对鲇鱼鳃部寄生的固着鳋的生态研究

作者研究了江西江口水库鲇鳃部寄生固着鳋的种群生态学及其对寄生部位的选择性。固着鳋的感染率和丰盛度表现出明显的季节变化,以夏初最高;其繁殖也具有季节性,怀卵个体的比例同样有夏初最高。固着鳋对寄生部位的选择性似乎与种群的数量有关,当种群数量高时更多的固着鳋分布于中间的鳃片上,对多种寄生虫同时寄生条件下固着鳋寄生部位选择性的研究,将有助于进一步了解固着鳋和寄生鲇鳃部其它种类的寄生虫之间的关系。     

三角帆蚌钩介幼虫在两种寄主鱼上的寄生效果及其对寄主鱼血浆生化指标的影响

利用黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvldraco)、尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapia nilotica)对三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)钩介幼虫进行了寄生实验,分析了幼虫在寄主鱼上的寄生周期和脱落数量与寄主种类、寄主鱼单尾体重的相关关系.以未寄生幼虫的罗非鱼为空白对照,测定分析了罗非鱼在幼虫寄生前、脱落后主要血浆生化指标的变化.实验结果显示:黄颡鱼、罗非鱼平均每千克体重脱落稚贝的数量分别为(26 435±6 430)只、(26 327±3 091)只,两种寄主鱼间不存在显著差异;脱落的稚贝数量随着寄主鱼体重的增加而增加,并呈显著线性相关.在水温(24±1)℃条件下,黄颡鱼组、罗非鱼组的稚贝脱落高峰分别出现在寄生后的第8 d、第7 d,罗非鱼组表现为明显的"早脱落"现象.罗非鱼在寄生前后血浆总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(Alb)、总糖(Glu)、总胆固醇(Tc)和高密度脂蛋白(HDL)含量均未出现显著变化,而血浆甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量显著下降(P=0.001,0.020).未寄生组罗非鱼的7项指标均未出现明显变化.实验结果将为三角帆蚌钩介幼虫变态发育相关营养因子的探讨提供理论参考.     

黄颡鱼的寄生蠕虫

黄颡鱼Pseudobagrus fulvidraco(Richardson)和瓦氏黄颡鱼P.vachellii(Richardson)是我国常见的二种小鱼,栖息于河川支流和湖泊中,除西南、西北和少数地区外,均普遍存在。它们寄生有多种寄生虫,并传播寄生虫病。我们近年来在福建许多县市进行黄颡鱼复殖     

抗菌肽HBβ-C在全雄和杂交黄颡鱼对多子小瓜虫抗性差异中的作用

为研究全雄黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、瓦式黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)和杂交黄颡鱼(黄颡鱼P. fulvidraco♀×瓦氏黄颡鱼P. vachelli♂)对多子小瓜虫(Ichthyophthirius multifiliis)的抗性差异, 通过生物信息学分析黄颡鱼皮肤黏液蛋白质组, 发现其血红蛋白源抗菌肽(HBβ-C)位于血红蛋白β链HBβ的碳端, 共33个氨基酸。利用化学合成的不同浓度的HBβ-C肽段进行体外抗虫实验, 研究发现其能有效杀死滋养体、包囊体和掠食体阶段的多子小瓜虫, 其中15 μg/mL的HBβ-C能在3min内杀死所有滋养体。基因表达量分析显示, 在杂交黄颡鱼的鳃和皮肤组织中, HBβ的mRNA表达量高于全雄黄颡鱼; 但在应对小瓜虫感染的过程中, 全雄黄颡鱼的HBβ mRNA转录水平快速提升, 其表达水平和上升倍率显著高于杂交黄颡鱼。蛋白表达量分析显示, HBβ在全雄黄颡鱼鳃组织中的蛋白表达量明显高于杂交黄颡鱼。免疫荧光定位结果显示, 抗菌肽HBβ-C特异地在红细胞中表达, 可以分泌并附着在滋养体上。综上所述, 相对于杂交黄颡鱼, 全雄黄颡鱼中HBβ具有更高的翻译效率, 可以更高效地应对多子小瓜虫的感染。     

