家蚕氨肽酶和类钙粘蛋白与苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry1Ac毒素相互作用（英文）

苏云金芽孢杆菌Bacillusthuringiensis生产的晶体毒素被广泛用作农林害虫的杀虫剂。鳞翅目昆虫受体蛋白是阐明其与晶体毒素相互作用的重要模式。文中纯化了苏云金芽孢杆菌的晶体毒素蛋白,质谱鉴定为Cry1Ac毒素,然后重组表达家蚕氨肽酶N (BmAPN6)和类钙粘蛋白(CaLP)结合结构域。利用免疫共沉淀、Far-Western印迹和酶联免疫吸附试验,证明Cry1Ac毒素蛋白和BmAPN6之间的相互作用。在Sf9细胞中,对Cry1Ac毒素的细胞毒活性分析,表明BmAPN6参与Cry1Ac毒素诱导的细胞形态异常和裂解死亡。文中也利用相同的方法,对钙粘蛋白的3个结合位点CR7、CR11和CR12进行相互作用分析,结果表明3个重复结构域是CaLP的Cry1Ac结合位点。上述结果表明,BmAPN6和CaLP可作为Cry1Ac毒素致病的功能性受体,为进一步揭示晶体毒素的致病机制和基因编辑增强家蚕抗病性提供了研究靶标。     

家蚕氨肽酶和类钙粘蛋白与苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry1Ac毒素相互作用

苏云金芽孢杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis生产的晶体毒素被广泛用作农林害虫的杀虫剂。鳞翅目昆虫受体蛋白是阐明其与晶体毒素相互作用的重要模式。文中纯化了苏云金芽孢杆菌的晶体毒素蛋白,质谱鉴定为Cry1Ac毒素,然后重组表达家蚕氨肽酶N (BmAPN6) 和类钙粘蛋白 (CaLP) 结合结构域。利用免疫共沉淀、Far-Western印迹和酶联免疫吸附试验,证明Cry1Ac毒素蛋白和BmAPN6之间的相互作用。在Sf9细胞中,对Cry1Ac毒素的细胞毒活性分析,表明BmAPN6参与Cry1Ac毒素诱导的细胞形态异常和裂解死亡。文中也利用相同的方法,对钙粘蛋白的3个结合位点CR7、CR11和CR12进行相互作用分析,结果表明3个重复结构域是CaLP的Cry1Ac结合位点。上述结果表明,BmAPN6和CaLP可作为Cry1Ac毒素致病的功能性受体,为进一步揭示晶体毒素的致病机制和基因编辑增强家蚕抗病性提供了研究靶标。     

Src和Abl酪氨酸蛋白激酶家族参与病原微生物感染的研究进展

Src和Abl家族激酶属于非受体型酪氨酸激酶(Nonreceptor tyrosine kinase,NRTK)家族重要成员,广泛存在于各种细胞中,参与细胞内信号传递并调节细胞生理过程,它们在维持细胞、组织和器官稳态功能中发挥着至关重要的作用。研究表明,Src和Abl家族激酶通过多种机制参与病原微生物的感染(如与病原微生物的脯氨酸基序-PXXP互作)。因此,从Src和Abl家族激酶角度出发探究病原微生物感染机制逐渐成为一个热点。本文就Src和Abl家族激酶的结构特点以及参与病原微生物感染的研究报道进行综述,以期为病原微生物感染的致病机制、防控和药物研发提供参考。     

