黄鼠洞干蚤和宿主密度的年间动态关系

根据内蒙古自治区正镶白旗乌宁巴图苏木1981～1993年达乌尔黄鼠Citellus dauriCUS密度和洞干蚤指数监测资料进行分析,得到如下结果。共检洞干蚤9种,其中方形黄鼠蚤蒙古亚种Citellophilus tesquorum mongolicus (66.0%)为优势蚤种,光亮额蚤Frontopsylla lu-culenta(23.6%)为次优势蚤种,阿巴盖新蚤Neopsylla abagaitui和二齿新蚤N。Bidentatifor-mis为常见种,余为少见种。鼠密度与洞干蚤指数关系显著(PPP<0.05),关系为洞干蚤指数=0.2709+0.0504体蚤指数。洞干蚤和巢蚤指数的关系是显著的(P<0.07),关系为洞干蚤指数＝0.27652+0.00348巢蚤指数。三种蚤指数之间有如下近似 关系：巢蚤指数：体蚤指数：洞干蚤指数：100：10：1。     

长爪沙鼠寄生蚤指数和气象因子关系的研究

根据内蒙古自治区土默特平原1983～1985年长爪沙鼠 Meriones unguiculatus巢蚤、体蚤、洞干蚤指数和6项气象资料进行分析,得到如下结果。① 共获蚤11种, 其中秃病蚤蒙冀亚种Nosopsyllus laeviceps kuzenkovi(67.50%)是优势种, 二齿新蚤Neopsylla bidentatiformis(22.65%)为次优势种。② 3种蚤指数的均值差异显著(P<0.0001)。③ 体蚤与洞干蚤指数相关显著(P<0.05), 模型为(洞干蚤指数)=0.0049+0.0248(体蚤指数), 巢蚤与体蚤、巢蚤与洞干蚤指数的相关不显著(P>0.25)。④ 沙鼠密度与3种蚤指数的相关均不显著(P>0.10)。⑤ 在巢蚤中,月温度是影响巢秃病蚤唯一的气象因子(P<0.05)。⑥ 分别求出鼠体的秃病蚤和同形客蚤指名亚种Xenopsylla conformis conformis与气象因子的最优回归子集(P<0.003、P<0.05), 洞干的秃病蚤和二齿新蚤与气象因子的最优回归子集(P<0.0007、P<0.01), 月蒸发量是影响秃病蚤的最重要因子。⑦ 春季与冬季、夏季与冬季巢蚤指数差异显著(P<0.05); 春季与冬季、夏季与冬季体蚤指数差异显著(P<0.05); 春季与冬季、夏季与秋季、夏季与冬季洞干蚤指数差异显著(P<0.05)。     

黄鼠巢和宿主密度的年间动态关系

根据内蒙古自治区正镶白旗乌宁巴图苏木1981～1993年达乌尔黄鼠Citellus dauricus密度和巢蚤指数监测资料进行分析,得到如下结果。共检巢蚤10种,其中方形黄鼠蚤蒙古亚种Citellophilus tesquorum mongolicus(45.4%)为优势蚤种,光亮额蚤Frontopsylla lucu lenta(25.0%)和阿巴盖新蚤Neopsylla abagaitui(21.3%)为次优势蚤种。二齿新蚤N.Bidentatiformis和角尖眼蚤Ophthalmopsylla praefecta为常见种,余为少见种。鼠密度与巢蚤指数 的关系不显著(p>0.10)、与巢染蚤率关系显著(p<0.05),不同年份的蚤类多样性和均匀性比较稳定。巢蚤和体蚤指数的关系是显著的(PP<0.005)。     

