小麦花药培养后代和杂交后代中高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基变异分析

通过对Alondra、Orofen等5个小麦品种进行花药培养,同时以新春9号、京771、CB037等9个高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成不同的小麦品种相互间配制24个正、反交组合,分析小麦加倍单倍体无性系和品种间杂交后代中高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基变异,探讨利用花药培养和杂交手段改良HMW-GS组成的可能性。SDS-PAGE电泳分析发现,小麦加倍单倍体无性系中HMW-GS发生了频繁变异,Alondra加倍单倍体中变异率最高(61.8%),Verry加倍单倍体次之(16.7%),均出现了原始材料中所不具备的亚基类型;HMW-GS在部分F1杂种中呈现不完全共显性、亚基表达沉默和正、反交亚基表达不一致现象,宁春4号/CB037、京771/宁春4号2个组合中出现了双亲所不含有的亚基;通过连续自交和对新出现亚基的跟踪选择,获得了表达新亚基的高代株系。研究结果对于改良小麦加工品质,加深了解小麦HMW-GS编码基因的遗传特性、结构特性等具有一定理论意义和实践价值。     

大豆蛋白质含量的遗传变异及其与主要农艺性状的相关性分析

摘要：以综合性状优良的黄淮海区主栽大豆品种中黄13为轮回亲本,从大豆微核心种质中选择蛋白质含量显著低于或高于轮回亲本的中黄20、东山69、迟黄豆-1和泰兴牛毛黄乙等4个品种作为供体亲本,比较分析了4个组合的RP、DP、F2、BC1F2和BC2F2蛋白质含量的遗传变异及其与主要农艺性状的相关性,结果表明,双亲蛋白质含量高有利于提高其杂交、回交后代的蛋白质平均含量及超轮回亲本个体比例;F2、BC1F2和BC2F2群体蛋白质含量的变异系数依次降低,BC2F2的蛋白质平均含量及其变异系数接近于轮回亲本;蛋白质含量在F2群体内呈正态分布,在双亲蛋白质含量高的组合中,其BC1F2群体呈偏态分布,但在BC2F2群体恢复了正态分布,稳定较快;供体亲本与其杂交2代、回交1代和回交2代在蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、株高、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重等性状上呈显著或极显著相关。     

转基因小麦外源优质亚基基因的杂交转育研究

在获得外源品质基因1Dx5和1Ax1超量表达的转基因小麦的基础上,利用小麦转基因品系‘B72-8-11b’和‘B102-1-2’为父本,主要以湖北省栽培品种‘鄂麦12’为母本,配置杂交组合。杂交后代中采用系谱选择法,结合HMW-GS鉴定,研究了转基因小麦外源品质基因在F1、F2、F3、F4代的传递,并筛选出外源1Dx5或1Ax1基因保持超表达的2个新型转基因株系;同时证明了将外源品质基因向栽培品种转育,是提高小麦优质亚基含量和提高HMW-GS总量的有效方法之一。     

SDS-PAGE分析转基因小麦与主栽小麦杂交后代的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基

目的:高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)1Ax1、1Dx5是对小麦面包烘烤品质有重要影响的优质亚基。将转基因小麦株系与普通小麦栽培品种常规杂交并快速筛选后代,以选育含有外源优质亚基的主栽小麦品系。方法:将分别含有1Ax1、1Dx5亚基的转基因小麦株系B102-1-2、B73-6-1与3种普通小麦主栽品种鄂恩1号、鄂麦12号、日喀则8号常规杂交,用不连续SDS-PAGE方法鉴定12组杂交组合(正反交)F1代311颗籽粒的HMW-GS。结果:不连续SDS-PAGE分析大量子代带型,能够快速鉴定筛选出具有优质亚基的株系,转基因获得的外源优质HMW-GS基因在大部分F1子代中能够共显性遗传。结论:常规杂交育种能使外源基因有效地整合进主栽小麦的基因组中,进一步分析后代遗传的稳定性和遗传规律就可以培育出优质的新品种;不连续SDS-PAGE快速筛选优质亚基的株系具有可操作性和实用性。     