锌转运蛋白家族SLC39A/ZIP和SLC30A/ZnT的研究进展

必需微量元素锌通过催化和结构作用参与机体多种酶和蛋白功能,与机体发育、脑功能、骨骼生长、生殖健康及免疫功能等密切相关。补充锌可以一定程度防治儿童腹泻、慢性丙型肝炎、急性下呼吸道感染以及感冒等疾病,然而过多的锌具有毒性。因此,机体存在复杂的锌离子稳态体系维持锌离子的吸收、储存和丢失的平衡过程。已发现哺乳动物中SLC39A和SLC30A两个转运蛋白家族直接参与细胞内锌离子的稳态代谢。SLC39A家族又称ZIP家族,共有14个成员,该家族多个成员已被证明可促进细胞外或细胞器内的锌离子转运到细胞质;SLC30A家族又称ZnT家族,共有10个成员,与SLC39A家族功能相反,多个家族成员可协助锌离子从细胞质内流出到细胞外或流进到细胞器内。研究提示ZnT1、ZIP4和ZIP5参与小肠锌离子吸收过程,ZIP10和ZnT1参与肾脏锌离子再吸收过程,ZIP5、ZnT2和ZnT1参与胰腺锌离子分泌丢失过程。另有证据证明SLC39A和SLC30A两个家族的蛋白还可能参与许多疾病包括肿瘤及糖尿病的发生和发展。本文将对哺乳动物SLC39A和SLC30A两个锌转运蛋白家族的最新研究进展进行综述。     

家蚕凋亡蛋白抑制因子(BmIAP)基因真核表达与功能分析

【目的】家蚕Bombyx mori凋亡蛋白抑制因子(BmIAP)是在家蚕中发现的一个凋亡蛋白抑制因子(IAP)。本研究旨在验证家蚕BmIAP蛋白在家蚕细胞内的功能特征,以进一步研究BmIAP在家蚕细胞凋亡中的作用。【方法】对构建的瞬时表达载体PIZ/V5-BmIAP-dsRed,应用脂质体转染家蚕Bm N-SWU1细胞;应用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot分析BmIAP mRNA及蛋白表达水平;通过150 ng/m L放线菌素D诱导家蚕Bm N-SWU1细胞12,18和24 h,应用免疫荧光及实时荧光定量PCR方法,分析BmIAP瞬时表达与细胞凋亡的关系。【结果】构建的瞬时表达载体PIZ/V5-BmIAP-dsRed能在家蚕Bm N-SWU1细胞表达BmIAP蛋白,其BmIAP mRNA表达水平上调近45倍,融合蛋白约为60 k D;BmIAP基因瞬时表达72 h后,BmIAP能显著抑制放线菌素D诱导12 h时的家蚕Bm N-SWU1细胞凋亡。【结论】BmIAP蛋白在家蚕细胞中能抑制家蚕细胞凋亡,是家蚕的一种凋亡蛋白抑制因子。     

抗Bt棉棉铃虫幼虫Bt受体氨肽酶N(APN2)基因克隆

通过对Bt棉抗性和敏感棉铃虫幼虫中肠氨肽酶N的克隆和测序 ,鉴定了氨肽酶N基因家族的 1个成员Haapn2 ,其cDNA序列具有 3209个核苷酸 ,含有 3096bp的开放阅读框 ,编码产生1032个氨基酸的蛋白质。其推定氨基酸序列具有锌结合模体HEXXHX₁₈E ,N-末端具有 1 7个氨基酸的疏水性信号序列 ,C-末端还具有 2 2个氨基酸的糖基磷酯酰肌醇 (GPI)添加信号肽。比对抗性和敏感棉铃虫cDNA的开放阅读框 ,抗性品系的开放阅读框中 ,有 5 7个点突变 ,共导致了 1 5个氨基酸的改变 ,其中 2个突变 (谷氨酰胺₁₃₇→谷氨酸、缬氨酸₁₃₇→苏氨酸 )位于Cry1A毒素结合区域 ,可能与棉铃虫对转Bt基因棉产生抗性有关。报道的氨肽酶cDNA序列已提交GenBank ,AY346383和AY2 795 35分别是Bt抗性和敏感品系的Haapn2。     

