河北省石家庄市手足口病流行中健康人肠道病毒带毒情况及病原分析

为了解河北省石家庄市健康儿童中肠道病毒带毒情况及血清型构成,对2010~2012年石家庄市的3个县区1 223例0~6岁的健康儿童及406名监护人(健康成人)采集咽拭子和粪便标本进行核酸检测鉴定肠道病毒血清型,并进行分子流行病学分析,为肠道病毒感染相关疾病的防控和治疗提供基础资料。1 223名健康儿童的标本检测结果中,肠道病毒(Enterovirus,EV)阳性的283例,阳性率为23.14%(283/1 223)。其中,以非肠道病毒71型非柯萨奇病毒A组16型的EV(Other-Enterovirus,other-EVs)阳性为主,占EV阳性的62%(175/283),而引起手足口病常见的EV病原体肠道病毒71型(Enterovirus A71,EV71)和柯萨奇病毒A组16型(Coxsackievirus A16,CVA16)阳性率较低,分别占19%(55/283)和18%(51/283);将结果为other-EVs阳性的175名健康儿童的标本全部进行病毒分离鉴定,共分离到25株病毒,分离率为14.29%(25/175),其中柯萨奇病毒B组5型(Coxsackievirus B5,CVB5)分离率最高,为40%(10/25)、柯萨奇病毒B组13型(Coxsackievirus B3,CVB3)分离率为24%(6/25)、埃可病毒21型(Enteric cytopathic human orphan virus 21,ECHO21)分离率为16%(4/25)、其他EV株分离率为20%(5/25)。提示,应加强对CVB3和CVB5等other-EVs的监测。     

临床死亡川金丝猴心肌炎病例的诊断及病因分析

对临床送检的急性死亡川金丝猴进行解剖,观察各组织脏器的大体病理变化并对其进行中性甲醛固定、石蜡包埋切片和病理组织学分析;无菌操作进行肉汤法分离培养细菌和细胞培养法分离病毒,通过形态学、动物回归试验和RT-PCR 方法对分离的病原进行培养、鉴定。结果,眼观心肌呈局灶性坏死,镜下心肌纤维断裂、崩解,肌间有大量炎性细胞浸润,呈典型的病毒性心肌炎变化;从肺脏中分离获得大肠杆菌;电镜负染可见心肌组织匀浆液和心包积液以及其Vero 细胞培养物中均有直径在20 ～ 25 nm,形似小RNA 病毒的粒子存在;RTPCR检测结果说明所分离病毒为柯萨奇B 型病毒;动物回归试验证实,分离的大肠杆菌对昆明种小鼠无致病性,而分离的病毒对小鼠有致病性,且病理组织学变化与金丝猴相似。根据临床症状、病理剖检和病理组织学变化特征,结合病原分离结果综合分析,推测该金丝猴死亡的原因可能与该病毒感染有关。      

辽宁地区首例柯萨奇B_5病毒引起的类小儿麻痹症报告

1947年Dalldrf与Sickles从两个麻痹型脊髓灰质炎病人的粪便中分离出柯萨奇病毒。1952年我国学者宋干等首先从脊髓灰质炎病人粪便中分离出一株具有柯萨奇A组特征的病毒。1973年丘福禧氏在     

柯萨奇病毒

桐萨奇(Coxsackie)病毒是属于微小核糖核酸病毒科肠遭病毒属(包括A、B两组)的具有类似物理及生物学特性的一系列病毒。“柯萨奇病毒”这一名称是1949年提出来的。柯萨奇是美国纽约州一个村镇的名字,在那里曾首次分离到这种病霉,因此1962年国际命名委员会病毒小组采纳了“柯萨奇病毒”这一名称。     

肠道病毒ECHO20血清型鉴定和VP1序列初步分析

肠道病毒(Enterovirus)是最常见的人类致病病毒之一,包括脊髓灰质炎病毒、柯萨奇A组病毒、柯萨奇B组病毒和ECHO病毒.一般认为大多数肠道病毒感染症状轻微或不明显,然而有时肠道病毒感染也可能是严重甚至致命的[1].2004年云南省潞西县局部地区发生小规模的甲肝流行,我们从当地部分患者粪便标本中分离到多株甲肝病毒,同时,经过肠道病毒组合血清和单价血清的中和试验,证明患者为甲肝和ECHO20病毒双重感染.通过文献检索我们发现,国内对ECHO20病毒的相关研究极少,且多限于病毒的血清学分离鉴定,而对其重要的衣壳蛋白编码基因vp1的测定和分析尚未见报道,为阐明ECHO20分离株的分子流行病学特征,分析其基因变异规律,探讨我国分离株和国外分离株的区别和联系,我们测定了编码重要抗原决定簇的整个vp1序列,并和GenBank中已有的ECHO20病毒vp1基因序列进行了比较分析.     