多种优质高分子量谷蛋白亚基的聚合育种研究

用携带HMW-GS14 15的小偃6号作为轮回亲本,携带HMW-GS5 10的法国优质面包小麦品系707作为供体亲本,在回交后代的BC1、BC2、BC3、BC3F1、BC3F2代其它农艺性状选择的基础上,利用1对特异引物逐代检测出携带优质,Dx5基因的单株进行回交和自交。BC1代中随机检测的58个单株的Dx5基因分布符合1对等位基因的遗传分离比例1：1;BC1代小麦相同3个单株3个不同生长季节Dx5基因检测的结果完全一致,检测结果非常稳定;已将优质Dx5基因导入BC3F2后代的部分单株内;携带Dx5基因的株系XN89-7-3微量SDS沉淀值为18．8mL,比小偃6号提高了23．68％;蛋白质电泳筛选出了6个聚合多种优质亚基且编码基因纯合的单株,微量SDS沉淀值为19．9mL,比小偃6号提高了30．92％;选择农艺性状与轮回亲本相似并具有Dx5基因特异扩增产物的单株进行回交或自交,可加快回交转育的进度。实践证明,回交转育与分子标记辅助选育相结合的育种方法是快速定向聚合多种优质HMW-GS基因的有效方法之一。     

六倍体小黑麦×六倍体小麦杂交后代中染色体遗传与结构变异鉴定

六倍体小黑麦是普通小麦品种遗传改良的重要基因资源,可以拓宽小麦的遗传基础。本研究以六倍体小黑麦为供体向普通小麦转移黑麦染色质,以探明六倍体小黑麦×六倍体小麦杂交、回交后代的染色体遗传特性,为小黑麦种质材料的后续研究和利用奠定基础。以六倍体小黑麦16引171为母本,六倍体小麦川麦62为父本配制杂交及回交组合,利用非变性荧光原位杂交技术(non-denaturing florescence in situ hybridization,ND-FISH)对F1、BC1F1和BC1F2植株进行细胞学跟踪鉴定。结果表明,杂种F1回交结实率为2.61%;BC1F1植株2R染色体传递频率最高;BC1F2植株中黑麦染色体在后代的传递率为6R>4R>2R,小麦背景中5B-7B相互易位染色体在BC1F2植株中表现出严重偏分离。在BC1F1和BC1F2植株中观察到24种结构变异染色体,包括染色体片段、等臂易位染色体、易位染色体以及双着丝粒染色体,且部分BC1F2植株的种子表现粒长和千粒重均优于六倍体小麦亲本川麦62。因此,在利用六倍体小黑麦作为桥梁向普通小麦导入黑麦遗传物质时,应尽量采取多次回交的...     

疏花蔷薇与现代月季品种及其杂交后代的染色体核型分析

以疏花蔷薇(Rosa laxa,2n=2x=14)和现代月季品种‘Kardinal’、‘Solidor’、‘Yuzen’(2n=4x=28)为亲本进行杂交,杂交组合疏花蔷薇בKardinal’、疏花蔷薇בSolidor’、‘Yuzen’×疏花蔷薇分别获得5株、5株和6株杂交后代。采用常规压片法,对亲本及杂交后代的染色体数目和核型进行了分析。结果显示:杂交后代中除疏花蔷薇בKardinal’组合有1株为二倍体外,其余15株均为三倍体;疏花蔷薇的核型为12m+2sm,属1A型;现代月季品种‘Kardinal’、‘Solidor’、‘Yuzen’的核型分别为28m、28m、24m(2SAT)+4sm,核型类型分别为1A、1B、2B型;疏花蔷薇בKardinal’组合的F1代包括1A、1B和2A等3种核型;疏花蔷薇בSolidor’组合的F1代包括1A和1B等2种核型;‘Yuzen’×疏花蔷薇组合的F1代包括1A、1B和2B等3种核型。根据染色体数目和形态分析结果确定,获得的三倍体后代为真杂种,但对于二倍体后代的杂种真实性不能做出判断。     

