利用8质粒系统拯救A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98（H9N2）株禽流感病毒

应用反向遗传技术将含有1998年中国大陆分离株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(Avianinfluenzavirus,AIV)的8个基因片段的质粒共转染COS_1细胞,产生了与野生病毒生物学特性相同的H9N2亚型AIV。将A Chicken Shanghai F 98(CK SH F 98)株H9N2亚型AIV的8个基因组cDNA分别克隆到polⅠ_polⅡ转录 表达载体pHW2 0 0 0中,构建成8个转录表达载体重组质粒。将这8个质粒共转染COS_1细胞,2 4h后收获细胞及上清接种SPF鸡胚,4 8h后收取鸡胚尿囊液继续进行鸡胚传代,产生能致死鸡胚的病毒。经血凝、血凝抑制试验、序列分析和电镜观察,证实产生了CK SH F 98(H9N2 )株AIV。     

用8质粒病毒拯救系统产生H9N2/WSN重组A型流行性感冒病毒

把禽流行性感冒(流感)病毒A／Chicken／Shanghai／F／98(H9N2)的血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)基因cDNA克隆至polⅠ-pol Ⅱ双向转录和表达载体pHW2000,用这两种质粒与8质粒病毒拯救系统中流感病毒A／WSN／33(H1N1)6个内部基因cDNA的质粒组合(6 2重排),共转染COS-1细胞,产生了能在鸡胚中高滴度增殖的H9N2／、WSN重组病毒。用A／WSN／33的8个基因cDNA质粒作对照,也产生了转染子病毒。经过EID50测定和MDCK感染实验,新基因型H9N2／WSN病毒感染鸡胚的能力强(EID50为10^-11／0．2m1),而且对鸡胚的毒力弱,在不加胰酶的情况下不使MDCK细胞产牛病变。经电镜观察,两个转染子病毒的形态与野生型流感病毒相似。反向遗传操作技术的建立,为对禽流感病毒基因功能和疫苗构建等方面的研究提供了新的手段。     

H3N2亚型猪流感病毒的拯救及HA与NA基因的替换

摘要：【目的】为研究流感病毒突破种间屏障分子机制,筛选流感基因工程疫苗株。【方法】本实验以猪流感病毒A/Swine/Henan/S4/01(H3N2)为亲本株,利用反向遗传学操作技术,采用RT-PCR技术对该病毒的8个基因片段分段进行扩增,通过与双向转录载体pHW2000连接, 重组质粒转染293T和MDCK共培养细胞,拯救出全部基因均来自于亲本株的猪流感病毒rgH3N2,并分别以人流感病毒A/ PR/8/34(H1N1)、禽流感病毒A/Duck/Nanchang /4-165/2000 (H4N6 )、马流感病毒A/Equine/Fuyun/2008/(H3N8)的HA和NA基因替换A/Swine/Henan/S4/01的相应基因,【结果】生物学实验结果表明rgH3N2在鸡胚半数感染量、组织培养半数感染量、稳定性试验等方面都与亲本株保持一致。rgH3N2经鸡胚多次传代后血凝价最高可达到1:256,接种MDCK细胞60 h后,血凝价可以达到1:64。基因替换后成功拯救出的重组病毒rgH1N1、rgH4N6和rgH3N8在鸡胚和细胞上均具有较高的增殖能力。【结论】病毒的成功拯救为流感病毒突破种间屏障分子机制,HA、NA基因在流感病毒跨种属传播中所扮演角色的研究和流感基因工程疫苗株的筛选奠定了基础。     

H1N1亚型猪流感病毒的拯救

利用8质粒拯救系统成功拯救出了猪流感病毒毒株A/Swine/TianJin/01/2004(H1N1)(A/S/TJ/04)。将猪流感病毒8个基因节段经RT-PCR合成cDNA后, 分别克隆到RNA聚合酶I/II双向表达载体PHW2000中, 构建成8个重组质粒。用8个重组质粒共转染COS-1细胞, 30 h后加入TPCK-胰酶至终浓度0.5 mg/mL。共转染48小时后收获COS-1细胞及其上清, 经尿囊腔接种9日龄SPF鸡胚。收获死亡鸡胚尿囊液并继续用SPF鸡胚传3代, 得到有感染性的病毒。经血凝、血凝抑制验、测序分析、电镜观察等均证实了A/S/TJ/04猪流感病毒的成功拯救。这是目前国内首次报道拯救出H1N1亚型猪流感病毒, 为进一步研究猪流感病毒基因组结构与功能的关系、流感跨种传播的机制以及构建新型猪流感疫苗株奠定了基础。     

H1N1亚型猪流感病毒的拯救

利用8质粒拯救系统成功拯救出了猪流感病毒毒株A/Swine/TianJin/01/2004(H1N1)(A/S/TJ/04)。将猪流感病毒8个基因节段经RT-PCR合成cDNA后, 分别克隆到RNA聚合酶I/II双向表达载体PHW2000中, 构建成8个重组质粒。用8个重组质粒共转染COS-1细胞, 30 h后加入TPCK-胰酶至终浓度0.5 mg/mL。共转染48小时后收获COS-1细胞及其上清, 经尿囊腔接种9日龄SPF鸡胚。收获死亡鸡胚尿囊液并继续用SPF鸡胚传3代, 得到有感染性的病毒。经血凝、血凝抑制验、测序分析、电镜观察等均证实了A/S/TJ/04猪流感病毒的成功拯救。这是目前国内首次报道拯救出H1N1亚型猪流感病毒, 为进一步研究猪流感病毒基因组结构与功能的关系、流感跨种传播的机制以及构建新型猪流感疫苗株奠定了基础。     

利用反向遗传技术产生8基因全禽源流感病毒疫苗候选株

利用反向遗传技术将含有A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98(H9N2)株禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)的6个内部基因与H5N1亚型AIV的2个表面基因HA和NA共转染COS-1细胞,产生了6 2全禽源的重配AIV。将H5N1亚型AIV的HA基因经基因突变致弱,然后将A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98(H9N2)AIV的6个内部基因的cD-NA和以上致弱的禽源HA基因及NA基因的cDNA分别克隆到转录/表达载体pHW2000中,构建成8个转录/表达质粒。将8个质粒共转染COS-1细胞,24h后收获细胞及上清接种SPF鸡胚,72~90h后鸡胚死亡,收取鸡胚尿囊液进行血凝、血凝抑制试验、序列分析、病毒致病性试验和动物免疫保护试验,最终证实产生了致弱的全禽源AIV疫苗候选株。     

2006～2007年流行流感病毒减毒疫苗株的构建

选择冷适应、温度敏感、减毒的A/Ann Arbor/6/60(H2N2)流感病毒株作为骨架病毒,对其6个内部基因片段进行了全基因合成,同时人工引入5个氨基酸突变(PB1-391E,581G,661T,PB2-265S,NP-34G).HA和NA来源于2006-2007当年流行株A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1).8个基因片段通过与改造后的转录载体pAD3000连接,构建8个基因的拯救载体,经测序获得序列准确的拯救质粒:pMDV-A-PB2、pMDV-A-PB1、pMDV-A-PA、pMDV-A-NP、pMDV-A-M、pMDV-A-NS、pMDV-A-HA、pMDV-A-NA.6质粒与当年流行株的表面基因HA和NA进行"6 2"组合的病毒拯救,8个重组质粒共转染COS-1细胞,成功拯救出了具有血凝性的冷适应减毒的重组A型人流感病毒.鸡胚尿囊液中重组病毒的血凝效价为l:279-1:210.构建的A/AA/6/60 6个内部基因的病毒骨架拯救系统,为深入研究冷适应减毒人流感病毒的基因功能和新型疫苗研发奠定了基础.     