杂交黄颡鱼与普通黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能及耐低氧能力的比较

实验以杂交黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)和普通黄颡鱼幼鱼为实验对象, 拟通过8周的投喂生长和低氧胁迫实验, 比较研究杂交黄颡鱼与普通黄颡鱼的生长性能及耐低氧抗逆性。投喂生长实验: 经过8周的养殖, 杂交黄颡鱼平均体重为(19.60±0.88) g/尾, 显著高于普通黄颡鱼平均体重为(15.74±0.42) g/尾(P<0.05), 杂交黄颡鱼幼鱼较普通黄颡鱼幼鱼体重生长快24.52%; 杂交黄颡鱼幼鱼存活率为(87.78±1.92)%, 显著高于普通黄颡鱼幼鱼存活率(67.78±1.92)% (P<0.05), 杂交黄颡鱼幼鱼比普通黄颡鱼幼鱼存活率高 29.51%; 杂交黄颡鱼的饲料系数为1.18±0.14, 普通黄颡鱼饲料系数为1.36±0.21。低氧胁迫实验: 同时将杂交黄颡鱼和普通黄颡鱼置于在溶氧量(1.48 ± 0.27) mg/L的水体中, 分别在低氧胁迫0、6h、12h和24h后, 检测血清和肝脏中抗氧化酶活性以及脑和肝脏中缺氧诱导基因(HIF-1α)的相对表达量发现: 杂交黄颡鱼和普通黄颡鱼血清和肝脏中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在低氧胁迫后 6h以及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)在低氧胁迫后 12h较低氧胁迫 0均出现显著性变化(P<0.05)且在低氧胁迫6h、12h和24h杂交黄颡鱼抗氧化酶活性均高于普通黄颡鱼; 杂交黄颡鱼和普通黄颡鱼脑和肝脏中缺氧诱导基因(HIF-1α)的相对表达量均在低氧胁迫后出现显著性上升(P<0.05)且在低氧胁迫6h、12h和 24h杂交黄颡鱼缺氧诱导基因(HIF-1α)的相对表达量均高于普通黄颡鱼。从无氧代谢能力、抗氧化能力以及缺氧诱导基因相对表达量3方面分析表明杂交黄颡鱼和黄颡鱼低氧胁迫短时间均具有一定的低氧耐受能力但随着胁迫时间延长均会出现氧化损伤且杂交黄颡鱼的耐低氧能力要显著性高于普通黄颡鱼。     

两种有胃鱼消化道6种内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学比较研究

目的 应用6种胃肠激素抗血清对胡子鲶(Clarias fuscas)和瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli Richardson)消化道内分泌细胞进行了免疫组织化学比较.方法 应用链霉亲和素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物技术(streptavidin biotin-peroxidase complex method,SABC法)免疫组织化学方法.结果 除胡子鲶后肠外,五羟色胺细胞在两种鱼的消化道各段均有分布,其中贲门部或幽门部密度最高,前中肠次之,食道最少;胡子鲶消化道中生长抑素细胞主要分布于胃贲门部和胃部,食管、胃幽门及肠道内未见分布,而瓦氏黄颡主要分布于食管和胃部,肠道内未见分布;胃泌素细胞在胡子鲶消化道内只在肠内检测到,瓦氏黄颡只在幽门胃和前肠两个部位检测到;胰多肽细胞只在瓦氏黄颡的幽门胃和前肠两个部位有分布;胰高血糖素和P-物质两种细胞在两种鱼的消化道各段均未见其分布.结论 两种有胃鱼消化道中六种内分泌细胞的分布既有一定的共性,体现了两者消化生理的共同点;同时又存在较大的种间差异,与各自食性及生活环境相适应.     

两栖、爬虫、哺乳类寄生单殖吸虫侵袭宿主的策略

单殖吸虫(Monogenea)是低等脊椎动物的体外寄生虫,大多数种类见于鱼类的体表和鳃上,另有一些种类寄生于两栖、爬虫、哺乳类动物。在无尾两栖类单殖吸虫中,有些虫种的幼虫感染蝌蚪的鳃,如多盘虫Polystoma integerrimun;另有一些虫种侵入变态后宿主的肾脏,如原多盘虫Protopolystoma xenopodis和真多盘虫Eupolystoma alluaudi;还有一些虫种侵入宿主的肺部,如美洲伪双睾虫(Pseudodiplorchis americanus)和铲足新双睾虫(Neodiplorchis scaphiopodis),但它们的成虫都寄生在宿主的膀胱内。海龟类爬行动物的单殖吸虫一般寄生于口腔、咽或膀胱中。…     

我国淡水鱼首次发现的体外寄生复殖吸虫——微黄鳞居吸虫(鳞居科,新科)新属新种

复殖吸虫是体内寄生的扁形动物,很多寄生虫学者常把体内寄生作为区分复殖吸虫目与单殖吸虫目的特征之一。但在复殖吸虫目中,亦有少数例外营体外寄生的。目前世界上发现的体外寄生复殖吸虫有三个科(Yamaguti,1971):横形科(Transversotrematidae Yamaguti,1954)、连肠科(Syncoeliidae Odhner,1929)和囊双科(Didymozoidae Poche,1907)。除囊双科外,余二科仅包括少数种类。囊双科和连肠科吸虫主要寄生在海水鱼类的鳃部     

