Stem cells down under-ISSCR 2007

Cairns, Queensland, Australia provided the venue for the 5th annual meeting of the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR), June 17-20, 2007. Consonant with the young society's mission to serve the international stem cell community, this meeting was the first held outside North America. The meeting drew attendees from 44 countries, with excellent representation from the Asia/Pacific region. The more than 120 presentations and 1000 posters covered virtually all aspects of the stem cell field and provided a snapshot of current areas of investigation. Here we review some of the newest findings in an effort to convey the energy and excitement of the meeting and the tempo of stem cell science.     

Cortical development: the art of generating cell diversity

The fascinating question of how the enormous diversity of neuronal and glial cells in the cerebral cortex is generated during development was recently discussed at a meeting on cortical development and stem cells in Greece. What emerged from this meeting is an equally fascinating answer, namely that precursor diversity at rather early stages of development anticipates later cell type diversity.     

Rediscovering pluripotency: from teratocarcinomas to embryonic stem cells. Cardiff, 10-12 October 2011

The pluripotent potential of embryonic stem cells has often seen them touted as the future of regenerative medicine. The road to any therapeutic success however, must stretch back to teratocarcinoma, the tumour from which pluripotent stem cells (embryonal carcinoma cells) were first derived. This 2011 meeting in Cardiff acted as a historical perspective from which the impact of embryonal carcinoma cell research on the present pluripotent stem cell landscape could be observed, with many of the early luminaries in this field still very active. The meeting addressed the genetic and epigenetic make-up of pluripotent stem cells, the mechanisms which control their fate, and their relationship to the early embryo proper. With each speaker tasked with revisiting previous questions, this meeting demonstrated how far has been travelled, yet how far is left to go.     

Wellcome Trust/EBI 2009 Meeting Report – Perspectives in Stem Cell Proteomics 22–23 March 2009, Wellcome Trust Conference Centre,Hinxton, UK

This report summarises the recent “Perspectives in Stem Cell Proteomics” meeting that was held at the Wellcome Trust Conference Centre, Hinxton, UK in March 2009. The aim of the meeting was to explore the current status of proteomics in stem cell biology. Several themes encompassing technological and biological studies demonstrated the close relationship that must exist between the two communities in order to maximise our understanding of stem cell behaviour. Highlights included new methods for induction of pluripotent stem cells, new data sets regarding protein expression and phosphorylation dynamics in differentiating cells and the potential for future exploitation in a therapeutic setting.     

Stem cells and their niche: an inseparable relationship

A recent Keystone symposium on 'Stem Cell Interactions with their Microenvironmental Niche' was organized by David T. Scadden and Allan C. Spradling. The meeting was held in conjunction with another Keystone symposium, 'Stem Cells and Cancer', at Keystone, Colorado. Among the work that was presented at this meeting, scientists presented data that advances our understanding of the contribution that the niche makes to stem cell maintenance. Novel types of stem cells and niches were also reported and new findings that clarify our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate and maintain stem cells were presented.     

Novel insights in basic and applied stem cell therapy

The achievement of novel findings in stem cell research were the subject of the meeting organized by Stem Cell Research Italy (SCR Italy) and by the International Society for Cellular Therapy-Europe (ISCT). Stem cell therapy represents great promise for the future of molecular and regenerative medicine. The use of several types of stem cells is a real opportunity to provide a valid approach to curing several untreatable human diseases. Before it is suitable for clinical applications, stem cell biology needs to be investigated further and in greater detail. Basic stem cell research could provide exact knowledge regarding stem cell action mechanisms, and pre-clinical research on stem cells on an in vivo model of disease provides scientific evidence for future human applications. Applied stem cell research is a promising new approach to handling several diseases. Along with tissue engineering, it offers a new and promising discipline that can help to manage human pathologies through stem cell therapy. All of these themes were discussed in this meeting, covering stem cell subtypes with their newest basic and applied research.     

