Electromagnetic radiation of the terahertz range at the nitric oxide frequency in correction and prophylaxis of functional activity disorders in thrombocytes of white rats under long-term stress

The influence of electromagnetic waves of terahertz range at the frequencies of molecular spectrum o nitric oxide radiation and absorption on functional activity of thrombocytes in white rats under long-term stress has been studied. It has been shown that courses of THzF treatment applied during the stress can prevent and restore disorders in thrombocytes aggregative function. The stress factor does not induce characteristic of stress-reaction disturbances of microcirculation in animals treated with the preventive course of THzF.     

The Effect of Contrast Medium SonoVue<Superscript>®</Superscript> on the Electric Charge Density of Blood Cells

The effect of contrast medium SonoVue® on the electric charge density of blood cells (erythrocytes and thrombocytes) was measured using a microelectrophoretic method. We examined the effect of adsorbed H⁺ and OH^? ions on the surface charge of erythrocytes or thrombocytes. Surface charge density values were determined from electrophoretic mobility measurements of blood cells performed at various pH levels. The interaction between solution ions and the erythrocyte’s or thrombocyte’s surface was described by a four-component equilibrium model. The agreement between the experimental and theoretical charge variation curves of the erythrocytes and thrombocytes was good at pH 2–9. The deviation observed at a higher pH may be caused by disregarding interactions between the functional groups of blood cells.     

Cell types in peripheral blood of the nurse shark: An approach to structure and function

Ultrastructural and functional studies were carried out on nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) peripheral blood cells in order to identify cells of definitive morphology and specific function. Along with erythrocytes and thrombocytes, four morphologically distinct leucocytes are recognized in peripheral blood: two types of granulocytes, the ‘eosiniphil’ and the ‘granulocyte’, and two mononuclear agranulocytic cells, one resembling mammalian macrophage and monocyte, the other resembling mammalian lymphocyte. Also present in peripheral circulation are blast-like cells and mitotic cells. In vitro phagocytosis was demonstrated by the monocyte-macrophage and the granulocyte while thrombocytes, eosinophils and lymphocytes showed no phagocytic activity in the system studied. It is stressed that care must be used in drawing functional analogies between blood cells of a mammal and an elasmobranch on the basis of morphological similarity alone.     

Effect of phospholipase A on erythrocyte and thrombocyte aggregation]

A study was made of the effect of plasmin and trypsin on the phospholipase activation, and also of the action of phospholipase A (cobra venom) on the release reaction and the erythrocyte and thrombocyte aggregation. Trypsin and fibrinolysin proved to activate phospholipase, this being accompanied by the accumulation of nonesterified fatty acids in the blood serum. Phospholipase A caused a release of the thromboplastic factor from erythrocytes and thrombocytes and their aggregation. The later is inhibited by albumin and EDTA. It is suggested that the action of the proteolytic enzymes on the blood formed elements was realized through the phospholipase activation.     

The incorporation of selenium and alterations of macro- and trace element levels in individual blood cells following supplementation with sodium selenite and vitamin E

Significant alterations in the selenium content of erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and neutrophil granulocytes were observed following a daily supplementation of 200 μg Se + 100 mg vitamin E during a period of 2 months. The neutrophil granulocytes incorporated more selenium than the thrombocytes. The iron content of the thrombocytes decreased on selenium supplementation, while the opposite was noted for the neutrophil granulocytes. The glutathione peroxidase activity was not significantly changed during the period of observation.     

CHANGES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CHICK EMBRYONIC BLOOD CELLS TO NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS

To analyse the age-dependent changes in susceptibility of chick embryonic cells to viral infection, observations were made on the blood cells after the inoculation of Newcastle disease virus. A lethal dose of Sato strain of Newcastle disease virus was introduced into chick embryos via injection of inoculum into the blood vessel and allantoic sac. Observations of blood cells by immunofluorescent technique revealed two types of cells, susceptible and resistant to the virus infection. Erythroblasts of both primitive and definitive lines, embryonic thromboblasts and thrombocytes were of the former type and mid- and late-polychromatic erythrocytes and mature ones were of the latter. Erythroblasts gradually decrease in their viral susceptibility as they differentiate into polychromatic erythrocytes and finally become resistant to the virus at the mid-polychromatic erythrocyte stage or later. Thromboblasts, on the other hand, retain high susceptibility to the virus throughout the course of their differentiation to mature thrombocytes. The change in the viral susceptibility of erythroid cells with differentiation is discussed in relation to the structural and functional alterations during the cell specialization.     

