煤矸石活化过程初探

煤矸石是在煤矿建设、煤炭开采和洗选加工过程中产生的固体废弃物。本文对煤矸石中惰性组分的活化过程进行了研究探索,为工业废矿煤矸石的利用提供了有效途径。     

寻找中国人的自我: 一项fMRI研究

文化影响自我概念是社会认知神经科学中一个极其重要的课题, 然而迄今为止, 却很少有人在神经层面上对这一问题进行探索. 本研究从中国文化影响自我概念的角度(集体主义自我包含母亲成分)探索这一问题. 在西方文化中, 自我参照的回忆成绩优于其他形式的语义加工, 如母亲参照、他人参照和一般语义加工的回忆成绩, 这一记忆优势可能缘起于自我在内侧前额叶(medial prefrontal cortex, MPFC)的定位. 然而, 我们的行为研究发现, 中国人母亲参照与自我参照无论在记忆成绩上, 还是在自我觉知的程度上都非常类似. 本研究试图揭示MPFC是否是这两种参照共同的神经机制. 实验一被试在3种条件下(自我、他人和语义加工)对描述人格的形容词进行判断: 实验二我们用母亲参照代替他人参照(自我、母亲和语义加工). 研究结果表明, 当和他人/语义比较时, 自我参照激活了内侧前额叶和扣带回; 但是, 当和母亲比较时, 自我参照并不激活内侧前额叶, 这暗示了母亲可能和自我共同分享了这一区域. 换句话说, 在神经水平上, 母亲也是中国人集体主义自我的一个组成部分.     

ycaCR基因在文昌鱼早期胚胎表达研究

文昌鱼作为现存的与脊椎动物最接近的无脊椎动物,一直被作为研究生物进化和胚胎发育的典型材料.利用整体原位杂交方法对从文昌鱼肠cDNA文库克隆到的ycaCR基因进行基因的胚胎表达模式研究,结果显示该基因在早期胚胎发育阶段没有表达,在2天幼虫的原始消化道表达,暗示ycaCR基因可能在原始消化道内发挥生物学作用.     

论心理对生理的影响和作用

本文阐述了心理对生理的能动作用。在一定的条件下,人的心理可影响其生理功能,两者互为因果、相互影响。生理是心理活动的物质基础,心理是其生理的驱动力和标志。本文论述了精神、情绪、意念、信念、暗示等心理活动对生理的影响和作用及中医论心理对生理的作用,中医利用情志疗法的理论达到心理对生理趋向健康的作用。同时论证了肠道菌群通过心理间接影响生理功能,通过微生态制剂调节肠道菌群的微生态平衡,可改善患者的神经症状,使之心理活动达到最佳状态,进而使人的生理趋向健康。     

APETALA1突变影响WRKY基因的基础表达

拟南芥APETALA1（AP1）既是一个花分生组织特征基因又是一个花器官特征基因,在花器官发育中控制花萼和花瓣的发育。通过GUS染色进一步证实AP1主要在茎尖、花萼、花瓣和花托的位置表达。启动子分析发现,AP1启动子区包含了包括W-box在内的大量顺式作用元件,暗示相关转录调控因子参与了对AP1的调控。21个WRKY基因单突变后并不改变AP1在花中的表达,但是AP1突变则增强了检测的10个WRKY基因中7个WRKY基因的表达,暗示AP1参与了对WRKY基因的基础表达的调控。这个结果也暗示AP1可能通过控制花萼和花瓣的发育从而参与了对花的基础抗性。     