黄鼠体蚤和宿主密度的年间动态关系

根据内蒙古自治区正镶白旗乌宁巴图苏木1981-1993年达乌尔黄鼠Citellus dauricus密度和体蚤指数监测资料进行分析,得到如下结果。共检体蚤10种,其中方形黄鼠蚤蒙古亚种Citelloilus tesquorum mongoJicus(72.38%)和光亮额蚤Fronto Psylla luculenta(18.03%)分别为优势和次优势蚤种,阿巴盖新蚤Neopsylla abagaitui、二齿新蚤Neopsylla bidentatifor-mis为常见种,余为少见种。宿主密度与蚤指数均呈指数增长,鼠密度与蚤指数的关系是极为显著的(P<0.0001),关系为鼠密度＝exp(-0.6206十0.1989t),蚤指数＝1.6109+0.8997(鼠密度)。方形黄鼠蚤蒙古亚种比例的高低显著地影响体蚤的多样性和均匀性.宿主 密度与染蚤率呈正相关关系(P相似文献   

锡林郭勒草原布氏田鼠体蚤和巢蚤数量动态及蚤类群落演替

1989～1998年对内蒙古阿巴嘎旗那仁宝力格苏木布氏田鼠Microtus brandti体蚤和巢蚤的数量进行了调查和分析,所得体蚤包括3科7属9种, 其中优势种有: 原双蚤田野亚种Amphipsylla primaris mitis占41.84%, 近代新蚤东方亚种Neopsylla pleskei orientalis占41.18%, 光亮额蚤Frontopsylla luculenta占13.18%。所得巢蚤包括2科6属9种, 其中优势种近代新蚤占74.94%; 光亮额蚤占10.04%, 原双蚤占8.20%, 宽圆纤蚤Rhadinopsylla rothschildi占6.44%, 是常见种。田鼠体的原双蚤、近代新蚤、光亮额蚤和体蚤指数间呈正相关(P<0.05)。田鼠巢的近代新蚤、光亮额蚤、宽圆纤蚤和巢蚤指数间正相关显著(P<0.01)。春季巢蚤指数∶春季体蚤指数≈5∶1, 秋季巢蚤指数∶秋季体蚤指数≈75∶1。近代新蚤既是体型蚤又是巢型蚤, 为田鼠的优势蚤种; 原双蚤数量占体蚤的 41.84%, 是体型蚤; 光亮额蚤为体蚤和巢蚤中的常见种。     

长爪沙鼠体蚤和巢蚤数量研究

1982～1996年对内蒙古自治区鄂托克前旗长爪沙鼠Meriones unguiculatus体蚤和巢蚤的数量进行了调查和分析,得到如下结果。获体蚤15种,同型客蚤指名亚种Xenopsylla conformis conformls (50.8%) 和秃病蚤蒙冀亚种Nosopsyllus laveiceps kuzenkovi (40.6%)为优势种。获巢蚤15种,秃病蚤蒙冀亚种(74.3%)为优势种;盔状新蚤Neopsylla galea (11.9%)和叶状切唇蚤突高亚种Coptopsyllus lamelliferardua (8.1%)为常见种。年巢蚤指数的均值是年体蚤指数的6.92倍。体蚤指数与巢蚤指数不相关(P>0,05),体染蚤率与巢染蚤率不相关(P>0.05)。不同年份 的体蚤和巢蚤多样性比较稳定。连续两年春季或秋季秃病蚤巢蚤指数大于10只后,可能流行动物鼠疫。     

四川鼠疫疫源地青海田鼠巢蚤群落结构及其动态

目的掌握四川鼠疫疫源地青海田鼠巢蚤群落结构及其动态,为防止鼠疫传播提供理论指导。方法于2011年和2012年的5~9月在四川鼠疫疫源地逐月采集青海田鼠巢蚤,对其鉴定并统计分析,对鼠巢的染蚤率、蚤指数、巢蚤群落结构及优势种的季节变化进行了研究。结果两年共挖取87个有效巢,分离得到3715匹跳蚤,包括8个物种,其中细钩盖蚤和直缘双蚤指名亚种为优势种。巢染蚤率为100%。巢蚤指数、优势蚤种指数的月间差异显著(P0.05)。2011年巢蚤指数、优势蚤种指数均显著大于2012年(P0.05)。群落多样性指数和优势度指数没有显著的年间和月间差异(P0.05);2011年巢蚤群落均匀度指数显著小于2012年(t=-3.796,P0.05);巢蚤群落均匀度指数的月间差异显著(ANOVA:F=2.692,P0.05),其中,2011年9月为调查期间最低值(0.712)。结论四川鼠疫疫源地青海田鼠巢染蚤率高、巢蚤指数大,其中直缘双蚤指名亚种和细钩盖蚤为优势种。2012年巢蚤指数、优势种蚤指数均较2011年显著下降。巢蚤群落均匀度指数和物种数的变化存在显著的年间和月间差异。     

