野皂荚豆及其化学成分的研究

经测定野皂荚豆中粗蛋白含量达２２．１２％,内胚乳占种子组成的４１．３７％。通过纸层析、高效液相色谱及药外光谱分析表明内胚乳中含有６６．７％的半乳甘露聚糖,半乳糖与甘露糖配比为１：３．２。本文为综合开发利用野皂荚豆资源提供了科学依据。     

五种豆科种子胚乳细胞的微观结构的比较

运用光学显微镜和电子显微镜分别对胡芦巴、野皂荚、皂荚、瓜尔豆、塔拉豆等五种豆科种子内胚乳细胞的形态、大小、壁厚等微观结构进行了观察比较。研究结果表明：五种种子内胚乳细胞壁几乎完全由胶状的透明的半乳甘露聚糖所填充,细胞的形态、大小差异较大,瓜尔豆、塔拉豆的内胚乳细胞呈球形或近球形;胡芦巴内胚乳细胞为多角形或多角椭圆形,它们细胞壁界限清晰,细胞排列整齐有规律;皂荚、野皂荚则为不规则的长椭球形,细胞壁彼此连接成片,界限模糊。一般地说：当细胞壁壁厚小于4μm时,胚乳胶粉中的水不溶物含量较低,1％浓度的胶液的粘度较高,而当壁厚大于4μm时,情况反之。本文的研究目的是为植物胶生产、加工提供一定的细胞学方面的依据。     

皂荚研究进展

皂荚为豆科皂荚属植物的干燥果实或不成熟果实,目前研究发现其主要含有三萜类、木脂素类等多种化学成分.随着国内外学者对皂荚不断深入的研究,其抗肿瘤、保护心血管、抑菌、抗炎等药理作用逐渐被人们发现.本研究通过整理近30年关于皂荚的化学成分、药理活性以及应用的文献来展开综述,以期为皂荚的深入研究和开发利用提供一定的科学依据.     

皂荚化学成分和生物活性的研究进展

我国的皂荚植物主要有皂荚、山皂荚、野皂荚和三刺皂荚.对皂荚的萜类、黄酮类、酚酸类、甾体类等化学成分及其抗菌、杀虫、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、免疫调节作用等生物学活性进行了综述.     

皂荚药用遍通身

皂荚,别名鸡栖子、皂角、大皂荚、长皂荚等,为豆科植物皂荚的果实。野生于路边或村边、山边向阳处。分布于东北、华北、华东、中南及西南各地。主产于四川、山东、陕西、河南等省,华南地区均有产。由于野生资源减少而成为市场上的畅销货。皂荚树,落叶乔木,高5米。     

皂荚化学组成的研究

初步研究了皂荚中所含的化学成分,测定了皂甙、纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、果胶、蛋白质相对于绝干皂荚的质量百分含量。结果表明,皂荚中含有鞣质、酚性物质、生物碱、有机酸、糖类、油脂等物质。     

多功能树种滇皂荚及开发利用

滇皂荚(Gleditsia delavayi Franch.)为豆科落叶乔木,树姿雄伟,寿命长.云南产昆明、嵩明、大姚、禄丰、宾川、漾濞、梁河、腾冲、会泽、永胜、维西、贡山、文山、砚山、蒙自、建水、屏边、景东等地,生于1000～2 500m山坡疏林或路边村旁,贵州也有零星分布.滇皂荚是皂荚属中唯一能食用外胚乳的种,俗称皂角仁、皂角米.滇皂荚具有很高的食用、药用价值,又是优良的杀虫剂和日用化工原料,有广阔开发利用前景.     

