Effect of HDL and LDL from pre and post menopausal women on prostacyclin synthesis

Earlier we found LDL and HDL to differentially affect the synthesis of PGI2 from PGH2 by pig aorta microsomes and that this depended on the gender of the lipoprotein donors. Here we report there are also differences in the effects of LDL and HDL from pre- and postmenopausal women. The influence of the lipoproteins from postmenopausal women on the PGI2 formation is similar to the action of lipoproteins from men. We suggest that endogenous PGI2 formation is regulated by the sex related composition of the lipoproteins.     

Lipogenic capacity and relative contribution of the different tissues and organs to lipid synthesis in male rat

The rates of 3H2O incorporation into total lipids and fatty acids were measured in vivo in the different organs and tissues of 7-week old male Wistar rats to compare the lipogenic capacity of those organs and tissues and to determine their relative contributions to body lipid synthesis. Our results were the following; (1) liver was the major site of the synthesis of total lipids and fatty acids (37 and 42%, respectively, of body synthesis); (2) white adipose tissues synthesized about 24% of the total lipids; mesenteric adipose tissue alone synthesizing 40% of the fatty acids produced in dissectable white adipose tissues; (3) skin showed low lipid synthesis but played an appreciable role in that synthesis (8% of the total) due to its large contribution to total body weight; (4) other organs (excluding liver) showed low lipid synthesis; however, that of the small intestine was 1-2% of body synthesis; (5) the rest of the carcass (mainly musculature and skeleton) contributed 25% to body lipid synthesis. The putative roles of the different tissues and organs in adipose tissue development have been discussed.     

Transfer of cholesteryl ester into high density lipoprotein by cholesteryl ester transfer protein: effect of HDL lipid and apoprotein content

Recombinant high density lipoprotein (rHDL) particles were prepared by cosonication of purified lipids and human apoproteins and incubated with partly purified cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) containing [3H]cholesteryl ester. Increasing the triglyceride content relative to cholesteryl ester in rHDL significantly decreased the ability of the particles to accept cholesteryl esters transferred by CETP. Kinetic analysis of the data was performed to numerically define the maximum velocity of lipid transfer, Tmax, and the HDL concentration required for half maximal velocity, KH. Increases in rHDL-triglyceride content were shown to result in a significant reduction in the Tmax without a major change in KH. When the free cholesterol content was increased relative to phospholipid, the ability of the particles to accept cholesteryl esters was also decreased in a similar manner. Conversely, rHDL prepared from purified apoprotein A-I, A-II, or mixtures of both, had significantly elevated Tmax and KH values for their interaction with CETP. The results suggest that increases in triglyceride or free cholesterol content of an rHDL particle decrease the catalytic ability of CETP by noncompetitive inhibition. In addition, some component(s) of HDL apoproteins, other than A-I or A-II, were shown to uncompetitively inhibit the activity of CETP, by modifying both Tmax and the KH for the reaction. This study has shown that altered HDL composition may have marked effects on the transfer and equilibration of cholesteryl esters within the HDL pool.     

High density lipoprotein-induced cardiac prostacyclin synthesis in vitro: relationship to cardiac arachidonate mobilization

The objectives of this study were to characterize the effects of plasma lipoproteins on prostacyclin (PGI2) production by the Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart, and to determine the mechanism of lipoprotein-induced cardiac PGI2 production. PGI2 production by perfused rabbit hearts was stimulated by injections of rabbit very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL). HDL was much more effective than equivalent doses of VLDL or LDL. Infusion of HDL at a physiological concentration stimulated cardiac PGI2 output by 417%, but infusion of VLDL or LDL was ineffective. Cardiac PGI2 production increased from 47% to 340% with increasing doses of HDL. The release of cardiac PGI2 in response to injections or infusions of HDL occurred rapidly; maximal release of PGI2 was reached within 2 min after exposure to HDL. Injections of HDL stimulated the production of [3H]arachidonic acid, [3H]prostaglandin E2, [3H]prostaglandin F2 alpha, and [3H]6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha from hearts after prelabeling of cardiac lipids with [3H]arachidonic acid. These results indicate that plasma lipoproteins, specifically HDL, stimulate PGI2 production by the isolated rabbit heart. The mechanism by which HDL increases cardiac PGI2 production may involve the mobilization of cardiac arachidonic acid for PGI2 synthesis.     