Breakdown of the potentiality principle and its impact on global stem cell research

Totipotency, defined as the ability of a single cell to generate an entire individual, has traditionally served as a cornerstone to frame the moral relevance of nascent human life. This "potentiality principle" has served as an ethical reference point for shaping legal regulations for stem cell research in most Western countries. Based on heterogeneous ethical, religious, and political views, different countries cope with recent advances in mammalian cloning and reprogramming in a remarkably diverse manner. This and related issues were key topics at a recent meeting held in Berlin, Germany, on ethical aspects of stem cell research in Europe. An emerging view from this event is that international heterogeneity in stem cell politics and legislation must be overcome in order to develop this field toward biomedical application.     

New developments in stem cell biology and therapy. First meeting report from the working group of the German Society for Hematology and Oncology

The call for the meeting which took place in Heidelberg 13 January 2005, resulted in a high number of contributions covering a diversity of topics: embryonal stem cell research; molecular signaling pathways; assay systems for primitive, mesenchymal and epithelial stem cells; markers for transdifferentiation; and theoretical considerations including biomathematical modeling of stem cell development. The program was rounded off by pre-clinical and clinical applications of stem cell therapies, including new mobilization agents, treatment of myocardial infarction and chemoprotective gene transfer to stem cells.     

Plasticity,niches, and the use of stem cells

Stem cells possess the ability to self-renew and generate multiple cell types of the tissues in which they reside. Several studies have reported transdifferentiation events between different somatic stem cells. These properties have created tremendous excitement about the prospect of using stem cells from easily accessible sources for tissue engineering. However, recently, the plasticity of stem cells has met with several strong challenges. In this meeting review, we will discuss issues surrounding reports of transdifferentiation, the molecular mechanisms that govern stem cell states, and progress toward putting stem cells to use.     

Stem cells: time to check our premises

A recent meeting titled "Conserved Mechanisms of Stem Cell Control and Regeneration" was held at the Biopharmaceutical Technology Center Institute (BTCI) in Madison, Wisconsin. The diversity of stem cells and biological contexts discussed highlight the field's rapid progress in deciphering the molecular basis of stem cell functions and emphasize the challenges facing the future exploitation of these cells as therapeutic vectors.     

Exploiting stem cell therapy: The 3rd meeting of stem cell research Italy

The study of stem cells is one of the most exciting areas of contemporary biomedical research. During the 3rd Joint Meeting of Stem Cell Research Italy (June 2012, Ferrara, Italy), scientists from different multidisciplinary areas explored new frontiers of basic and applied stem cell research with key lectures and oral presentations. There was a public debate on ethics during the opening ceremony, specifically on the limits and potentialities of adult and embryonic stem cells. Some scientists presented basic research data showing evolutionary aspects, which could be of interest in understanding specific biological phenomena. Others focused on “dangerous liaisons” between gene transfer vectors and the human genome. Some speakers provided insight into current stem cell therapies, such as those involving human epithelial stem cells for treatment of skin diseases. Other researchers presented data on close‐to‐therapy findings, such as the use of mesenchymal stem cells in brain repair. Of note, during the meeting, spotlights were focused on major issues that have to be considered for GMP stem cell production for cell therapy. In “Meet the Expert” sessions, specialists presented innovative technologies such as a next‐generation sequencing system. Finally, the meeting provided an excellent opportunity for young scientists to show their findings, and to discuss with each other and with internationally recognized experts. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 911–914, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

WNTers in La Jolla

A 'traditional' Wnt meeting, the first of which occurred over two decades ago as a meeting of the laboratories of Harold Varmus and Roel Nusse, was held at the University of California, San Diego, in June 2007. Organized by Karl Willert, Anthony Wynshaw-Boris and Katherine Jones, the meeting was attended by nearly 400 scientists interested in ;all things Wnt', including Wnt signal transduction mechanisms, and Wnt signaling in evolutionary and developmental biology, stem cell biology, regeneration and disease. Themes that dominated the meeting included the need for precise control over each step of the signal transduction mechanism and developing therapeutics for diseases caused by altered Wnt-signaling.     

Stem cells: a plant biology perspective

A recent meeting at the Juan March Foundation in Madrid, Spain brought together plant biologists to discuss the characteristics of plant stem cells that are unique and those that are shared by stem cells from the animal kingdom.     

