人胎盘催乳素多型性研究

通过纯化和分析人胎盘催乳素,发现其有两个等电点,与文献报道不一致,利用等电聚焦制备电泳分离了两个等电点组分,免疫学活性测定的结果表明,两个组分均有活性,且活性有差别,等电点高的组分,免疫学活性强,通过Ｎ端氨基酸分析发现,两组分的Ｎ端均为缬氨酸,推测人胎盘催乳素存在亚型,为进一步研究人胎盘催乳素的结构和功能以及临床上正确地利用此激素提供了有价值的依据。     

人胎盘催乳素

人胎盘催乳素（ｈＰＬ）是由人胎盘合体细胞滋养层分泌的一种蛋白质。由１９１个氨基酸组成,分子量为２２ｋＤ,基因位于第１７号染色体上。主要具有催乳和促生长作用。临床上通过测定孕妇血中ｈＰＬ进行产前监护,测定血中ｈＰＬ的含量还有助于滋养层细胞疾病的鉴别诊断和疗效观察。作者通过实验分离了ｈＰＬ的两种亚型,经检测两者免疫学活性有差别,这一结论为今后更准确地利用该激素提供了依据。     

等电聚焦法测定2.5S NGF的等电点

采用水平等电聚焦法测定了２５Ｓｍ神经生长因子（ＮＧＦ）的等电点。经测定,纯化的２５ＳｍＮＧＦ的等电聚焦为三条带,这与文献报道相一致,等电点ｐＨ值分别为ｐＨ８７、９０、９３,其主要成分为β亚基ＮＧＦ及其修饰物的混合物,包括在羧基端失去８个氨基酸残基和在氨基端失去１个精氨酸残基,由这三种组分构成的ＮＧＦ统称为２５ＳｍＮＧＦ。     

庚型肝炎病毒基因在大肠杆菌中表达的初步研究

利用原核表达载体ｐＲＳＥＴ或（和）ｐＧＥＸ在大肠杆菌内表达了覆盖庚型肝炎病毒（ＨＧＶ）Ｃ－ＮＳ３或ＮＳ５区的多段基因。ＣＥ１、Ｅ２、ＮＳ３、ＮＳ５及ＮＳ３－ＮＳ５嵌合基因等的８段基因均有高效表达,各重组蛋白产量与菌体总蛋白之比在１０％￣３５％之间。对以上重组蛋白进行免疫学筛选,证实其中７个重组蛋白均具免疫学活性,在一定程度上确定了重组ＨＧＶ抗原表位的分布,为ＨＧＶ的血清学和免疫学诊断试剂的研究奠定     

一组新的沙蚕蛋白酶同工酶的分离纯化与鉴定

分离纯化一组新的沙蚕蛋白酶同工酶,并对其性质进行鉴定.用硫酸铵盐析、凝胶过滤层析和疏水层析技术从沙蚕中分离得到了沙蚕蛋白酶,经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）、高效液相色谱（HPLC）、等电聚焦电泳（IEF）和质谱分析（MS）鉴定,发现沙蚕蛋白酶由3个组分组成,均有纤溶活性,其等电点为3.5～4.5,分子量分别为29 248.75、29 007.66、28 954.17,肽指纹图谱分析发现,它们均为未知的新蛋白质,其中2个组分结构相似,具有较高的同源性,与另1个有不同.用抗原抗体反应鉴定其免疫原性,发现3个组分中有2个组分具有相同的免疫原性,另1个组分与2者不同.但3者具有相同的抗原决定簇,证明沙蚕蛋白酶由2个同工酶组成.以4种专一性的抑制剂对其进行抑制,检测酶的活性确定其酶学性质,发现其反应的适宜温度为40℃～50℃、适宜pH值为8～9.沙蚕蛋白酶属于丝氨酸蛋白酶.     

一种新阿片肽的分离纯化

报道了一种新阿片肽OP1的分离纯化。将重组毕赤酵母经适宜的生长和表达培养后,所得的发酵液经离心得无细胞上清液,上清液经超滤后过Sephadex G-10柱。将经Sephadex G-10柱所得具有阿片活性的粗组分用HPLC-MS分析,根据阿片肽N-端均有一个酪氨酸残基,且在肽链的第三或第四位上有一个芳香族氨基酸残基这一性质,依据分子量确定活性组分中可能存在的所有阿片肽,然后根据这些阿片肽的等电点,利用AKTA Purifier 100快速纯化系统的DEAE-阴离子交换纤维素柱将其进一步分离,活性组分再用Sephasil peptide C18反相高压液相柱分离得到活性组分OP1肽,鉴定纯度后测定其氨基酸组成。最后确定该肽的一级序列为YPFPGPIRYG,该阿片肽序列目前尚未见报道。     

人凝血酶原复合物生产过程中凝血因子活化分析

目的通过比较以组分Ⅲ沉淀和血浆为原料制备人凝血酶原复合物(Prothrombin complex concentrates,PCC)过程中凝血因子活化情况,为选择最适PCC制备原料提供数据支持。方法分别对以组分Ⅲ沉淀和血浆为原料制备PCC过程中中间品的活化的凝血因子活性和人凝血酶活性两个项目进行检定,分析凝血因子的活化情况。观察以组分Ⅲ沉淀为原料制备PCC过程中添加肝素能否抑制PCC中凝血因子的活化。结果以组分Ⅲ沉淀为原料制备的PCC中间品活化的凝血因子活性和人凝血酶活性两个项目均不合格。以组分Ⅲ沉淀为原料制备PCC生产过程中添加肝素后,PCC中间品的活化的凝血因子活性和人凝血酶活性均不合格。以血浆为原料制备的PCC中间品活化的凝血因子活性和人凝血酶活性两个项目均合格。结论组分Ⅲ沉淀为原料制备PCC会增加凝血因子活化的风险,新鲜冰冻血浆可作为制备PCC的原料。     