1-O-alkyl-2-O-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines: influence on aggregation and [3H]serotonin release of human thrombocytes

1-O-Alkyl-2-O-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines (platelet activating factor, PAF) aggregate human thrombocytes in a concentration dependent fashion. After a short lag-phase, maximum aggregation is reached within 2 min. PAF releases serotonin from human thrombocytes within 1 min. Indomethacin and creatine phosphate (CP)/creatine phosphokinase (CPK) are able to inhibit the second phase of the aggregation by PAF, while xylocain reduces both the first and second phase of aggregation of human thrombocytes. Hirudine neither influences the first nor the second phase of aggregation by PAF.     

Morphology, origin and functions of the thrombocytes of Elasmobranchs

Thrombocytes of Torpedo marmorata Risso and Scyliorhynus stellaris L. (Elasmobranchs) are multiform from rounded to spindle-shaped. They originate in the spleen from prothrombocytes. They appear to be functionally correspondent to mammalian platelets because they form aggregates and adhere to glass and contain the same surface-connected canalicular system (SCCS) as in platelets, as proved by tannic acid treatment. Immunocytochemical staining have demonstrated, moreover, the presence in their cytoplasm of three platelet factors: platelet factor 4, beta-thromboglobulin and factor VIII related antigen. Stimulating agent, like collagen, ADP, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytriptamine and thrombin induce aggregation of thrombocytes and the empting of their granules and vesicles containing very likely the platelet factors. The above observations leave few doubts on the functional equivalence of elasmobranch thrombocytes to mammalian platelets.     

Determination of Thymidine Phosphorylase Activity in Human Blood Cells and Fibroblasts by a Nonradiochemical Assay Using Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

In this study, we demonstrated that the highest activity of thymidine phosphorylase (TP) was found in peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells followed by that of thrombocytes and granulocytes whereas no activity of TP could be detected in erythrocytes. The activity of TP in leukocytes proved to be intermediate compared to the TP activity observed in PBM cells and granulocytes. The activity of TP also was readily detectable in human fibroblasts.     

Determination of thymidine phosphorylase activity in human blood cells and fibroblasts by a nonradiochemical assay using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

In this study, we demonstrated that the highest activity of thymidine phosphorylase (TP) was found in peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells followed by that of thrombocytes and granulocytes whereas no activity of TP could be detected in erythrocytes. The activity of TP in leukocytes proved to be intermediate compared to the TP activity observed in PBM cells and granulocytes. The activity of TP also was readily detectable in human fibroblasts.     

Effect of SWF-radiation on thrombocytes and erythrocyte functions of albino rats upon stress condition

With the help of a specially designed generator, we have investigated the effect of electromagnetic SWF-oscillation, at nitric oxide molecular spectrum of radiation and absorption, on the function of thrombocytes and erythrocytes of albino rats in the state of immobilizing stress. 5, 15 and 30 min long SWF-radiation treatments were demonstrated to foster various degrees of restoration of thrombocyte and erythrocyte function, the efficiency depending on the period of radiation. It was after a 30 min radiation of rats that a most expressed restoration of thrombocyte and erythrocyte functional activity was observed.     

Elucidation of the Role of Sugar Chains in Glycosylated-enzymes Using Endo-γ-N-acetylglu-cosaminidase from Flavo-bacterium sp.

In the course of screening for anti-platelet principles produced by micro-organisms, strong anti-platelet activity was detected in the culture broth of Aspergillus fumigatus Fres. The purified active compound was identified as gliotoxin. Gliotoxin inhibited ADP-induced aggregation as well as collagen- or arachidonate-induced aggregation of rabbit platelets (IC₅₀ = about 27 μm) and also accelerated the dissociation of aggregates. Gliotoxin also inhibited the heat hemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes, suggesting that this agent is a membrane-stabilizing anti-aggregant. The disulfide structure in the gliotoxin molecule was responsible for the inhibitory activity, because des- thiogliotoxin had effects on neither platelet aggregation nor heat hemolysis of erythrocytes.     