家蚕B类清道夫受体BmSCRB8基因的克隆及表达

B类清道夫受体在动脉粥样硬化及其他心血管疾病的形成或抑制,机体免疫防御,凋亡细胞清除等生理过程中起着重要的作用。克隆了家蚕B型清道夫受体家族的一个成员BmSCRB8基因,通过RACE技术获得BmSCRB8的c DNA全长为2 668 bp,其ORF为1 704 bp,编码567个氨基酸,通过在线预测其蛋白分子量为63.87 k Da,等电点为6.06。采用RT-PCR方法得到了BmSCRB8的时空表达谱,结果表明BmSCRB8在家蚕各组织以及血液各时期均有表达,且在脂肪体中表达量最高,变态发育时期表达量较高。原核表达获得BmSCRB8重组蛋白,并经由蛋白纯化、免疫小鼠后制备得到家蚕BmSCRB8多克隆抗体。同时构建了BmSCRB8真核表达载体并转染家蚕胚胎细胞系。免疫荧光及过表达结果显示BmSCRB8主要定位于细胞膜上,Western blotting结果显示免疫小鼠后所得到的抗血清可特异性识别BmSCRB8蛋白。     

BDNF RNA干扰在多巴胺能PC12细胞凋亡中的作用研究

目的：探讨脑源性神经营养因子（brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF）在PC12细胞凋亡中的作用。方法：设计并合成针对BDNF mRNA序列的小片段干扰RNA（siRNA）,利用lipofectamine 2000将siRNA转染入PC12细胞中或给与6-OHDA损伤,给与/不给予BDNF蛋白保护,采用定量PCR和免疫荧光法检测BDNF mRNA和蛋白表达水平;采用上清液乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）释放量测定和流式细胞仪法检测siRNA对细胞凋亡的影响。结果：转染siRNA的细胞的BDNF mRNA的表达量比正常组细胞减少73%,而转染作为对照的scrambled siRNA的细胞的BDNF mRNA的表达没有明显变化。BDNF RNA干扰与6-OHDA神经毒性一样可诱导PC12细胞的LDH释放和细胞凋亡。给予BDNF蛋白保护后细胞毒性减轻。结论：BDNF基因下调可以导致PC12细胞的凋亡,BDNF蛋白对PC12细胞有保护作用,为进一步进行动物体内研究奠定了基础。     

四种启动子调控RFP报告基因在家蚕细胞(Bm-e-HNU5)内的瞬时表达

以红色荧光蛋白基因（RFP）为报告基因,构建含4种不同启动子的重组表达质粒,用脂质体介导法转染家蚕Bombyx mori细胞（Bm-e-HNU5）,观察家蚕细胞质肌动蛋白4基因启动子（A4）、α微管蛋白基因启动子（α-tub）、蚕丝心蛋白重链基因启动子（Fib）和家蚕核型多角体病毒早期即刻蛋白基因启动子（IE）4种启动子调控RFP报告基因在家蚕细胞内的瞬时表达情况。构建的重组表达质粒pDsRed-α-tub、pDsRed-A4、pDsRed-IE和pDsRed-Fib经双酶切和PCR鉴定正确无误。转染和转录实验结果表明,除了pDsRed-A4外,其他3种重组质粒在Bm-e-HNU5细胞中都得到高转染率,α-tub、IE和Fib可依次增强RFP报告基因在家蚕细胞内的瞬时表达活性。     

Ras信号通路通过激活转录因子Myc促进核内复制细胞生长

【目的】果蝇Ras信号通路在细胞增殖与生长过程中发挥着重要的作用。Myc基因是bHLH转录因子家族基因,可调控细胞生长、竞争和再生增殖等生理过程。本研究旨在明确Ras信号通路与Myc的关系,探索Ras信号调控核内复制细胞生长的作用机制。【方法】生物信息学分析转基因家蚕Bombyx mori后部丝腺Myc基因的转录水平,并通过qPCR验证;在黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster Kc细胞中,分别转染pAc5.1-HisB-Ras~(V12)-V5或pAc5.1-HisB-Raf-Flag过表达Ras~(V12)或Raf后,通过qPCR和Western blot技术分别检测Myc基因在mRNA和蛋白水平的相对表达量;在黑腹果蝇幼虫脂肪体和唾液腺中,结合黑腹果蝇遗传工具和分子生物学手段,验证Ras信号通路对Myc基因的调控作用。【结果】家蚕后部丝腺过表达Ras1~(CA)上调Myc转录水平。激活Ras信号使得黑腹果蝇Kc细胞内Myc在转录水平和蛋白水平上的表达量上调;黑腹果蝇幼虫唾液腺和脂肪体中,游走期Myc基因的表达量高于取食期;过表达Myc或激活Ras信号可以促进细胞核内周期进程;激活Ras信号促进Myc表达。【结论】Ras信号通路激活Myc表达,促进细胞核内周期进程,促进器官发育。     