我国皂荚资源的化学利用

介绍了皂荚种子、荚果和皂刺的化学利用,以期对皂荚资源的产业化开发工作起到推动作用。     

皂荚EST-SSR分子标记开发与分析评价

本研究旨在开发皂荚EST-SSR分子标记,为今后皂荚种质资源评价与分析提供基础。首先通过对已公布的皂荚转录组数据进行拼接得到41003个Unigenes,总长度70.4 Mb,平均长度1716 bp,N50为2533 bp。进一步在7009个Unigenes中检测到8494个EST-SSR位点,其中1200条Unigenes含有2个及以上的SSR位点,复合型SSRs有369个。针对所有EST-SSR位点设计得到6494条特异性引物,随机挑选60个位点进行试验验证与分析,其中44对引物可扩增出特异性片段,17对具有多态性,PIC值范围为0.195~0.742,均值为0.501,且大部分多态性位点位于UTR区域。通过对皂荚近缘种进行跨种PCR扩增试验,结果显示在开发的44对有效引物中,9个近缘种美国皂荚、日本皂荚、绒毛皂荚、滇皂荚、华南皂荚、小果皂荚、野皂荚、肥皂荚和美国肥皂荚分别有32、31、23、24、7、40、25、18和18对引物可获得有效扩增片段,说明EST-SSR标记在皂荚近缘种之间具有良好的通用性。研究表明利用转录组数据挖掘的EST-SSR位点具有扩增稳定、多态性良好、近缘种间通用等优点,是林木物种开发分子标记的有效途径之一。     

皂荚果实中皂苷O的分离鉴定及毒性研究

采用乙醇提取、正丁醇萃取、常压硅胶柱反复层析的方法,并结合杀鼠活性追踪,从豆科植物皂荚(Gleditsiasinensis Lam.)的果实中分离到一个含有7个糖基的三萜皂苷,通过TLC、mp、IR、MS、1 H-NMR和13 C-NMR等方法鉴定为3-O-β-D-吡喃木糖基-(1→2)-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基齐墩果酸28-O-β-D-吡喃木糖基-(1→3)-β-D-吡喃木糖基-(1→4)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-(1→2)-[(6S,2E)-6-羟基-2,6-二甲基-2,7-辛二烯醇-(1→3)-(6′S,2′E)-6′-羟基-2′,6′-二甲基-2′,7′-辛二烯醇-(1→6)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖酯[即皂荚皂苷O(GleditsiosidesO)]。对小鼠的急性毒性测定结果表明,试鼠对皂荚皂苷O经口灌胃的耐受量为160～400mg/kg,半数致死剂量LD50=249.52mg/kg,95%可信区间为224.81～276.95mg/kg;皂荚皂苷O对小鼠的急性毒性大于皂荚皂苷A。研究结果表明,皂荚皂苷O为皂荚的主要杀鼠活性成分。     

Changes in Volatile Fatty Acids and Free Amino Acids during Air-Tobacco Stalks

In our searching program for novel sorbicillin related compounds, three novel compounds, spirosorbicillinols A (1), B (2), and C (3), were isolated from the fermentation broth of the USF-4860 strain isolated from a soil sample. The planar structures of compounds 1–3 were determined from spectroscopic evidence and degradation reaction, and that of 1 was the same as that of 2. The relative stereochemistries of compounds 1–3 were determined by ¹H-¹H coupling constants, the elucidation of HMBC and NOESY spectra in detail. 1 and 2 were stereoisomers at C8 position, each other. We propose that compounds 1 and 2 were formed by exo and endo intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction between sorbicillinol as a diene and scytolide (proposed precursor-1) as a dienophile, respectively. Similarly, we propose that compound 3 was formed by an endo intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction between sorbicillinol and proposed precursor-2.     

Sialic Acids and Related Substances

N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine, N-acetyl-D-mannosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine were allowed to react with oxalacetic acid under alkaline conditions, and the condensation products purified by ion-exchange chromatography. Properties of these products on the whole are similar to each other, though there is a minor but significant diference in the condensation product with N-acetyl-D-galactosaminc. Paper chromatograms of the condensation products suggest that N-acetyl-D-galactosamine as well as N-acetyl-D-glucosamine are epimerized partly before they condense with oxalacetic acid to givc each two sialic acids with different configurations at C-5 from each other.     

氨基酸与生化药物

回顾中国氨基酸类药物的发展历程,并对２０００年后的发展提出意见。     

Generation of Nitric Oxide and Possibly Nitroxyl by Nitrosation of Sulfohydroxamic Acids and Hydroxamic Acids