虎皮鹦鹉的认知表现及关联

许多研究认为,不同个体的认知能力存在差异,同一个体的多种认知表现之间可能存在关联。然而,目前对动物认知表现关联的研究结果存在诸多矛盾和争议。本研究以虎皮鹦鹉（Melopsittacus undulatus）为研究对象,通过自我控制、联想学习和反转学习三项认知实验,探究三项表现的联系。实验结果发现,在虎皮鹦鹉中,联想学习表现越好,反转学习亦表现越好。个体对实验装置的新异恐惧（对新环境或新事物的恐惧）越弱,自我控制表现越好。雌、雄个体在三项认知实验中的表现没有显著差异。综上所述,虎皮鹦鹉的一些认知能力存在关联,这暗示了虎皮鹦鹉中可能存在一般认知能力（“g”）。新异恐惧与自我控制表现的强烈相关,说明了勇敢程度可能会影响认知表现。     

精原干细胞介导的基因编辑动物模型研究进展

合适的动物模型对于人类疾病的研究和药物开发至关重要。精原干细胞是位于睾丸组织曲细精管基底膜上的一类具有自我更新和分化潜能的成体干细胞,可以定向分化产生精子。利用精原干细胞作为基因编辑的对象,生产基因编辑的精子进行受精有望成为建立基因编辑动物疾病模型的一条有效途径。该文就精原干细胞的生物学特征、体外培养以及精原干细胞介导的基因编辑动物模型的进展和优缺点进行了阐述。     

用爱心和努力打造文明班集体

自2002年成为无锡城市职业技术学院一名计算机老师开始,班主任工作也就持续了很多年。在班主任工作岗位上,我关爱学生,爱岗敬业,尽职尽责,严于律己,班级教育教学管理成绩突出,所带班级也都被评为优秀班集体,本人也因此而被多次评为优秀班主任。一直以来,我坚持用爱心和努力打造文明班集体,尤其是近两年所担任的经管系电子商务1001班,各方面表现均优秀,被评为"院先进集体"、"无锡市先进集体"、"江苏省先进班集体"等多个称号。     

石榴WRKY基因家族全基因组鉴定与表达分析

WRKY蛋白是一类在植物生长发育过程及生物与非生物胁迫过程中起重要调控作用的转录因子。该研究利用石榴全基因组数据,采用生物信息学的方法,对石榴WRKY转录因子家族成员蛋白理化性质、系统进化、基因结构、保守基序、顺式作用元件、蛋白互作及基因共表达和转录组表达模式进行系统分析。结果共鉴定出69个PgWRKY基因;分组鉴定和进化分析显示WRKY蛋白可分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ共三大类型。顺式作用元件分析表明,PgWRKY基因广泛参与到非生物胁迫中;蛋白互作网络与共表达分析暗示PgWRKY基因在同一胁迫应答中可能作用一致并同时诱导表达;RNA-Seq数据分析表明,PgWRKY基因有一定的组织表达特异性,广泛参与植物营养、生殖生长以及根部逆境胁迫应答过程。     

马铃薯X病毒外壳蛋白的表达水平与变偶密码子使用频率的相关性

把经密码子修饰的马铃薯X病毒（Potato Virus X, PVX）外壳蛋白（Coat Protein, CP）基因和未修饰的野生型外壳蛋白基因与CaMV 35S启动子融合后,构建成相应的植物表达载体,利用农杆菌介导转化烟草。分别对修饰CP和野生CP的转基因烟草进行Western blot和ELISA分析,结果表明经密码子修饰的PVX外壳蛋白的表达量是野生型蛋白表达量的1/3～1/5。Northern blot结果表明修饰和未修饰的外壳蛋白在转录水平上是一致的。以上结果暗示外源基因中稀有密码子的数量可能是限制外源基因表达的一个因素。改变基因中稀有密码子的数量有可能成为控制基因表达的一种有效途径。     

Consuming the nation: Holidays,sports, and the production of collective belonging

The purpose of this article is to explain how Romanian and Hungarian university students in the ethnically mixed town of Cluj, Romania, experience and constitute collective national belonging at national holiday commemorations and international football competitions. Holidays and sports are important venues for the propagation of national, and sometimes nationalist, sensitivities. But neither the resurgence of nationalist politics in post-communist east Europe nor the nationalist inclinations of past generations of university students guarantee that the current generation will experience them – or themselves – in the same national terms. While much has been written about the production of holiday and sporting events, less has been said about the creative ways in which their audiences consume them. My aim in this study is to shift attention to the university students themselves and the modalities through which they constitute (and subvert) national cohesion through participation in (and avoidance of) holiday and sporting events.     

The principles of collective animal behaviour

In recent years, the concept of self-organization has been used to understand collective behaviour of animals. The central tenet of self-organization is that simple repeated interactions between individuals can produce complex adaptive patterns at the level of the group. Inspiration comes from patterns seen in physical systems, such as spiralling chemical waves, which arise without complexity at the level of the individual units of which the system is composed. The suggestion is that biological structures such as termite mounds, ant trail networks and even human crowds can be explained in terms of repeated interactions between the animals and their environment, without invoking individual complexity. Here, I review cases in which the self-organization approach has been successful in explaining collective behaviour of animal groups and societies. Ant pheromone trail networks, aggregation of cockroaches, the applause of opera audiences and the migration of fish schools have all been accurately described in terms of individuals following simple sets of rules. Unlike the simple units composing physical systems, however, animals are themselves complex entities, and other examples of collective behaviour, such as honey bee foraging with its myriad of dance signals and behavioural cues, cannot be fully understood in terms of simple individuals alone. I argue that the key to understanding collective behaviour lies in identifying the principles of the behavioural algorithms followed by individual animals and of how information flows between the animals. These principles, such as positive feedback, response thresholds and individual integrity, are repeatedly observed in very different animal societies. The future of collective behaviour research lies in classifying these principles, establishing the properties they produce at a group level and asking why they have evolved in so many different and distinct natural systems. Ultimately, this research could inform not only our understanding of animal societies, but also the principles by which we organize our own society.     

组织学与胚胎学PBL教学对学生创新能力的培养

中国医科大学组织学与胚胎学教研室承担了CMB03-#793项目,连续五年在临床医学七年制日文班实施了PBL（problem based learning）的教学模式,根据其教学特点确立了组织学与胚胎学（组胚）PBL教程,编写了＂组织学与胚胎学PBL病例集＂并制作了多媒体课件。学生在PBL中受到启发,激发了主动学习积级性,也制作了多媒体课件。同学课下查阅文献,准备资料。讨论病例分组进行,同学主持。大家踊跃发言,举证说明,用学得的知识,联系组胚理论去解释生命现象并和疾病相联系。我们对实施过PBL教学的几个年级的学生257人进行了追踪问卷调查,结果看出得到明显提高的依次是学生的主动学习的能力,独立查阅资料的能力、拓宽知识面、对相关领域感兴趣、分析解决问题的能力及对知识的理解能力。提高的相关指标就是创新思维的基础和前提。学生拓宽了知识面、开阔了视野,自然就会产生兴趣迸发出学习的生机去主动思维,也就有了分析解决问题的能力。由此产生不同以往的看法和想法,有了新的认识、新的观点和新的所为,丰富的想像力就会迸发出创造力,这些就是创新的萌芽。这是PBL教学带给学生的新的理念。刷新理念将会产生更多的创新。     

Purity and Corruption: Chinese Communist Party Applicants and the Problem of Evil

In contemporary China, university students play a key ideological role as the future vanguard of the nation and for this reason they are intensely courted by the Chinese Communist Party. This article addresses the moral ambiguities of this courtship for students, who face the paradox that while the party centre and collectivist authoritarian ideology invariably claims moral superiority, individual party cadres are frequently exposed as morally corrupt. The evil of cadre corruption becomes the nodal point for questioning party morality, a central stake in support of collectivist authoritarian ideology as well as in its denunciation. For students, the problem of evil within the force, representing the collective good is never resolved in either false consciousness or an unmasking of ideology. Doubt instead proceeds as two incommensurable interpretations of party morality persist in suggesting themselves, and this I suggest has important implications for our understanding of political legitimacy in authoritarian states.     