Aminopeptidase N isoforms from the midgut of Bombyx mori and Plutella xylostella -- their classification and the factors that determine their binding specificity to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A toxin

Novel aminopeptidase N (APN) isoform cDNAs, BmAPN3 and PxAPN3, from the midguts of Bombyx mori and Plutella xylostella, respectively, were cloned, and a total of eight APN isoforms cloned from B. mori and P. xylostella were classified into four classes. Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Aa and Cry1Ab toxins were found to bind to specific APN isoforms from the midguts of B. mori and P. xylostella, and binding occurred with fragments that corresponded to the BmAPN1 Cry1Aa toxin-binding region of each APN isoform. The results suggest that APN isoforms have a common toxin-binding region, and that the apparent specificity of Cry1Aa toxin binding to each intact APN isoform seen in SDS-PAGE is determined by factors such as expression level in conjunction with differences in binding affinity.     

A novel 96-kDa aminopeptidase localized on epithelial cell membranes of Bombyx mori midgut, which binds to Cry1Ac toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis

Proteins in the brush border membrane (BBM) of the midgut binding to the insecticidal Cry1Ac toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis were investigated to examine the lower sensitivity of Bombyx mori to Cry1Ac, and new aminopeptidase N that bound to Cry1Ac was discovered. DEAE chromatography of Triton X-100-soluble BBM proteins from the midgut revealed 96-kDa aminopeptidase that bound to Cry1Ac. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity and estimated to be a 96.4-kDa molecule on a silver-stained SDS-PAGE gel. However, the native protein was eluted as a single peak corresponding to approximately 190-kDa on gel filtration and gave a single band on native PAGE. The enzyme was determined to be an aminopeptidase N (APN96) from its substrate specificity. Antiserum to class 3 B. mori APN (BmAPN3) recognized APN96, but peptide mass fingerprinting revealed that 54% of the amino acids of matched peptides were identical to those of BmAPN3, suggesting that APN96 was a novel isoform of the APN3 family. On ligand blots, APN96 bound to Cry1Ac but not Cry1Aa or Cry1Ab, and the interaction was inhibited by GalNAc. K(D) of the APN96-Cry1Ac interaction was determined to be 1.83 +/- 0.95 microM. The lectin binding assay suggested that APN96 had an N-linked bi-antennal oligosaccharide or an O-linked mucin type one. The role of APN96 was discussed in relation to the insensitivity of B. mori to Cry1Ac.     

Location of the Bombyx mori aminopeptidase N type 1 binding site on Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Aa toxin

We analyzed the binding site on Cry1Aa toxin for the Cry1Aa receptor in Bombyx mori, 115-kDa aminopeptidase N type 1 (BmAPN1) (K. Nakanishi, K. Yaoi, Y. Nagino, H. Hara, M. Kitami, S. Atsumi, N. Miura, and R. Sato, FEBS Lett. 519:215-220, 2002), by using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that block binding between the binding site and the receptor. First, we produced a series of MAbs against Cry1Aa and obtained two MAbs, MAbs 2C2 and 1B10, that were capable of blocking the binding between Cry1Aa and BmAPN1 (blocking MAbs). The epitope of the Fab fragments of MAb 2C2 overlapped the BmAPN1 binding site, whereas the epitope of the Fab fragments of MAb 1B10 did not overlap but was located close to the binding site. Using three approaches for epitope mapping, we identified two candidate epitopes for the blocking MAbs on Cry1Aa. We constructed two Cry1Aa toxin mutants by substituting a cysteine on the toxin surface at each of the two candidate epitopes, and the small blocking molecule N-(9-acridinyl)maleimide (NAM) was introduced at each cysteine substitution to determine the true epitope. The Cry1Aa mutant with NAM bound to Cys582 did not bind either of the two blocking MAbs, suggesting that the true epitope for each of the blocking MAbs was located at the site containing Val582, which also consisted of 508STLRVN513 and 582VFTLSAHV589. These results indicated that the BmAPN1 binding site overlapped part of the region blocked by MAb 2C2 that was close to but excluded the actual epitope of MAb 2C2 on domain III of Cry1Aa toxin. We also discuss another area on Cry1Aa toxin as a new candidate site for BmAPN1 binding.     