甘蓝型油菜Ogura 雄性不育×白菜的回交杂种后代与亲本之间蕾期基因表达差异比较研究*

以甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus L, AACC,2n＝38）Ogura细胞质雄性不育材料为母本,以不同白菜（B campestris ssp. chinensis Makino, AA, 2n＝20） 自交系‘新选一号’和‘矮脚黄’为父本进行杂交,获得了杂种F1、BC1、BC2代。利用cDNA-AFLP技术对两种材料的不同回交世代BC1、BC2代与其亲本在蕾期的基因表达进行分析。结果表明,两种白菜回交世代与其亲本的基因表达有明显差异,在质和量上都存在差异。基因表达模式有5类共7种：（1）单亲沉默型（2种）,（2）单亲一致型（2种）,（3）双亲共沉默型,（4）杂种特异型,（5）表达一致型。随着回交世代的增加,回交杂种和亲本的基因表达在单亲沉默型、双亲共沉默型呈增加趋势。而在母本一致型、父本一致型、杂交种特异型、表达一致型呈下降的趋势。两种白菜在F1、BC1、BC2 3个世代与回交亲本花蕾间的基因差异表达有15种类型,其中以在轮回亲本、F1、BC1、BC2中共同出现表达的带的比例最高。Abstract: Crosses between female parent of Ogura male sterility Brassica napus L. and male parents of B. campestris ssp. chinensis Makino were made and F1, BC1 and BC2 generations produced. Gene expression of two Chinese cabbage backcross hybrid BC1, BC2 and their parents at bud stage was analyzed by means of cDNA-AFLP technique. The results indicated that the patterns of gene expression differ significantly between BC1 and BC2 generations and their parents. There were many patterns of gene expression, including gene overexpression and gene silencing. Five patterns (seven kinds) of gene expression were observed, which include: (1) bands occurring in only one parent (two kinds); (2) bands observed in hybrids and one parent (two kinds); (3) bands occurring in only parents (one kind); (4) bands visualized in only hybrids (one kind); (5) bands observed in parents and hybrids (one kind). In accompany with the addition of backcross, the increase trend in backcross hybrids and their parents were described in the aspects of differential gene expression, bands expressed only in one parent and bands expressed only in both parents. The declined trend in backcross hybrids and their parents were observed in the aspects of bands expressed in both hybrids and one parent (two kinds), bands visualized in only hybrids and bands observed in parents and hybrid. Fifteen patterns of gene expression were observed in F1、BC1、BC2 and backcross parents. The percent of bands expressed in F1、BC1、BC2 and backcross was highest.     

玉米自交系×大刍草远缘杂交后代性状变异研究初探

采用人工剥苞多次授粉方法,将近缘一年生二倍体类玉米（大刍草）与普通玉米自交系杂交,对F1、F2以及回交后代B1的抽雄期、吐丝期、散粉期、株高、穗位高、分蘖进行调查研究,分析远缘杂交后代农艺性孳的遗传变化。结果表明,远缘杂交后代株高、穗化高分离变异较大,而抽雄期、吐丝期、散粉期分离变异较小,不同世代植株分蘖变化较大,F1代有57．5％植株、F2代有23％植株、BC1F1代有0．8％植株有分蘖;雌穗光周期敏感性大于雄穗。     

甘蔗野生种割手密远缘杂交后代品质性状的遗传研究

利用甘蔗品种Co419与野生种割手密云南75-1-2远缘杂交,ROC25与远缘杂交后代云野02-356进行回交,分别获得F1和BC1群体;利用R软件,分析了2个群体全部真实性后代品质性状的遗传表现.结果表明,杂交后代品质性状广义遗传力高,正态分布特性明显,品质性状间显著正相关;F1含糖量和纤维含量高于商业亲本,但甘蔗蔗糖分、蔗汁糖分、蔗汁锤度和简纯度等性状劣于商业亲本;BC1除含糖量高于双亲外,其他性状介于双亲之间,但主要性状均优于F1,后代性状恢复快.     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism