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《中国科学:生命科学》2019,(12)
我国农作物有害生物具有种类多、危害重、发生规律复杂、防控难度大等特点,相关理论和技术创新、防控体系构建与应用是保障农业安全生产的迫切需求.新中国成立70年来,我国植物保护领域取得了一系列的科技成就,农作物有害生物防控从单一的人为干预起步,经历化学农药防治为主,再到绿色防控综合治理的发展阶段,其中较为突出的成就包括:掌握了农作物重大病虫流行灾变规律;揭示了重要农业有害生物的致害机理;研发了一批防控产品;建立了作物病虫害监测预警及防控技术体系.随着产业变革与科技进步,我国植保科技领域将迎来新的挑战和发展机遇.未来的植保理论和技术研究应围绕下列3方面展开:新型生产模式及气候变化下的有害生物发生规律,全球化趋势下的有害生物检测预警技术,绿色可持续的有害生物综合治理新模式.建立现代植保技术体系将保障我国的粮食安全、环境安全和农业可持续发展. 相似文献
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水稻有害生物的综合治理,关键是“综防技术 推广”,我区在开展水稻有害生物综合治理工作十几年中,摸索出了一套比较完善的综防配套技术措施,并曾多次培训农民,但以往培训大多数仅限于课堂式知识输灌,成效甚微,农民没有真正掌握了综防技术, 相似文献
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据研究,农业生态系统在自然情况下,具有很强的互抵性和互补性。有害生物的侵染力与自然天敌及作物自身的补偿力(包括为害减产的不足补偿、为害不减产的完全补偿、为害增产的超越补偿)处于平衡态,一般不发生灾害性的病虫害。然而,在人工栽培农作物和防治有害生物,并以籽粒收获为生产目的的情况下,由于籽粒期作物补偿力衰退,天敌控害作用减弱,使上述平衡态遭到破坏,通常,病虫为害会造成籽粒产量损失20%以上,这就是为什么要开展病虫综合防治的生态背景。从当前国内外综合防治实践来看,水稻病虫综合防治技术大体可分以F3个层次… 相似文献
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<正> 一、综合防治理论依据新探 农作物病虫综合防治是对有害生物(包括病虫草鼠等)的控制和使作物健身的科学管理体系。从这个意义上讲,它应该包含两层意思:一是对有害生物的防治、要求达到控制(检疫对象,要求“零”状态的控制)。二是不能为防治而防治,而应该达到农作物健身保产和增产的目的。 就农作物健身保产和增产而言,它是遵循着农作物对病虫害补偿作用规律的,简单地说, 相似文献
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植保污染是植物实施保护的过程中产生的,使农业生态环境发生劣变。为了保护环境,降低农业污染,需要加大力度推进生态农业植保建设。本文分析植保污染的主要因素及其原因、农业污染减排途径,期望切实落实植保减排,减少农业污染,维持生态平衡。 相似文献
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在城市化进程迅速发展的同时,林业病虫危害防治成为林业植保工作的重点。本文基于调查的城市林业有害生物危害现状,指出产生林业虫害的原因主要有园林绿化格局不合理、植物配备不科学、城市生态恶化、林业检疫环节不完善以及一定的气候因素,最后从做好森检工作、做好虫害专项调查、合理配备植物种类、科学规划园林设计、加强养护管理等方面论述了林业有害生物的防治对策。 相似文献
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害虫对农作物的损失是十分巨大的,如果不采取有效措施防治害虫,就很难保证农作物增产。目前化学农药仍是防治农业害虫的重要制剂,但由于长期滥的结果,已出现了害虫产生抗药性、昆虫天敌减少、污染农副产品和环境等问题。因此许多植保工作者正探索防治害虫的新方法,新途径,并提出了综合防治害虫控制系统和 相似文献
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In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980. 相似文献
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N. P. Vesselkin Yu. V. Natochin 《Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology》2010,46(6):592-603
Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms.
The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal
mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization
followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The
mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction
of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms
are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning
of physiological systems and organs of the living organism 相似文献
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