二齿新蚤和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种吸血习性的实验室观察

1983—1989年对二齿新蚤和方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种几种吸血习性进行了实验观察。1.新羽化蚤吸血蚤百分率与羽化后时间呈直线正相关。二齿新蚤至30小时左右,方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种至40小时左右,吸血蚤百分率约达90%,相当于繁殖蚤。2.蚤同宿主接触5分钟内即有部份吸血。接触半小时吸血蚤数最多,半小时至1小时吸血蚤数减少,也有少部份蚤至1小时尚未吸血。3.吸血蚤与未吸血蚤均可留于宿主体上,亦均能随时离开宿主体。     

秃病蚤蒙冀亚种与长爪沙鼠密度的状态空间模型

给出了一个描述秃病蚤蒙冀亚种Nosopsyllus laeviceps kuzenkovi与长爪沙鼠M eriones unguiculatus密度的状态空间模型,模型为x_t+1=-0.336x_t+0.057y_t+0.107z_t, _t+1=0.586x_t-0.369y_t-0.274z_t, z_t+1=0.189x_t-0.247y_t-0.309z_t, 其中x_t,y_t和z_t分别为t月份的沙鼠密度, 巢秃病蚤和体秃病蚤指数。结果表明,模型能够较好地描述野外秃病蚤蒙冀亚种与长爪沙鼠间的关系,并发现沙鼠密度显著地影响巢秃病蚤指数。     

达乌尔黄鼠洞内蚤的空间分布

黄鼠洞内共发现9种及亚种蚤,其中以黄鼠蚤松江和二齿新蚤数量最多,其余各种蚤均为散见。前两种蚤在洞内各区段染蚤指数不等,但基本都有分布,巢内数量占据首位。松江黄鼠蚤的消长曲线呈双峰型,二齿新蚤的曲线比较平稳。两种蚤的空间分布特点是巢内多于洞干,洞干多于洞口。根据巢蚤数量二齿新蚤归属“巢型蚤”是无疑的,但松江黄鼠蚤是否隶属“皮型蚤”应进一步研究和讨论。在数量预测中采用O-MXC的公式较为适宜。根据蚤的空间分布图式,消灭跳蚤时应密切注意巢内的跳蚤。可采用滴滴涕或其他灭蚤有效的有机磷、氨基甲酸酯等粉剂,亦可采用缓释杀虫剂等进行毒杀。     

Contrasting seasonal dynamics in fleas of the Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans) in Finland

Abstract.  1. The seasonal and spatial variation of the adult flea fauna (Siphonaptera) was examined in connection with live-trapping studies of the Siberian flying squirrel ( Pteromys volans ) in three study areas in southern Finland between 1997 and 2005.
2. The numerically dominant flea species of the Siberian flying squirrel were Tarsopsylla octodecimdentata octodecimdentata and Ceratophyllus (Monopsyllus) indages indages (Ceratophyllidae); the latter being a host specialist of the Siberian flying squirrel. Tarsopsylla octodecimdentata , which also commonly occurs on the red squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris ), infected a large proportion of the host population throughout the winter, whereas C. indages occurred predominantly during the summer and autumn, being practically the only flea species in nests during the flying squirrels' breeding season and on juveniles still inhabiting their natal nest.
3. The use of nest boxes by flying squirrels did not have any positive effects on flea populations, but it may have had a negative impact on T.   octodecimdentata .
4. The potentially vulnerable C.   i.   indages is a predictable, widespread component in the flea fauna of the Siberian flying squirrel at various spatial scales, and it is likely to occur in most of the permanent flying squirrel populations in Finland.     