Report on antibodies submitted to the stromal cell section of HLDA8

The paradigm for tissue specific homing of leukocytes is the "area code" hypothesis, which predicts that a specific combination of adhesive interactions and chemokine signals from the endothelium directs leukocyte migration into specific tissue sites. This area code hypothesis has been supported by studies from previous HLDA workshops where endothelial specific cell antigens have been studied. Similarly, a clear haematopoietic "stem cell code" comprising the chemokine SDF-1 (CXCL12) and the adhesion receptor VCAM-1 (CD106) has been shown to contribute to the stem cell niche within bone marrow [K. Tokoyoda, T. Egawa, T. Sugiyama, B.I. Chai, T. Nagasawa, Cellular niches controlling B lymphocyte behaviour within bone marrow during development, Immunity 20 (2004) 707-718]. HLDA 7 included a section devoted to stem cell antigens, which began to define additional antigens important in these processes. During the course of HLDA 8 we have extended these observations to determine whether a more global stromal address code defined by fibroblasts, exists in variety of different tissues [G. Parsonage, A.D. Filer, O. Haworth, G.B. Nash, G.E. Rainger, M. Salmon, C.D. Buckley, A stromal area postcode defined by fibroblasts, Trends Immunol. 26 (2005) 150-156]. The stromal cell section in HLDA 8 was designed to complement the malignant cell, endothelial cell, and stem cell/progenitor cell sections. Seven new CD numbers were assigned to antibodies included in this section at the HLDA 8 Workshop meeting held during December 2004.     

Cancer stem cell-like cells derived from malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors

This study aims to examine whether or not cancer stem cells exist in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST). Cells of established lines, primary cultures and freshly dissected tumors were cultured in serum free conditions supplemented with epidermal and fibroblast growth factors. From one established human MPNST cell line, S462, cells meeting the criteria for cancer stem cells were isolated. Clonal spheres were obtained, which could be passaged multiple times. Enrichment of stem cell-like cells in these spheres was also supported by increased expression of stem cell markers such as CD133, Oct4, Nestin and NGFR, and decreased expression of mature cell markers such as CD90 and NCAM. Furthermore, cells of these clonal S462 spheres differentiated into Schwann cells, smooth muscle/fibroblast and neurons-like cells under specific differentiation-inducing cultural conditions. Finally, subcutaneous injection of the spheres into immunodeficient nude mice led to tumor formation at a higher rate compared to the parental adherent cells (66% versus 10% at 2.5 × 10(5)). These results provide evidence for the existence of cancer stem cell-like cells in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors.     

Embryonic potential and stem cells

This paper examines three arguments that use the concept of potential to identify embryos that are morally suitable for embryonic stem cell research (ESCR). According to the first argument, due to Ronald Green, the fact that they are scheduled for disposal makes embryos left over from IVF treatments morally appropriate for research. Paul McHugh argues that embryos created by somatic cell nuclear transfer differ from those that result directly from the meeting of sperm and egg in having potential especially conducive to the therapeutic use of their stem cells. I reject both of these arguments. According to the way of making distinctions in embryonic potential that I defend, it is the absence of a functional relationship with a womb that marks embryos morally suitable for ESCR.     

Investigating cellular stress responses--a multidisciplinary approach from basic science to therapeutics--report on the EuroSciCon (European Scientific Conferences) meeting

The meeting on "Investigating cellular stress responses--a multidisciplinary approach from basic science to therapeutics" was held in London on 13 October 2006. The purpose of this 1-day meeting was to bring together European scientists investigating the immune biology of stress proteins and their potential clinical applications. The main topics included: the role of heat shock proteins (Hsps) in bacterial infections; the role of Hsps with a molecular mass of about 70 kDa in cancer therapy and in prediction of the clinical outcome following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; the quality and duration of stress as a danger signal for the initiation of a stress response; the mechanism of Hsp-protein interaction; and Hsp export from tumor cells in secretory granules.     

Uncertainties cloud stem cell developments

Scientific promise in the therapeutic potential of early embryonic stem cell research to treat presently intractable diseases is still meeting ethical, regulatory and patent challenges. Nigel Williams reports on recent moves in Europe and the US.     

Responsibility rewarded: ethics, engagement, and scientific autonomy in the labyrinth of the minotaur

Dramatic changes in the stem cell ethical and research ecosystem in the last 10 years depended on active engagement among scientists, ethicists, government, and public. Tracing that story demonstrates the value of such engagement, and forecasts a successful method for meeting future challenges.