Diazeniumdiolates (NONOates) and sulfohydroxamic acids are chemical entities that spontaneously generate nitric oxide (NO) and nitroxyl (HNO), respectively, at physiological pH and temperature. By combining the functional aspects of the NONOates with the hydroxamic acids and sulfohydroxamic acids, hybrid NONOate-type compounds that could theoretically generate nitroxyl or nitric oxide can be rationalized. Although the instability of these compounds, viz., the N-nitrosohydroxamic acids and the N-nitrososulfohydroxamic acids, precluded their chemical characterization by actual isolation, their transient existence was deduced by identification of the products of their decomposition. Thus, treatment of benzohydroxamic acid (BHA) with limiting or excess nitrous acid (from NaNO(2) and H(3)PO(4)) gave rise to quantitative generation of N(2)O, possibly via HNO, based on the limiting reactant. Nitrosation of N-t-butyloxycarbonyl hydroxylamine gave similar results. The organic acid produced from BHA was identified as benzoic acid. No nitric oxide was detected from these reactions. In contrast, treatment of Piloty's acid (benzenesulfohydroxamic acid) and methanesulfohydroxamic acid (MSHA) with nitrous acid under the same conditions as above gave 36% of the theoretical quantity of NO from Piloty's acid and 47% of NO from MSHA, although finite quantities of HNO (measured as N(2)O) were also formed. The organic acid produced from Piloty's acid was identified by reverse-phase HPLC as the redox product, benzenesulfinic acid.     

支链氨基酸对运动大鼠氨基酸代谢和运动能力的影响

观察了支链氨基酸(BCAA)对大鼠运动能力和血清游离氨基酸代谢的影响。实验用21只雄性wistar大鼠,随机分为3组:正常组、游泳对照组和游泳补充BCAA组。2个运动组每天游泳训练1h,10天后游泳6h,观察补充BCAA对大鼠游泳运动能力和血清游离氨基酸水平的影响。实验结果表明,补充BCAA可明显提高大鼠游泳存活率,抑制血清中必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸和总氨基酸水平升高,游泳运动后大鼠的血清中乳酸和LDH的升高幅度有所降低,抑制骨骼肌LDH活力的下降。说明补充BCAA可明显提高大鼠的运动能力,减少运动造成的蛋白质分解     

Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids,Boronic Acids,and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores

Molecular cruciforms are X-shaped systems in which two conjugation axes intersect at a central core. If one axis of these molecules is substituted with electron-donors, and the other with electron-acceptors, cruciforms'' HOMO will localize along the electron-rich and LUMO along the electron-poor axis. This spatial isolation of cruciforms'' frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) is essential to their use as sensors, since analyte binding to the cruciform invariably changes its HOMO-LUMO gap and the associated optical properties. Using this principle, Bunz and Miljanić groups developed 1,4-distyryl-2,5-bis(arylethynyl)benzene and benzobisoxazole cruciforms, respectively, which act as fluorescent sensors for metal ions, carboxylic acids, boronic acids, phenols, amines, and anions. The emission colors observed when these cruciform are mixed with analytes are highly sensitive to the details of analyte''s structure and - because of cruciforms'' charge-separated excited states - to the solvent in which emission is observed. Structurally closely related species can be qualitatively distinguished within several analyte classes: (a) carboxylic acids; (b) boronic acids, and (c) metals. Using a hybrid sensing system composed from benzobisoxazole cruciforms and boronic acid additives, we were also able to discern among structurally similar: (d) small organic and inorganic anions, (e) amines, and (f) phenols. The method used for this qualitative distinction is exceedingly simple. Dilute solutions (typically 10^-6 M) of cruciforms in several off-the-shelf solvents are placed in UV/Vis vials. Then, analytes of interest are added, either directly as solids or in concentrated solution. Fluorescence changes occur virtually instantaneously and can be recorded through standard digital photography using a semi-professional digital camera in a dark room. With minimal graphic manipulation, representative cut-outs of emission color photographs can be arranged into panels which permit quick naked-eye distinction among analytes. For quantification purposes, Red/Green/Blue values can be extracted from these photographs and the obtained numeric data can be statistically processed.     

红萼月见草种子脂肪权与氨基酸的分析

红萼月见草 (ＯｅｎｏｔｈｅｒａｅｔｙｔｈｒｏｓｅｐａｌａＢｏｒｂ .)为柳叶菜科植物 ,刘国声等[1] 曾报道该植物花挥发油成分研究 ,高雅琴[2 ] 报道其它同属六种栽培植物月见草种子的化学成分分析 ;但未见有该种植物的脂肪酸与氨基酸的分析报道。因月见草种子油具有多种生理活性 ,月见草油中的γ 亚麻酸能以较小的剂量即产生显著的抗血栓、降血脂、抗炎、抗心律不齐、减肥、抑制癌细胞生长等生理活性 ,目前国内外广泛用于医药、保健品、食品的生产[3～ 6 ] 。为了满足需要 ,扩大资源 ,特进行引种栽培的红萼月见草种子脂肪酸与氨基酸的分…