Location of the Bombyx mori Aminopeptidase N Type 1 Binding Site on Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Aa Toxin

We analyzed the binding site on Cry1Aa toxin for the Cry1Aa receptor in Bombyx mori, 115-kDa aminopeptidase N type 1 (BmAPN1) (K. Nakanishi, K. Yaoi, Y. Nagino, H. Hara, M. Kitami, S. Atsumi, N. Miura, and R. Sato, FEBS Lett. 519:215-220, 2002), by using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that block binding between the binding site and the receptor. First, we produced a series of MAbs against Cry1Aa and obtained two MAbs, MAbs 2C2 and 1B10, that were capable of blocking the binding between Cry1Aa and BmAPN1 (blocking MAbs). The epitope of the Fab fragments of MAb 2C2 overlapped the BmAPN1 binding site, whereas the epitope of the Fab fragments of MAb 1B10 did not overlap but was located close to the binding site. Using three approaches for epitope mapping, we identified two candidate epitopes for the blocking MAbs on Cry1Aa. We constructed two Cry1Aa toxin mutants by substituting a cysteine on the toxin surface at each of the two candidate epitopes, and the small blocking molecule N-(9-acridinyl)maleimide (NAM) was introduced at each cysteine substitution to determine the true epitope. The Cry1Aa mutant with NAM bound to Cys582 did not bind either of the two blocking MAbs, suggesting that the true epitope for each of the blocking MAbs was located at the site containing Val582, which also consisted of ⁵⁰⁸STLRVN⁵¹³ and ⁵⁸²VFTLSAHV⁵⁸⁹. These results indicated that the BmAPN1 binding site overlapped part of the region blocked by MAb 2C2 that was close to but excluded the actual epitope of MAb 2C2 on domain III of Cry1Aa toxin. We also discuss another area on Cry1Aa toxin as a new candidate site for BmAPN1 binding.     

Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal Cry1Aa toxin binds to a highly conserved region of aminopeptidase N in the host insect leading to its evolutionary success.

Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, Cry1Aa toxin, binds to a specific receptor in insect midguts and has insecticidal activity. Therefore, the structure of the receptor molecule is probably a key factor in determining the binding affinity of the toxin and insect susceptibility. The cDNA fragment (PX frg1) encoding the Cry1Aa toxin-binding region of an aminopeptidase N (APN) or an APN family protein from diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella midgut was cloned and sequenced. A comparison between the deduced amino acid sequence of PX frg1 and other insect APN sequences shows that Cry1Aa toxin binds to a highly conserved region of APN family protein. In this paper, we propose a model to explain the mechanism that causes B. thuringiensis evolutionary success and differing insect susceptibility to Cry1Aa toxin.     

Structural changes of the Cry1Ac oligomeric pre-pore from bacillus thuringiensis induced by N-acetylgalactosamine facilitates toxin membrane insertion

The primary action of Cry toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis is to lyse midgut epithelial cells in their target insect by forming lytic pores. The toxin-receptor interaction is a complex process, involving multiple interactions with different receptor and carbohydrate molecules. It has been proposed that Cry1A toxins sequentially interact with a cadherin receptor, leading to the formation of a pre-pore oligomer structure, and that the oligomeric structure binds to glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol-anchored aminopeptidase-N (APN) receptor. The Cry1Ac toxin specifically recognizes the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) carbohydrate present in the APN receptor from Manduca sexta larvae. In this work, we show that the Cry1Ac pre-pore oligomer has a higher binding affinity with APN than the monomeric toxin. The effects of GalNAc binding on the toxin structure were studied in the monomeric Cry1Ac, in the soluble pre-pore oligomeric structure, and in its membrane inserted state by recording the fluorescence status of the tryptophan (W) residues. Our results indicate that the W residues of Cry1Ac have a different exposure to the solvent when compared with that of the closely related Cry1Ab toxin. GalNAc binding specifically affects the exposure of W545 in the pre-pore oligomer in contrast to the monomer where GalNAc binding did not affect the fluorescence of the toxin. These results indicate a subtle conformational change in the GalNAc binding pocket in the pre-pore oligomer that could explain the increased binding affinity of the Cry1Ac pre-pore to APN. Although our analysis did not reveal major structural changes in the pore-forming domain I upon GalNAc binding, it showed that sugar interaction enhanced membrane insertion of soluble pre-pore oligomeric structure. Therefore, the data presented here permits to propose a model in which the interaction of Cry1Ac pre-pore oligomer with APN receptor facilitates membrane insertion and pore formation.     