Biogenetic-type synthesis of the indole alkaloids

A review of the rationale and methodology for the laboratory construction of the major classes of indole alkaloid based on their known or presumed biosynthesis is presented. The experimental results obtained provide analogies for the principal condensation and rearrangement reactions uncovered in biochemical investigations in this field and suggest new incorporation experiments. The prediction and discovery of new classes of alkaloid based on the observed transformations have been made and, in turn, new theories have been developed to explain some of the hitherto unsolved problems of biotransformation and structure in this series.Finally, the suggestion is made that many of the complex structures encountered in the various families may arise through rather unspecific processes, some indeed of a nonenzymic nature.     

运用探究方法,进行建构教学

探究学习是美国芝加哥大学教授施瓦布(Schwabjj)倡导的,通过学生自主参与获得知识的过程,培养学生的探究能力.建构主义认为知识应该是学生在一定的情境下,通过意义建构的方式获得的.这些是新课程标准带来的新教育教学理念.如何将探究性学习与基础知识的教学统一起来,让学生通过探究性学习来建构概念,是新课程改革中需要深入研究的问题.     

The effect of boldness on decision-making in barnacle geese is group-size-dependent

In group-living species, decisions made by individuals may result in collective behaviours. A central question in understanding collective behaviours is how individual variation in phenotype affects collective behaviours. However, how the personality of individuals affects collective decisions in groups remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of boldness on the decision-making process in different-sized groups of barnacle geese. Naive barnacle geese, differing in boldness score, were introduced in a labyrinth in groups with either one or three informed demonstrators. The demonstrators possessed information about the route through the labyrinth. In pairs, the probability of choosing a route prior to the informed demonstrator increased with increasing boldness score: bolder individuals decided more often for themselves where to go compared with shyer individuals, whereas shyer individuals waited more often for the demonstrators to decide and followed this information. In groups of four individuals, however, there was no effect of boldness on decision-making, suggesting that individual differences were less important with increasing group size. Our experimental results show that personality is important in collective decisions in pairs of barnacle geese, and suggest that bolder individuals have a greater influence over the outcome of decisions in groups.     

Serial-Section Analysis of Clustering within Anthers of Maize Microsporocytes with Specific Crossovers

The distribution within anthers of maize plants of microsporocytes of differing crossover class was studied by application of the serial-sectioning technique to plants heterozygous for a paracentric inversion. In such material, cells with four-strand double crossovers within the inversion are distinguishable from cells with other classes of crossovers within the inverted region and from cells with no crossovers within the inversion. Evidence was found for coarse clustering of cells with four-strand double crossovers within the inversion and for coarse clustering of cells of other crossover classes (with at least one crossover within the inversion). The local frequencies of these two major categories of crossover cells appeared to vary independently of each other, with regional increases in each occurring at the expense of noncrossover cells. There is also some suggestion that cells with four-strand doubles within the inversion may be clustered independently of other double-crossover classes within the inversion, but these other classes are not directly scorable.     

Collective Management of Water Resources in Coastal Bangladesh: Formal and Substantive Approaches

We examine the processes of collective management of water resources for agriculture within the wider context of environmental change in a coastal region of Bangladesh. We argue that while the formal propositions of rational-actor theories (such as the Institutional Analysis and Design Framework) help to identify the potential constraints to collective action (e.g., the free rider problem), these propositions need to be seen in the substantive social context of any given case. Findings show that the pattern of collective water management is crucially dependent on the individual economic incentives for participation as well as the social structures and norms that influence the behaviour of different classes of actor, including those with conflicting economic incentives. By examining the substantive processes of negotiation and decision-making around specific problems of water management, we are able to identify the contingent set of factors that shape the responses of different actors, enabling or constraining desirable collective outcomes.