柯萨奇B3病毒性心肌炎的免疫抗炎症研究

病毒性心肌炎(viral myocarditis,VMC)属感染性心肌疾病,可由多种病毒诱导,其中以柯萨奇B组3型病毒(Coxsackie virus B3,CVB3)最为常见。由CVB3引起的VMC典型表现为心肌细胞炎症反应所导致的心肌损伤和坏死,并最终发展为慢性炎症或扩张性心肌病,在人类有很高的发病率和致死率。目前,柯萨奇B3病毒性心肌炎抗炎症治疗措施仍不完善,且相关免疫抗炎症治疗机理未完全阐明,因此探索其免疫抗炎症治疗机理和作用可能成为治疗柯萨奇B3病毒性心肌炎的重要靶点。现主要从Wnt11基因、巨噬细胞、半乳糖凝集素3、锌指抗病毒蛋白、蜂毒素和丙戊酸6个免疫抗炎症相关方面,对柯萨奇B3病毒性心肌炎的最新免疫抗炎症研究予以综述。     

肠道病毒ECHO20血清型鉴定和VP1序列初步分析

肠道病毒(Enterovirus)是最常见的人类致病病毒之一,包括脊髓灰质炎病毒、柯萨奇A组病毒、柯萨奇B组病毒和ECHO病毒。一般认为大多数肠道病毒感染症状轻微或不明显,然而有时肠道病毒感染也可能是严重甚至致命的[1]。2004年云南省潞西县局部地区发生小规模的甲肝流行,我们从当地     

青蒿素类药物抗柯萨奇B组病毒的体外实验研究

柯萨奇病毒B组 3型 (CVB3 )可以引起人类病毒性心肌炎等多种疾病 ,严重危害人类健康 ,但目前尚无有效的抗病毒药物和治疗手段。青蒿素类药物是目前疗效最佳和稳定的抗疟疾药物 ,并且具有比较明显的抗肿瘤、抗心律失常及一定的抗疱疹病毒和乙型肝炎病毒等作用。为探讨青蒿素类药物的抗柯萨奇病毒作用 ,本研究以柯萨奇病毒B组 3型 (CVB3 )感染HeLa细胞为实验模型 ,采用微量细胞病变抑制法 ,观察与分析青蒿素、蒿甲醚等药物对CVB3 的直接灭活、阻断吸附和抑制复制的作用。本研究以青蒿素和蒿甲醚为实验用药 ,以病毒唑为对照药 ,并将各种…     

用原位杂交法探讨柯萨奇B组病毒与云南亚急型克山病的关系

用原位杂交法探讨柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒与云南亚急型克山病的关系。克山病是一种以心肌损伤为主的地方性疾病,至今原因未明,关于柯萨奇B组病毒感染与克山病发生的关系,许多学者曾从病毒学、血清学和病理学等方面进行研究,但未获确切性结论。     

柯萨奇B组病毒致病性的分子生物学研究

柯萨奇B组病毒（coxsackievirus group B,CVB）是微小RNA病毒科肠道病毒属成员,病毒性心肌炎的病例中大约有20％-25％是由柯萨奇B组病毒引起。CVB的致病机制十分复杂,病毒基因组以及病毒蛋白均在病毒致病过程中发挥重要作用。因此,对柯萨奇B组病毒的基因组、结构蛋白以及某些非结构蛋白与靶细胞内分子间相互作用生物信息的认识是阐述该病分子机制的基础。     

Complete Genome Sequence of a Coxsackievirus B3 Isolated from a Sichuan Snub-Nosed Monkey

Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is an enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae that is significant to human health, being associated with myocarditis, aseptic meningitis, and pancreatitis, among other conditions. In addition to humans, Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys can be infected and killed by CVB3. Here, we report the first complete genome sequence of a novel coxsackievirus B3 strain, SSM-CVB3, which was isolated from a deceased Sichuan snub-nosed monkey with severe myocarditis. Our findings may aid in understanding the evolutionary characteristics and molecular pathogenesis of this virus.     