中国黄颡鱼的线粒体DNA多样性及其分子系统学

基于体侧色斑、背鳍前部形态、吻长及尾柄长的差异, Ng和Kottelat(2007)将分布于中国的黄颡鱼群体划为两个物种: 北方群体为Pseudobagrus sinensis, 南方群体为P. fulvidraco。本研究通过对70个黄颡鱼标本相关形态特征的测量及对线粒体cyt b基因序列的分析, 探讨了P. sinensis物种的有效性问题。结果表明: 依据体侧色斑和背鳍前部形态的差异, 可将黄颡鱼分为对应于P. sinensis和P. fulvidraco的两种形态类型, 但对尾柄长、吻长的测量发现二者没有差异。对70条cyt b基因序列的分析结果为: 两种鱼类有1个共同的单倍型; 两种鱼类的单系性在系统发育分析中都没有得到重现, 而二者聚在一起形成获得100%支持率的单系群; 两种鱼类群体之间存在持续的基因交流(Nm = 4.7); 两种鱼类在单倍型的巢式支系分析(nested clade analysis, NCA)中没有形成各自独立的进化谱系, 所有的单倍型以不超过5步的突变全部被纳入同一个进化网络中。因此我们认为P. sinensis不是有效物种, 而应被视为黄颡鱼的一种形态类型。基于cyt b基因的序列变异, 本研究对黄颡鱼群体的遗传多样性和种群结构作了初步分析。群体的核苷酸不配对分布及Tajima’sD中性检验表明, 约在10.1-14.1万年前, 黄颡鱼在其分布范围内经历过群体扩张, 推测这可能是导致黄颡鱼群体单倍型多样度高(h = 0.857 ± 0.0014)而核苷酸多样度低( π = 0.0023 ± 0.0003)的主要原因。此外, 分析结果显示黄颡鱼群体缺乏明显的地理结构, 推测原因可能是历史上水系的连通促进了不同地理群体之间的基因交流。     

镉对黄颡鱼鳃线粒体结构和能量代谢的影响

采用室内模拟方法,研究了重金属镉对黄颡鱼[Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson)]鳃线粒体结构和能量代谢的影响及其作用机理.结果表明,50 μg·L^-1组黄颡鱼鳃线粒体结构未受损,且各项测定指标与对照组无显著差异(P＞0.05);500 μg·L^-1组黄颡鱼鳃线粒体严重受损,除LD、MDA、ADP、AMP和血浆K⁺含量显著高于对照组外,其余检测指标均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).高浓度镉短期暴露将降低鱼鳃线粒体SOD活性而导致线粒体氧化损伤,同时抑制PFK和ATP酶活性, 影响鳃的能量供应和利用,最终降低鳃血浆渗透压和离子浓度调节能力可能是其毒性机理之一.     

Mating rendezvous in monogenean gill parasites of the humbug Dascyllus aruanus (Pisces: Pomacentridae)

The gills of the humbug, Dascyllus aruanus (Pomacentridae), were infected by a monogenean genus Haliotrema at a high prevalence (83%) but with a low mean intensity (5.6 worms/fish). All the gill arches of 365 fish, caught on the fringing reef of Moorea Island (French Polynesia), were examined for parasites. Each hemibranch was divided into 12 subequal sections. Monogeneans showing microhabitat overlap were defined as couples. Hosts with low intensity of infection (fewer than 5 monogeneans per gill) were selected and couples were recorded. Among the 37 hosts harboring 2 worms on their gills, 18 fish were infected with these 2 monogeneans on the same gill side of the body; 50% (n = 9) of these harbored monogeneans within the same gill arch and 55% (n = 5) of these last fish showed individual parasites within the same section of the gill. In the case of hosts with few monogeneans (3 and 4 individuals; n = 37) on the same arch, more than 40% (n = 16) harbored worms in couples. There may be some chemical communication that allowed these monogeneans to migrate toward each other and thus enhance mating success. Mating rendezvous appears to be a more important factor than site location for these gill monogeneans.     

