had greater efficacy than applications made post tunnel construction. Our results provide a comprehensive understanding about the efficacy of Altriset treatments on eastern subterranean termites.     

Population structure and anthropometric variation in rural western Ireland: Isolation by distance and analysis of the residuals

The study of human population structure allows the assessment of cultural and historical influences on mating probabilities, and, hence, genetic variation. A commonly used model is isolation by distance, which predicts a negative exponential relationship between genetic similarity and geographic distance. Anthropometric data collected during the 1930's for 261 adult women in 12 towns of rural western Ireland were used to test the isolation by distance model and to assess the influence of cultural factors upon the fit of the model. The effects of recent migration were tested by using two additional data subsets, one excluding known intercounty migrants and the other consisting of unmarried women, only in an attempt to control partially for local migration upon marriage. Deviations from the expected isolation by distance model were analyzed using rotational fitting and regression analysis. Estimates of the isolation by distance parameters agree closely with independent estimates from isonymy and with estimates obtained in other studies of rural European population structure. Analysis of the residuals indicates three major factors which contribute to deviations from the expected model: recent migration upon marriage, age variation among groups, and variation in population size and/or transportation opportunities. Variation in population size was tested using the gravity model of economic geography by regressing the residuals from the isolation by distance model for each pair of towns on the product of their population sizes. The best fit occurred for the unmarried sample, as expected from ethnographic evidence, since rural–urban migration was most common among unmarried women.     

Effects of thermal stratification and mixing on reservoir water quality

In this study, the effect of thermal stratification on water quality in a reservoir has been investigated by field observations and statistical analysis. During the summer period, when stratification is evident, field observations indicate that the observed dissolved oxygen concentrations drop well below the standard limit of 5 mg l⁻¹ at the thermocline, leading to the development of anoxia. The reasons for variations in the dissolved oxygen concentrations were investigated. Variations of air temperature and other meteorological factors and lateral flows from side arms of the lake were found to be responsible for the increase of dissolved oxygen concentrations. It was also observed that turbidity peaked mostly in the thermocline region, closely related to the location of the maximum density gradient and thus low turbulence stabilizing the sediments in the vertical water column. Relatively cold sediment-laden water flowing into the lake after rain events also resulted in increased turbidity at the bottom of the lake. Nondimensional analysis widely used in the literature was used to identify the strength of the stratification, but this analysis alone was found insufficient to describe the evolution of dissolved oxygen and turbidity in the water column. Thus correlation of these parameters was investigated by multivariate analysis. Fall (partial mixing), summer (no mixing), and winter (well mixed) models describe the correlation structures between the independent variables (meteorological parameters) and the dependent variables (water-quality parameters). Statistical analysis results indicate that air temperature, one day lagged wind speed, and low humidity affected variation of water-quality parameters.