Rattlesnakes Create a Context for Localizing Their Search for Potential Prey

This paper presents systematically collected field data on what transpires between free-living rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis oreganus) and individuals of an important prey species, California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi). In the course of two field seasons we discovered that rattlesnakes and California ground squirrels can engage in at least six different episode classes: snake watching, snake following, inspecting/probing coiled snakes, interaction, rattlesnake approaching squirrel and envenomation. If a rattlesnake is moving directly toward a squirrel and is within 3 m of its burrow an interaction may develop, but more commonly it does not. Instead of engaging the snake, the squirrels seemed to try to remain stationary in the face of the snake's advance, as if to minimize affording the snake information about the nursery burrow location. The rattlesnakes in turn behaved as though they were using the location of the squirrels that resisted moving away from their advance as the hub of a radial search pattern. We argue that if the squirrel engages the snake before it discovers the burrow, the location of the nursery burrow may be revealed and the pups' vulnerability actually increased.     

Potential Effects of Environmental Conditions on Prairie Dog Flea Development and Implications for Sylvatic Plague Epizootics

Fleas are common ectoparasites of vertebrates worldwide and vectors of many pathogens causing disease, such as sylvatic plague in prairie dog colonies. Development of fleas is regulated by environmental conditions, especially temperature and relative humidity. Development rates are typically slower at low temperatures and faster at high temperatures, which are bounded by lower and upper thresholds where development is reduced. Prairie dogs and their associated fleas (mostly Oropsylla spp) live in burrows that moderate outside environmental conditions, remaining cooler in summer and warmer in winter. We found burrow microclimates were characterized by stable daily temperatures and high relative humidity, with temperatures increasing from spring through summer. We previously showed temperature increases corresponded with increasing off-host flea abundance. To evaluate how changes in temperature could affect future prairie dog flea development and abundance, we used development rates of O. montana (a species related to prairie dog fleas), determined how prairie dog burrow microclimates are affected by ambient weather, and combined these results to develop a predictive model. Our model predicts burrow temperatures and flea development rates will increase during the twenty-first century, potentially leading to higher flea abundance and an increased probability of plague epizootics if Y. pestis is present.

     

秃病蚤蒙冀亚种与长爪沙鼠密度的状态空间模型

 给出了一个描述秃病蚤蒙冀亚种Nosopsyllus laeviceps kuzenkovi与长爪沙鼠M eriones unguiculatus密度的状态空间模型,模型为x_t+1=-0.336x_t+0057y _t+0107z_t, y_t+1=0.586x_t-0369y_t-0274z_t, z_t+1=0.189x _t+0247y_t-0309z_t, 其中x_t,y_t和z_t分别为t月份的沙鼠密度, 巢秃病蚤 和体秃病蚤指数。结果表明,模型能够较好地描述野外秃病蚤蒙 冀亚种与长爪沙鼠间的关系,并发现沙鼠密度显著地影响巢秃病蚤指数。     

Of fleas and geese: the impact of an increasing nest ectoparasite on reproductive success

Past studies on the relationship between nest ectoparasites and avian fitness have been primarily limited to altricial hosts. Life history strategies of precocial and altricial birds vary considerably, limiting our ability to infer the effect of nest parasites on fitness of precocial species. Ross's Chen rossii and lesser snow goose Chen caerulescens caerulescens populations have been growing at unprecedented high rates. New limiting factors on vital rates of these precocial birds may arise after populations have been released from previously regulating factors. The flea Ceratophyllus vagabundus vagabundus is an apparently newly emerging nest parasite in the arctic goose colony at Karrak Lake, Nunavut, Canada. We examined the relationship between flea abundance (measured by the proportion of goose eggs covered by blood in each nest) and goose reproductive success from 2001–2004. In three of four years of study, nest success was inversely related to flea abundance in nests. Despite the potential for high costs to individuals, the overall effects of fleas on goose nesting success have thus far been small. We demonstrated that nest parasites negatively influence reproductive success of precocial bird hosts despite host life history strategy of leaving the nest quickly after hatch, which results in minimal exposure to nest parasites compared to altricial birds that raise their young in the nest.