Spatial distributions of two species of monogeneans on the gills of Siganus fuscescens (Houttuyn) and their seasonal dynamics in caged versus wild-caught hosts

Two monogeneans species, Polylabris mamaevi Ogawa & Egusa, 1980 and Tetrancistrum nebulosi Young, 1967, are sympatric on the gills of Siganus fuscescens (Houttugn, 1782) in the South China Sea. An investigation into their distribution on the host's gills based on monthly samples from both wild and caged populations revealed that these 2 species co-occurred on the same gill arches, but they were segregated. P. mamaevi attached to the distal half of the gill filaments, whereas T. nebulosi attached to the proximal half. This difference may partly be attributed to microhabitat specialization. Microhabitat distributions were intensity dependent for both species. As intensity increased, monogeneans were increasingly found on the second, third, and even fourth gill arches, and niche breadths increased. The changes in distribution and niche breadths at the host gill arch level in relation to differences in host size and sampling period were considered to represent a functional response to increased intensity. Differences in host resources, in either net-caged or wild populations, did not significantly influence the parasite distributions at the host gill arch level. Simultaneous infections of these 2 species were common, but there was no evidence of negative interspecific interactions.     

红鳍原鱼白鳃部寄生单殖吸虫生态位分析

鱼类寄生单殖吸虫越来越多受到寄生虫学家和生态学家的关注 ,生态位分析也是生态学研究的一个重要方面 ,国外学者在这方面进行了较多的工作[5～ 8] 。近年来 ,我国单殖吸虫生态学的研究也吸引了不少科学家的兴趣[1～ 3 ,9] 。红鳍原鱼白 (Ｃｕｌｔｅｒｉｃｈｔｈｙｓｅｒｙｔｈｒｏｐｔｅｒｕｓ)是我国的一种自然经济鱼类 ,许多学者研究了不同水体红鳍原鱼白的寄生虫种类组成[4 ] 。作者现将红鳍原鱼白寄生单殖吸虫生态位分析作一报道 ,为研究寄生虫群落结构提供必要的背景参数。1　材料与方法1.1　材料来源洪湖系长江和汉江支流东荆河之间…     

Morphometric examination of the gills of walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill) and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson

Observations on the gill morphology of individual gill arches of walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri suggest that the first two arches account for the highest proportion of gill filament number, secondary lamellae number, lamellae area, and gill surface area. Interspecific comparisons suggest walleye contain a larger number of gill filaments, with a lower secondary lamellae count, but a larger gill surface area than a trout of the same weight. This is partially attributed to the larger surface area of each lamella in a walleye than in a trout.
A detailed examination suggests the surface area of a lamella is dependent on its position on the gill filament, and the position of the gill filament on the gill arch.     

Gill microcirculation of the air-breathing climbing perch, Anabas testudineus (Bloch):relationships with the accessory respiratory organs and systemic circulation

The general macrocirculation and branchial microcirculation of the air-breathing climbing perch, Anabas testudineus, was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion replicas. The ventral aorta arises from the heart as a short vessel that immediately bifurcates into a dorsal and a ventral branch. The ventral branch distributes blood to gill arches 1 and 2, the dorsal branch to arches 3 and 4. The vascular organization of arches 1 and 2 is similar to that described for aquatic breathing teleosts. The respiratory lamellae are well developed but lack a continuous inner marginal channel. The filaments contain an extensive nutritive and interlamellar network; the latter traverses the filament between, but in register with, the inner lamellar margins. Numerous small, tortuous vessels arise from the efferent filamental and branchial arteries and anastomose with each other to form the nutrient supply for the filament, adductor muscles, and arch supportive tissues. The efferent branchial arteries of arches 1 and 2 supply the accessory air-breathing organs. Arches 3 and 4 are modified to serve primarily as large-bore shunts between the dorsal branch of the ventral aorta and the dorsal aorta. In many filaments from arches 3 and 4, the respiratory lamellae are condensed and have only 1-3 large channels. In some instances in arch 4, shunt vessels arise from the afferent branchial artery and connect directly with the efferent filamental artery. The filamental nutrient and interlamellar systems are poorly developed or absent. The respiratory and systemic pathways in Anabas are arranged in parallel. Blood flows from the ventral branch of the ventral aorta, through gill arches 1 and 2, into the accessory respiratory organs, and then returns to the heart. Blood, after entering the dorsal branch of the ventral aorta, passes through gill arches 3 and 4 and proceeds to the systemic circulation. This arrangement optimizes oxygen delivery to the tissues and minimizes intravascular pressure in the branchial and air-breathing organs. The efficiency of this system is limited by the mixing of respiratory and systemic venous blood at the heart.     