Expression of recombinant and mosaic Cry1Ac receptors from Helicoverpa armigera and their influences on the cytotoxicity of activated Cry1Ac to Spodoptera litura Sl-HP cells

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin receptors play important roles in the killing of pests, and investigation on characterization of the receptors is essential for utilization of Bt and management of insect resistance. Here, recombinant and mosaic receptors of Bt Cry1Ac toxin from Helicoverpa armigera were expressed in Spodoptera litura Sl-HP cells and their influences on cytotoxicity of activated Cry1Ac toxin were investigated. When H. armigera aminopeptidase N1 (APN1), alkaline phosphatase 2 (ALP2) and cadherin fused with or without GFP tag were, respectively, expressed in Sl-HP cells, live cell-immunofluorescence staining detection revealed that the quantity of the toxin binding to cadherin or cadherin-GFP was much more than that binding to ALP2 and APN1 or their fusion proteins with GFP, and only the cadherin- or cadherin-GFP-expressing cells showed aberrant cell morphology after the treatment of the toxin at low concentrations. ALP2 and APN1 fused with or without GFP tag did not significantly enhance the cadherin-mediated cytotoxicity of the toxin. The mosaic ALP-TBR-GFP-GPI was located on cell membrane, but did not bind to the toxin. The mosaic truncated cadherin-GFP-GPI was not located on cell membrane even if the signal peptide was sustained. The concentrations of the toxin resulting in swelling of 50 % cells for noncadherin-expressing Sl-HP cells and cadherin-expressing Hi5 cells were 5.08 and 9.50 µg/ml within 1 h, respectively. Taken together, our data have indicated that the binding affinity of ALP2 and APN1 to activated Cry1Ac toxin is much weaker than that of cadherin and both ALP2 and APN1 do not enhance the cytotoxicity of the toxin even though cadherin is co-expressed, and the mosaic receptor of ALP2 inserted with cadherin toxin binding domain does not mediate cytotoxicity of the toxin. In addition, the noncadherin-expressing Sl-HP cells are more susceptible to activated Cry1Ac than the cadherin-expressing Hi5 cells.     

Determining the involvement of two aminopeptidase Ns in the resistance of Plutella xylostella to the Bt toxin Cry1Ac: cloning and study of in vitro function

The cloning, expression in vitro, and characterization of two aminopeptidase Ns (APN5s and APN2s) isolated from the midgut of Cry1Ac-resistant (R) and susceptible (S) strains of Plutella xylostella larvae are presented in this paper. The deduced amino acid sequences of APN5s included C-terminal GPI-modification sites, the gluzincin aminopeptidase motif GATEN, and three N-glycosylated sites; those of APN2s had no GPI-modification sites, had gluzincin aminopeptidase motif GAMEN, and had four N-glycosylated sites. O-glycosylated sites were not predicted for either APN. Because APN2R and APN2S cDNAs contained the same nucleotides, only full-length cDNAs encoding APN5R and APN5S were expressed in Trichoplusia ni cells. Far-Western blotting showed that the expressed receptor APN5 bound to the Cry1Ac toxin. An enzyme-specific activity experiment also showed that APN5 genes were expressed in T. ni cells. ELISA revealed no differences in the binding of expression proteins from the resistant and susceptible strain with Cry1Ac.