Recombination of human erythrocyte apoprotein and lipid. I. Interaction of apoprotein and lipid at the air-water interface

The formation and stabilization of a complex between total erythrocyte apoprotein and monolayers of total erythrocyte lipid as measured by changes of surface pressure (Δπ) and rate of change of surface pressure (dπ/dt) was studied as a function of pH, ionic strength, and lipid surface pressure. Penetration of apoprotein into lipid monolayers was favored by conditions in which lipid and apoprotein were oppositely charged. Once the interaction was completed, the resultant surface complex was resistant to large changes in subphase pH and ionic strength as shown by the insensitivity of Δπ to these parameters. The dπ/dt, however, showed strong dependence on pH and ionic strength, but not on lipid surface pressure. A sharp decrease in dπ/dt around pH 3.5–4.5 is associated with the change in apoprotein charge from (+) to (?). Comparison of complex formation between apoprotein and bovine serum albumin, cytochrome c, and human hemoglobin suggests that erythrocyte apoprotein was specialized in its interaction with erythrocyte lipids. The data show that formation of an apoprotein-lipid complex at the air-water interface has both electrostatic and hydrophobic components. This contradicts results from other laboratories studying erythrocyte membrane recombination by bulk methods.     

Isolation of the human HDL apoprotein A1 gene.

Apo A1 is the major apoprotein of the human plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL). We have isolated apo A1 cDNA and genomic clones and used them to study the gene organisation as defined by its restriction enzyme map. These studies showed that apo A1 is coded by a unique gene. Cross hybridisation was not observed with functionally related apoprotein genes. Increased levels of HDL have been correlated with certain protection against coronary heart disease. If there is a genetic component that contributes to the variable levels of HDL found in the population, it may be possible to correlate these differences with distinct gene organisation patterns.     

Cell-free synthesis of phytochrome apoprotein

A single polypeptide is immunospecifically precipitated by monospecific antiphytochrome from the total translation products of both wheat-germ and rabbit-reticulocyte cell-free protein synthesizing systems programmed with oat (Avena sativa L.) poly(A) RNA. The mobility of this polypeptide is slightly lower on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis than that of immunoaffinity-purified, 118 kdalton phytochrome and corresponds to an apparent molecular weight of 124 kdalton. Evidence against the possibility that this mobility difference results from intracellular processing of the 124-kdalton protein is provided by extraction of freeze-dried tissue directly into boiling SDS-containing buffer. This procedure yields a phytochrome species with a mobility on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indistinguishable from that of the in-vitro translation product. Together the data indicate that the phytochrome polypeptide is synthesized in its mature form in the cell but is subject to modification to a form with lower apparent molecular weight during immunopurification.Abbreviations IgG immunoglobulin G - PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate     

Interchange of apoprotein components between the human plasma high density lipoprotein subclasses HDL2 and HDL3 in vitro.

The major apoproteins of human high density lipoproteins (HDL) labeled with 125I have been shown to exchange between the two major HDL subclasses HDL2 and HDL3 in vitro. This bidirectional exchange process is inhibited by cross-linking with bifunctional reagents and is apparently dependent upon the formation of collision complexes. This exchange has been demonstrated both when the subclasses of HDL are free in solution and also when one of them is covalently bound to Sepharose. Using system involving Sepharose-bound HDL, it could be shown that not only free apoprotein molecules but subunits consisting of lipid-apoprotein combinations were exchanged between HDL2 and HDL3. The rate of exchange in these processes is significant in the lifetime of the protein particles in vivo equalling approximately 2.5% per h for apoprotein exchange. These experiments suggest that there is a dynamic relationship between HDL2 and HDL3 even though each of them exists alone in vitro as stable separate entities; when they are placed together in solution significant interaction occurs between the particles. Apoprotein exchange occurs between HDL2:HDL2 and HDL3:HDL3 as well as between HDL2 and HDL3 molecules. These data also suggest that the interconversion of HDL2 and HDL3 may be affected by the availability of lipids.     

Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis reduces low-density-lipoprotein apoprotein B production without decreasing very-low-density-lipoprotein apoprotein B synthesis in rabbits.

The kinetics of the apoprotein B (apo B) of very-low-density (VLDL; d less than 1.006) and low-density (LDL; d 1.019-1.063) lipoproteins were studied in six rabbits by using radioiodinated homologous lipoproteins, before and during oral administration of mevinolin (5 mg/kg per day), a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (EC 1.1.1.34), to explore the mechanism by which the drug reduces LDL synthesis. Before treatment LDL-apo B production greatly exceeded VLDL-apo B production in all animals, indicating that a large proportion of plasma LDL was derived from a VLDL-independent pathway. Five animals responded to mevinolin with a fall in plasma cholesterol (mean change - 53%; P less than 0.01). This was associated with a 66% decrease in LDL-apo B synthesis (P less than 0.05). In contrast, VLDL-apo B synthesis was unaffected by mevinolin. Furthermore, in all but one animal the decrement in LDL-apo B synthesis was greater than the rate of VLDL-apo B synthesis before treatment, demonstrating that mevinolin had reduced the VLDL-independent production of LDL.     