Vascular organization of the head and respiratory organs of the air-breathing catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis

Light and scanning electron microscopy of vascular replicas from the facultative air-breathing fish Heteropneustes fossilis show modifications in the macrocirculation of the respiratory organs and systemic circulation, whereas, gill microcirculation is similar to that found in typical water-breathing fish. Three and sometimes four ventral aortae arise directly from the bulbus. The most ventral vessel supplies the first pair of arches. Dorsal to this another aorta supplies the second gill arches, and a third, dorsal to, and larger than the other two, supplies the third and fourth arches and the air sacs. Occasionally a small vessel that may be the remnant of a primitive aortic arch arises from the first ventral aorta and proceeds directly to the mandibular region without perfusing gill tissue. The air sac is perfused by a large-diameter extension of the afferent branchial artery of the fourth gill arch and its circulation is in parallel with the gill arches. Blood drains from the air sac into the fourth arch epibranchial artery. A number of arteries also provide direct communication between the efferent air sac artery and the dorsal aorta. All four gill arches are well developed and contain respiratory (lamellar) and nonrespiratory (interlamellar and nutrient) networks common to gills of water-breathing fish. Air sac lamellae are reduced in size. The outer 30% of the air sac lamellar sinusoids are organized into thoroughfare channels; the remaining vasculature, normally embedded in the air sac parenchyma, is discontinuous. A gill-type interlamellar vasculature is lacking in the air sac circulation. Despite the elaborate development of the ventral aortae, there is little other anatomical evidence to suggest that gill and air sac outflow are separated and that dorsal aortic oxygen tensions are maintained when the gills are in a hypoxic environment. Physiological adjustments to hypoxic water conditions probably include temporal regulation of gill and air sac perfusion to be effective, if indeed they are so.     

The microhabitat distribution of two Dactylogyrus species parasitizing the gills of the barbel, Barbus barbus

The microhabitat distribution of two congeneric species Dactylogyrus carpathicus and D. malleus (Monogenea) parasitizing the gills of the barbel (Barbus barbus L.) was investigated. We tested whether congeneric species exhibited microhabitat preference and whether interspecific interactions could be attributed to the microhabitat segregation of congeners. The outlying mean index method was used to evaluate species microhabitats. Gill variables (different microhabitats within gills) were used as environmental factors characterizing the gills. When abundances of both species were highest, and no significant difference was found between the abundance of the two species, the gill segments and gill areas were the most important factors segregating the Dactylogyrus species on the gills. Niche overlap was low within each of the four gill arches, and parasites were segregated in the same microhabitats within each gill arch. When abundances of both species were low, each monogenean species was segregated at the level of the gill arches. When abundances of both species increased, the niche and overlap between species increased. The distribution of both congeneric species confirmed microhabitat preference within the gills. The results suggest that microhabitat preference is dependent on species abundances, species being segregated in the case of low abundance, possibly to increasing mating opportunities. Both niche and overlap between species increased with species abundance. In the case of the high abundance of both species, microhabitat preference seems to be related to interspecific interactions between monogenean species, as previously found for endoparasitic species.     

The development of gill arches and gill blood vessels of the rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri

Gill development begins on the sixth day of incubation at 10^°C and is complete by 31 days (hatching). Gill arches are formed by fusion and perforation of ectoderm and endoderm across the pharyngeal wall. A primary branchial artery forms within each arch and a second branchial artery forms as a branch from its ventral end. A series of filament loop vessels forms connecting the two arteries and when several are patent a unidirectional blood flow is established via afferent (second) branchial artery, filament loop vessels to efferent (primary) branchial artery. Part of the efferent branchial artery just above its junction with the afferent branchial artery constricts and occludes. It is suggested that this change in the pattern of blood flow is dependent on differences in resistance of the two branchial arteries. A later extension of the gill ventrally is thought not to be homologous with similar regions in elasmobranchs and Acipenser.     

Movement and stock structure of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel as indicated by parasites

Data from permanent parasites (juvenile trypanorhynchs and anisakids) indicated that Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus commerson from four sites on the west coast of Australia, Abrolhos. Shark Bay, Exmouth and Onslow, intermingled and were probably all drawn from the same stock. Fish from Broome, Kupang (Indonesia), Groote Eylandt-Torres Strait and the east coast of Australia had distinct faunas of permanent parasites and probably each belonged to a different stock. There was evidence of movement of fish between Broome and the west coast. Abundances of temporary parasites (gill copepods and monogeneans) suggested that males and females on the west coast migrated separately because in several cases the parasite fauna of one sex was more similar to that offish in an adjacent area than to the opposite sex in the same area.