MDCK单克隆细胞库的建立及检定

目的:建立甲型H1N1流感病毒疫苗株高适应MDCK单克隆细胞库,用于培养生产流感病毒疫苗,为细胞代替鸡胚制备流感病毒疫苗提供保证。方法:用有限稀释法将MDCK细胞进行单克隆化,通过血凝和TCID50筛选甲型H1N1流感病毒疫苗株的高适应性单克隆化细胞株,扩大培养建立细胞库并进行检定。结果:共制备了97株单克隆化MDCK细胞,筛选到甲型H1N1流感病毒疫苗株高适应性MDCK单克隆细胞株,扩大培养建立了细胞库,经检定符合《中华人民共和国药典.三部》(2010版)对细胞库的要求。结论:建立了甲型H1N1流感病毒疫苗株高适应性MDCK单克隆细胞库,为细胞培养生产流感病毒疫苗奠定了基础。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒拯救体系的建立

选择鸡胚高产的鸭源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒A/Duck/Shandong/093/2004株作为骨架病毒,在完成了全基因组序列测定基础上,设计合成的11对引物对病毒的8个基因分11段进行扩增。通过与转录载体PHW2000连接,构建A/SD/04的8个基因的拯救载体,经测序获得序列准确的拯救质粒:2412、42、243、244、245、246、247和248。A/SD/04的8质粒与PR8(H1N1)进行不同组合的拯救,获得8个均含A/SD/04 HA基因的H5重组流感病毒。鸡胚尿囊液中重组病毒的血凝效价在28~210,EID50在10-8.5~10-9之间,MDT在34~46h之间,均与野生A/SD/04(wt A/SD/04)相似。重组病毒对6周龄的SPF鸡的静脉接种指数(IVPI)与wt A/SD/04却有明显的差异,说明不同组合的内部基因影响病毒对鸡的致病力,但不影响病毒的鸡胚致死能力、对鸡胚的感染能力和病毒在鸡胚中的繁殖能力。构建的A/SD/04的8个质粒拯救系统,为H5N1的基因功能研究和新型疫苗开发奠定基础。     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸体外对流感病毒H1N1的抑制作用

目的探讨N-乙酰半胱氨酸（N—acetylcysteine,NAC）在体外对流感病毒H1N1的抑制作用。方法采用MTT法、鸡胚接种法和免疫荧光法,观察NAC对流感病毒HlM的抑制作用。采用血球凝集试验、神经氨酸酶活性抑制试验和透射电镜负染技术,初步探讨NAC对流感病毒HlM的抑制机制。结果NAC在MDCK细胞上的最大无毒剂量是6．25mg／mL;流感病毒H1Nl在MDCK细胞上的半数致死感染浓度（TCID-50）为1012-2.25／100μ;在三种作用途径下（治疗性给药、预防性给药和直接灭活后给药）,NAC明显抑制了流感病毒HlNl对MDCK细胞的感染,细胞存活率分别为91．88％、93．21％、94．67％,在对照组,流感病毒H1N1感染后的细胞存活率为28．32％,两者相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;免疫荧光结果显示,与病毒对照组形成的强特异性荧光相比,三种作用途径感染MDCK细胞后的特异性荧光明显减弱;鸡胚培养法的结果显示,NAC明显抑制了流感病毒H1N1在鸡胚内的增殖,实验组血凝效价低于1：2,对照组血凝效价为1：1024;神经氨酸酶活性抑制试验和透射电镜的结果显示,NAC能够明显抑制流感病毒川N1的神经氨酸酶活性,对流感病毒H1N1的病毒体结构也有明显的破坏作用。结论NAC在体外对流感病毒川N1有明显的抑制作用,其抑制机制可能与NAC对流感病毒血凝素和神经氨酸酶活性抑制及病毒体的直接破坏有关。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.