Complete genome sequence of a recombinant coxsackievirus b4 from a patient with a fatal case of hand, foot, and mouth disease in guangxi, china

The coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) belongs to human enterovirus B species within the family Picornaviridae. Here we report a novel complete genome sequence of a recombinant CVB4 strain, CVB4/GX/10, which was isolated from a patient with a fatal case of hand, foot, and mouth disease in China. The complete genome consists of 7,293 nucleotides, excluding the 3' poly(A) tail, and has an open reading frame that maps between nucleotide positions 742 and 7293 and encodes a 2,183-amino-acid polyprotein. Phylogenetic analysis based on different genome regions reveals that CVB4/GX/10 is closest to a CVB4 strain, EPIHFMD-CLOSE CONTACT-16, in the 5' half (VP4～2B) of the genome, although it is closer to a Chinese CVB5 strain, CVB5/Henan/2010, in the 3' half (2C～3D) of the genome. Furthermore, similar bootscan analysis based on the whole genomes demonstrates that recombination has possibly occurred within the 2C domain and that CVB4/GX/10 is a possible progeny of intertypic recombination of the CVB4 strain EPIHFMD-CLOSE CONTACT-16 and CVB5/Henan/2010 that occurred during their cocirculation and evolution, which is a relatively common phenomenon in enteroviruses.     

Variations of coxsackievirus B3 capsid primary structure, ligands, and stability are selected for in a coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor-limited environment

While group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) use the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) as the receptor through which they infect susceptible cells, some CVB strains are known for their acquired capacity to bind other molecules. The CVB3/RD strain that emerged from a CVB3/Nancy population sequentially passaged in the CAR-poor RD cell line binds decay-accelerating factor (DAF) (CD55) and CAR. A new strain, CVB3/RDVa, has been isolated from RD cells chronically infected with CVB3/RD and binds multiple molecules in addition to DAF and CAR. The capsid proteins of CVB3/RD differ from those of CVB3/28, a cloned strain that binds only CAR, by only four amino acids, including a glutamate/glutamine dimorphism in the DAF-binding region of the capsid. The capsid proteins of CVB3/RD and CVB3/RDVa differ by seven amino acids. The ability of CVB3/RDVa to bind ligands in addition to CAR and DAF may be attributed to lysine residues near the icosahedral 5-fold axes of symmetry. Considered with differences in the stability of the CVB3 strains, these traits suggest that in vitro selection in a CAR-limited environment selects for virus populations that can associate with molecules on the cell surface and survive until CAR becomes available to support infection.     

Mapping of a neutralizing antigenic site of Coxsackievirus B4 by construction of an antigen chimera.

A neutralizing antigenic site of coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) was identified by construction of an antigen chimera between coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and CVB4. This chimera, designated CVB3/4, was constructed by inserting five amino acids of the putative BC loop of the structural protein VP1 of CVB4 into the corresponding loop of CVB3 by site-directed mutagenesis of infectious recombinant CVB3 cDNA. The chimeric cDNA was capable of inducing an infectious cycle upon transfection of permissive host cells. The resulting chimeric virus CVB3/4 was neutralized and precipitated by CVB4 and CVB3 serotype-specific polyclonal antisera, demonstrating that it unifies antigenic properties of both coxsackievirus serotypes. In addition, the chimera elicited antibodies in rabbits which were capable of neutralizing the two coxsackievirus serotypes CVB3 and CVB4. The insertion of the CVB4-specific antigenic site into the BC loop of CVB3 reduces the efficiency of viral replication, resulting in a small-plaque morphology of the virus chimera. In summary, these data give evidence for the presence of a serotype-specific neutralizing antigenic site in the BC loop of VP1 of CVB4 (amino acids 81 to 89). Our findings suggest that the construction of intertypic chimeras can be used as a tool for the identification of antigenic sites of coxsackieviruses. The retained immunogenicity of the mapped CVB4-specific antigenic epitope, when expressed in CVB3, indicates that CVB3 can be used as a RNA virus vector for heterologous antigenic sites.     

Molecular determinants for virulence in coxsackievirus B1 infection.