Ultrastructural observations on the erythrocytes and thrombocytes of the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus (gray)

The erythrocytes of Sphenodon punctatus (Gray) are nucleated, ellipsoidal and flattened, and contain 55--65 microtubules in their marginal band. The thrombocytes are also flattened, ellipsoidal, nucleated cells and in electron-microscopic preparations occurred in aggregrates. The thrombocytes appeared to be 'activated' and possessed many pseudopodia which were devoid of organelles. The latter were concentrated in the perinuclear region and were encircled by a ring of microtubules. The organelles included ribosomes, mitochondria, membrane--bound dense material and numerous actin-like microfilaments. Cytoplasmic vacuoles contained a moderately dense, filamentous material and/or spheroidal electron-dense inclusions, beta-glycogen particles were scattered in the general cytoplasm and were most concentrated in the pseudopodia. The erythrocytes and thrombocytes of S. punctatus are compared with those in other vertebrates.     

Effect of ionizing radiation on the functional state of the vascular-thrombocytic component of the hemostasis system

The influence of ionizing radiation (gamma-rays 60Co) on aggregation activity of the vascular wall and functional (aggregation) platelet activity was studied in the course of the development of acute radiation sickness. The decrease in the aggregation properties of the vascular wall and high functional activity of platelets were inversely proportional, correlating with the periods of acute radiation sickness development and depending on the radiation dose. It is suggested that the changes detected may play a role in the pathogenesis of the development of the postirradiation thrombohemorrhagic syndrome.     

A molecule in teleost fish, related with human MHC-encoded G6F, has a cytoplasmic tail with ITAM and marks the surface of thrombocytes and in some fishes also of erythrocytes

In teleost fish, a novel gene G6F-like was identified, encoding a type I transmembrane molecule with four extracellular Ig-like domains and a cytoplasmic tail with putative tyrosine phosphorylation motifs including YxN and an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). G6F-like maps to a teleost genomic region where stretches corresponding to human chromosomes 6p (with the MHC), 12p (with CD4 and LAG-3), and 19q are tightly linked. This genomic organization resembles the ancestral “Ur-MHC” proposed for the jawed vertebrate ancestor. The deduced G6F-like molecule shows sequence similarity with members of the CD4/LAG-3 family and with the human major histocompatibility complex-encoded thrombocyte marker G6F. Despite some differences in molecular organization, teleost G6F-like and tetrapod G6F seem orthologous as they map to similar genomic location, share typical motifs in transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions, and are both expressed by thrombocytes/platelets. In the crucian carps goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) and ginbuna (Carassius auratus langsdorfii), G6F-like was found expressed not only by thrombocytes but also by erythrocytes, supporting that erythroid and thromboid cells in teleost fish form a hematopoietic lineage like they do in mammals. The ITAM-bearing of G6F-like suggests that the molecule plays an important role in cell activation, and G6F-like expression by erythrocytes suggests that these cells have functional overlap potential with thrombocytes.     

Ultrastructural distribution of peroxidase in thrombocytes of mammals and submammals

The localization and distribution of peroxidase (PPO) activity were studied ultracytochemically in thrombocytes from lampreys, carps, frogs, snakes, tortoises, rabbits, sheep, dogs, and monkeys. PPO activity was not detectable in the thrombocytes of lampreys, carps, frogs, and snakes. However, this enzyme activity was demonstrated in the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum of tortoise thrombocytes. Dog and monkey thrombocytes (blood platelets) exhibited PPO activity in the dense tubular system, but this enzyme activity was not detectable in rabbit and sheep thrombocytes. Our observations are interpreted to suggest that thrombocytes from animals lower than amphibia are peroxidase negative. Furthermore, it can be said that thrombocytes from animals higher than reptiles are generally positive, although there are exceptions. PPO activity was localized in the endoplasmic-reticulum system, but not in the cytoplasmic granules of thrombocytes common to submammals and mammals. In this study, we also compared the distribution of peroxidase activity in thrombocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils and conclude that these are significant differences in the distribution of PPO and myeloperoxidase.     