Interactions of Folch-Lees proteolipid apoprotein with planar lipid bilayers

Summary Water-soluble Folch-Lees proteolipid apoprotein from bovine CNS white matter induces a voltage-dependent conductance in black lipid membranes. Na⁺ is required for the induced conductance change but the established conductance has very low ionic selectivity. The induced conductance fluctuates with a minimum amplitude of 10^–11–10^–10 mho. The magnitude of the conductivity change is dependent on protein concentration and on the composition of lipid bilayers. At a fixed voltage the induced conductance of a phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol membrane is proportional to the sixth power of the protein concentration and the first power of Na⁺ concentration. The interactions between the apoprotein and the lipids are both electrostatic and hydrophobic, but the interaction leading to the conductance increase appears to be mainly hydrophobic. Both the increase in conductance and the current fluctuations remain after extensive washing of the chambers to remove the protein. Furthermore, pronase or glutaraldehyde added to either the cis or trans side of the membrane does not affect the apoprotein-established conductance. However, if the bilayer is formed in the presence of both the apoprotein and pronase or if the apoprotein is treated with pronase prior to its addition to the chamber, no conductance change is observed. The association of the apoprotein with the membrane thus appears to render the protein inaccessible to proteolytic digestion, suggesting that the apoprotein is at least partially imbedded in the membrane interior.     

In vivo conversion of human HDL3 to HDL2 and apoE-rich HDL1 in the rat: effects of lipid transfer protein

In this study we determined in vivo conversions of human 3H-labeled cholesteryl ester-labeled HDL3 [( 3H]CE-HDL3) in male rats and the effects of partially purified lipid transfer protein on the conversion processes. Zonal centrifugation techniques were used to prepare the [3H]CE-HDL3 and to follow the conversion processes. One hour after the injection, a complete conversion of HDL3 to the HDL2-density species was found. With time, [3H]CE separated with apoE-rich HDL1 and, by 18 hr, 35.9% of plasma radioactivity was associated with the apoE-rich HDL1 lipoprotein fraction. In vitro incubation of [3H]CE-HDL3 in rat plasma reproduced in part the HDL3----HDL2 conversion, but no movement of radioactivity to HDL1 was observed. Injection of the rats with partially purified lipid transfer proteins induced [3H]CE exchange between lipoproteins. The conversion of HDL3 to HDL2, however, was minimally affected. Formation of [3H]CE-HDL1, in contrast, was reduced to about one-half of that found in control animals. It is concluded that in vivo conditions are necessary for conversions of HDL3 (and HDL2) to HDL1, and that lipid transfer reactions delay this process.     

Cytoprotective effect of prostacyclin and protein synthesis

It is shown that de novo synthesis of protein is essential for the healing process of experimental gastric ulcer and that the cytoprotective effect of prostacyclin is connected with protein synthesis. In preliminary experiments the influence of prostacyclin on hepatic protein synthesis has also been shown.     

An involvement of SR-B1 mediated PI3K-Akt-eNOS signaling in HDL-induced cyclooxygenase 2 expression and prostacyclin production in endothelial cells

It is well-known that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), the phospholipid content of HDL, binding to S1P receptors can raise COX-2 expression and PGI(2) release through p38MAPK/CREB pathway. In the present study we assess the action of SR-B1 initiated PI3K-Akt-eNOS signaling in the regulation of COX-2 expression and PGI(2) production in response to HDL. We found that apoA1 could increase PGI(2) release and COX-2 expression in ECV 304 endothelial cells. Furthermore, SR-B1 was found to be involved in HDL induced up-regulation of COX-2 and PGI(2). Over-expressed SR-B1 did not significantly increase the expression of COX-2 and the PGI(2) levels, but knock-down of SR-B1 by siRNA could significantly attenuate COX-2 expression and PGI(2) release together with p38MAPK and CREB phosphorylation. Consistently, the declines of p-p38MAPK, p-CREB, COX-2 and PGI(2) were also observed after incubation with LY294002 (25μmol/L; PI3K special inhibitor) or L-NAME (50μmol/L; eNOS special inhibitor). In addition, we demonstrated the increases of PGI(2) release, COX-2 expression and p38MAPK phosphorylation, when nitric oxide level was raised through the incubation of L-arginine (10 or 20nmol/L) in endothelial cells. Taking together, our data support that SR-B1 mediated PI3K-Akt-eNOS signaling was involved in HDL-induced COX-2 expression and PGI(2) release in endothelial cells.     