Studies demonstrated that a strain derived from an infectious clone of coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1N) (N. Iizuka, H. Yonekawa, and A. Nomoto, J. Virol. 65:4867-4873, 1991) was 3 to 4 log10 less virulent than the myotropic Tucson strain of CVB1 (CVB1T) following intraperitoneal inoculation of newborn mice. Replacement of nucleotides (nt) 69 to 804 from the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) and 1A coding region of CVB1N or nt 117 to 161 from the 5' UTR with the corresponding part from CVB1T restored greater than 90% of the virulence. Sequencing of the 5' UTR of CVB1T demonstrated areas with a greater similarity to particular echoviruses than to CVB1N, suggesting that recombination events might have occurred, perhaps influencing the virulence phenotype.     

Interacting nutritional and infectious etiologies of Keshan disease

In 1979, Chinese scientists reported that selenium had been linked to Keshan disease, an endemic juvenile cardiomyopathy found in China. However, certain epidemiological features of the disease could not be explained solely on the basis of inadequate selenium nutrition. Fluctuations in the seasonal incidence of the disease suggested involvement of an infectious agent. Indeed, a coxsackievirus B4 isolated from a Keshan disease victim caused more heart muscle damage when inoculated into selenium-deficient mice than when given to selenium-adequate mice. Those results led us to study the relationship of nutritional status to viral virulence. Coxsackievirus B3/0 (CVB3/0), did not cause disease when inoculated into mice fed adequate levels of Se and vitamin E. However, mice fed diets deficient in either Se or vitamin E developed heart lesions when infected with CVB3/0. To determine if the change in viral phenotype was maintained, we passaged virus isolated from Se-deficient hosts, maintained, we passaged virus isolated from Se-deficient hosts, designated as CVB3/0 Se-, back into Se-adequate hosts. The CVB3/0 Se- virus caused disease in Se-adequate mice. To determine if the phenotype change was due to changes in the viral genome, we sequenced viruses isolated from Se-deficient mice and compared them with the input CVB3/0 virus. Six point mutations differed between the parent strain and the recovered CVB3/0 Se- isolates. When the experiment was repeated using vitamin E-deficient mice, the same 6 point mutations were found. This is the first report of a specific host nutritional deficiency altering viral genotype. Keshan disease may be the result of several interacting causes including a dominant nutritional deficiency (selenium), other nutritional factors (vitamin E, polyunsaturated fatty acids), and an infectious agent (virus).     

Coxsackievirus B3 entry into the host cell interferes with G-protein-mediated transmembrane signalling

In the present work we used various cell lines in order to study the possible effect of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) entry on the adenylyl cyclase transmembrane signalling system. A significant decrease (by about 10–20%) was found in forskolin-augmented as well as in AlF ₄ ^– - and GTPS-sensitive adenylyl cyclase activity in plasma membranes isolated from HeLa, HEp-2, Vero and green monkey kidney cells shortly (up to 60 min) preincubated with CVB3 (5 PFU/cell). Moreover, the ability of G-proteins derived from plasma membranes of infected cells to reconstitute AC activity in the cyc^– mutant of S49 cells was also reduced. Content of G-protein subunits, however, remained unchanged after CVB3 attachment. Functional alterations in the G-protein-mediated adenylyl cyclase signalling system were accompanied by a marked decrease (by about 20–40%) of intracellular cAMP levels in virus-affected cells. These findings demonstrate clearly that CVB3 may affect functioning of the G-protein regulated adenylyl cyclase transmembrane signalling system in virus-sensitive cells as early as during the first period of its contact with the cellular plasma membrane.     

Prolonged viral RNA detection in blood and lymphoid tissues from coxsackievirus B4 E2 orally-inoculated Swiss mice

The spreading of viral RNA within Swiss Albino mice orally inoculated with coxsackievirus B4 E2 strain (CVB4 E2) was studied by using RT-PCR and semi-nested-RT-PCR methods. Viral RNA was detected in various organs: pancreas, heart, small intestine, spleen, thymus, and blood at various postinfectious (p.i.) times ranging from 8 hr to 150 days. Our results show that (i) outbred mice can be infected with CVB4 E2 following an oral inoculation, which results in systemic spreading of viral RNA, (ii) CVB4 E2 infection can be associated with a prolonged detection of viral RNA in spleen, thymus and blood, up to 70 days p.i. and further in other organ tissues.