Ultrastructural distribution of peroxidase in thrombocytes of mammals and submammals

Summary The localization and distribution of peroxidase (PPO) activity were studied ultracytochemically in thrombocytes from lampreys, carps, frogs, snakes, tortoises, rabbits, sheep, dogs, and monkeys. PPO activity was not deteetable in the thrombocytes of lampreys, carps, frogs, and snakes. However, this enzyme activity was demonstrated in the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum of tortoise thrombocytes. Dog and monkey thrombocytes (blood platelets) exhibited PPO activity in the dense tubular system, but this enzyme activity was not detectable in rabbit and sheep thrombocytes. Our observations are interpreted to suggest that thrombocytes from animals lower than amphibia are peroxidase negative. Furthermore, it can be said that thrombocytes from animals higher than reptiles are generally positive, although there are exceptions. PPO activity was localized in the endoplasmic-reticulum system, but not in the cytoplasmic granules of thrombocytes common to submammals and mammals. In this study, we also compared the distribution of peroxidase activity in thrombocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils and conclude that these are significant differences in the distribution of PPO and myeloperoxidase.     

Calelectrin in human blood cells

Calelectrin is a new calcium-binding protein isolated from the cholinergic nerve terminals of the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata, which is widely distributed in nervous tissues and selectively binds to membranes, self-aggregates, and promotes calcium-induced membrane aggregation as a function of calcium concentration. We now show by immunofluorescence and immune blotting procedures that this protein is also present in human blood cells. Immunofluorescence demonstrates calelectrin in all human leucocytes, including mononuclear cells, but not in platelets or in erythrocytes. The immunofluorescence indicates an exclusively cytoplasmic location of calelectrin with a diffuse distribution and no primary association with the cytoskeleton or the cell membranes. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with immune blotting of fractionated blood cells (thrombocytes, mononuclear cells, granulocytes and erythrocytes) reveals the presence of a single protein crossreactive with calelectrin from Torpedo marmorata in the granulocyte and mononuclear cell fractions only. Human calelectrin has a molecular weight similar to Torpedo calelectrin (approximately 34-35 kD) and also binds to membranes in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Our results have several implications: (1) Calelectrin is conserved during evolution between the fish Torpedo marmorata and humans; (2) its expression in neural and mesenchymal cells points to an important functional role of the protein; (3) its absence from platelets excludes the hypothesis that it is a necessary participant in exocytosis per se and suggests some other function in Ca(2+)-triggered processes.     

Effect of La(3+) on electrophoretic mobility and aggregation of intact human erythrocytes and those treated with low concentrations of glutaric aldehyde

It was shown that the treatment of erythrocytes with low concentrations of glutaraldehyde (0.01-0.1%) for 30-120 min to a variable extent the aggregation induced by 40-330 microM La3+. The effect of glutaraldehyde on the aggregation increased with concentration and time of fixation. La3+ ions decreased to a similar extent the electrophoretic mobility of intact erythrocytes and erythrocytes treated with 0.1% glutaraldehyde. No relationship was found between the change in the negative charge on the erythrocytes and the degree of their aggregation. Neuraminidase and trypsin were shown to decrease the surface charge on the erythrocytes and the aggregation of fixed erythrocytes.     

Pharmacological correction of microcirculation in rats suffering from traumatic brain injury

We investigated the effect of mexicor on functional indices of erythrocytes and the structure of myocardial microcirculation in rats suffering from traumatic brain injury (TBI). At 3, 7, and 12 days after TBI, we measured the concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and the degree of erythrocyte aggregation and their electrophoretic mobility (EPME) in the blood of rats, as well as analyzing sections of the left ventricular myocardium. The first day after the TBI, we observed a decrease in EPME, an increase of erythrocyte aggregation, and an increase of 2,3-DFG concentration in erythrocytes as compared with intact animals. Intraperitoneal injection of mexicor led to an increase of EPME and 2,3-DPG level and reduced the aggregation of erythrocytes, which was most pronounced during the 3–7 days of the post-traumatic period. Improved functional parameters of erythrocytes were accompanied by the dynamics of regenerative processes in the heart. Intraperitoneal injection of mexicor restrained architectonic damage of microvasculature and cardiomyocytes ultrastructure of the left ventricular myocardium of the heart.