Manduca sexta lipid transfer particle acts upon a lipoprotein to catalyze lipid and apoprotein disproportionation

A novel reaction, catalyzed by Manduca sexta lipid transfer particle (LTP), transforms low density lipophorin (LDLp) into two distinct lipoprotein species. A population of LDLp particles serves as lipid donor or acceptor in LTP-catalyzed production of a very low density lipophorin (VLDLp) and a high density lipophorin (HDLp) product. The products result from facilitated net transfer of lipid mass from donor LDLp particles to acceptor LDLp particles. Transfer of apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) from donor to acceptor lipoprotein occurs during the reaction to produce a lipid- and apoLp-III-enriched VLDLp species and lipid- and apoLp-III-depleted HDLp species. The VLDLp produced in this in vitro reaction contains more lipid and apoLp-III than any previous lipophorin species reported and further demonstrates the scope of the lipid binding capacity of lipophorin. Lipid analysis and radiolabeling studies confirmed that unidirectional net transfer of lipid mass and apoLp-III from donor to acceptor occurs. When 3H-lipid-LDLp was used as substrate in the LTP-catalyzed disproportionation reaction the density distribution of radioactivity and protein provided evidence of vectorial transfer of diacylglycerol, phospholipid, and free fatty acids. Electron micrographs of the original LDLp population and of the LTP-induced product lipoprotein population provided further support for the interpretation derived from biochemical studies. This LTP-catalyzed disproportionation was observed only with apoLp-III-rich LDLp suggesting that the presence of increased amounts of this apoprotein dramatically affects the properties of the particle and appears to be directly related to the capacity of the lipoprotein to bind lipid.     

Cholinergic stimulation of vascular prostacyclin synthesis

The production of prostacyclin by rings of rabbit aorta was assessed by the radioimmunoassay of 6-K-PGF_1α. In steady-state conditions, the rings released 11 ng 6-K-PGF_1α per 100 mg tissue in 30 min. Acetylcholine increased this output: a significant effect was detected at 1 μM and at 10 μM the amplitude of stimulation was 10-fold. The production of PGE₂ and PGF_2α was also increased, but to a lesser extent. The stimulatory action of acetylcholine was mimicked by carbamylcholine and inhibited by atropine; it was abolished in a calcium-free medium. Dog and rat aorta also produced more 6-K-PGF_1α in response to cholinergic agonists. A short rubbing of the intimal surface of the aorta removed the layer of endothelial cells and completely abolished the cholinergic effect. It is concluded that in the aorta, cholinergic agonists, acting on a muscarinic receptor, stimulate the production of prostacyclin by endothelial cells.     

Effect of hyperlipidemic serum on lipid peroxidation, synthesis of prostacyclin and thromboxane by cultured endothelial cells: protective effect of antioxidants

An increased lipid peroxides and a decreased production of prostacyclin have been shown in advanced atherosclerotic lesions and plasma. Our purpose was to determine whether the similar findings could be observed in cultured endothelial cells, and whether antioxidants could protect the cell against peroxide injury. In these experiments we have used bovine aortic endothelial cells in culture to address the issue of hyperlipidemia-induced arterial damage. Results of the present study showed that different concentration of hyperlipidemic sera from atherogenic rabbits induced a time- and dose-dependent alteration in the production of prostacyclin and levels of lipid peroxides in endothelial cells. Endothelial cells incubated with hyperlipidemic serum increased prostacyclin generation significantly during the initial stages and then continuously decreased. When endothelial cells were incubated for 36 h, TXA2 generation was also impaired and at the same time the cellular lipid peroxides content increased. There was a positive correlation between the concentration of hyperlipidemic serum and lipid peroxides and an inverse correlation with prostacyclin synthesis. The medium supplemented with antioxidant selenium or vitamin E showed a significant decrease in lipid peroxides and an increase in prostacyclin synthesis. These results suggest that both hyperlipidemic serum and lipid peroxides injury endothelial cells and inactivate prostacyclin synthetase, resulting in a decrease of prostacyclin production, while antioxidants have a protective effect. We conclude that the increase in lipid peroxides in association with hyperlipidemia results in alteration of prostacyclin synthesis that may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.     

The association of hepatic apoprotein and lipid metabolism in hamsters and rats.

1. The hamster liver but not that of the rat, secretes VLDL containing only apoprotein B100. Apoprotein B48 was identified in mesenteric lymph of hamsters and therefore plasma apoprotein B48 is of intestinal origin. 2. Male hamster livers secrete less free cholesterol but similar cholesterol ester than male rats resulting in a higher CE/FC ratio in hamsters. 3. Hepatic VLDL from male hamsters contain more apo B and E while that from females contains more TG and apo A-II/C. 4. Hamsters fed high-C diets secrete more hepatic VLDL-apoprotein B, -free and -cholesterol ester, and biliary cholesterol.