申克孢子丝菌Pall和Pall样蛋白生物信息学分析

为初步了解申克孢子丝菌Sporothrix schenckii基因组中真菌特有蛋白PalI和PalI样蛋白的生物学特征,利用在线生物信息学分析软件,对两蛋白理化特征、功能域、二级结构、抗原表位等进行分析预测。发现两蛋白理论分子量分别为24.6kDa和75.6kDa,等电点均偏碱性; 属于同一蛋白家族,具有相同的功能域和多个PKC磷酸化位点; 两蛋白在近氨基端区域相似度较高,并与其他模式真菌中同源蛋白有很高相似度; 同时,两蛋白都有跨膜区,氨基端序列三级结构极为相似,并有丰富的抗原表位。通过生物信息学分析对申克孢子丝菌PalI和PalI样蛋白生物学特征有了初步的认识,为后续实验研究提供有力支持。     

酵母系统表达TPO与E.coli表达TPO N端结构域生物半衰期比较

为了探讨血小板生成素（ＴＰＯ）糖基化与其生物半衰期的关系,首先纯化了巴氏毕赤酵母系统分泌表达的人ＴＰＯ成熟肽和大肠杆菌表达的人ＴＰＯＮ端结构域蛋白．纯化产物经Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ鉴定和活性分析后,两种蛋白以相同浓度或相同活性单位给Ｗｉｓｔｅｒ大鼠尾静脉注射,利用酶联免疫分析（ＥＬＩＳＡ）和ＴＦ１细胞测定不同时间点实验动物血浆中ＴＰＯ浓度或生物学活性,求出两种ＴＰＯ的生物半衰期（ｔ１／２）值．结果显示,以相同浓度和相同活性单位给药,ＴＰＯ成熟肽的ｔ１／２均比其Ｎ端结构域的长,前者分别是后者的１．６５倍和１．２７倍．     

3种人肿瘤坏死因子衍生物的研制

本文在详细分析肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）结构的基础上应用ＰＣＲ技术和基因工程手段改造人ＴＮＦ分子,构建了３种人ＴＮＦ的衍生物。３种人ＴＮＦ衍生物是;Ｎ端缺失７个氨基酸且８、９、１０位的ＰｒｏＳｅｒＡｓｐ改为ＡｒｇＬｙｓＡｒｇ的ＴＮＦ（简写为ｈＴＮＦＤ１）：Ｃ端１５７位Ｌｅｕ改为Ｐｈｅ的ＴＮＦ（简写为ｈＴＮＦＤ２）;Ｎ端和Ｃ端同时作上述改变的ＴＮＦ（简写为ｈＴＮＦＤ３）。这３种衍生物在大肠杆菌中均获得较高表述,它们对Ｌ９２９细胞的细胞毒活性较重组天然人ＴＮＦ有很大升高,尤其是ｈＴＮＦＤ１和ｈＴＮＦＤ３,升高达３个数量级。文中对３种衍生物活性升高的原因作了分析。     

High molecular weight forms of human placental lactogen: synthesis in vitro and binding to membrane receptors for lactogenic hormones.

Translation in wheat germ extracts of poly(A)-containing RNA isolated from human term placentas resulted in the synthesis of immunoreactive forms of human placental lactogen (hPL) capable of specific binding to lactogenic receptors. The minor component coelectrophoresed on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels with authentic hPL while the major component migrated with an apparent molecular weight about 3000 larger. In addition to this precursor-like molecule, even higher molecular weight forms of hPL were observed under certain conditions: (i) when the cell-free translation products were purified by precipitation with anti-hPL serum followed by dissociation of the immunoprecipitate in guanidine hydrochloride and chromatography of the solubilized material on Sephadex G-150 in the same denaturing buffer, and (ii) when the cell-free reaction mixture was analyzed by direct chromatography on Sephadex G-150 in nondenaturing buffers. Under both sets of conditions 50–75% of the radioactivity was eluted in the column void volume, suggesting it had a molecular weight of 150,000 or more. When the high molecular weight translated product was analyzed by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, the radioactive components were identical to authentic hPL and the precursorlike form, suggesting the large forms are aggregates of the smaller forms. Both the very high molecular weight forms, composed primarily of the precursor-like molecule, and the less aggregated products bound to specific lactogenic hormone receptors in rat liver membrane preparations, although the larger forms exchanged less readily with unlabeled hPL than did the monomeric form of the hormone. The aggregated, receptor-bindable cell-free translation product may be similar to high molecular weight lactogens previously described in vivo.     

Expression and purification of human placenta lactogen in Escherichia coli

There are many growth factors secreted by placenta including growth hormone, placenta lactogen (PL), prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and chorionic gonadotropin. For a systematic study of how these growth factors work together to result in the various biological functions and future clinical applications, it is needed to produce enough quantities of each protein. In this paper, we report the cloning of human PL (hPL) and expression by Escherichia coli (E. coli). Four kinds of expression vectors containing the hPL gene were transformed into several kinds of suitable host strains and grown at 37 and/or 30 degrees C. Determination of the yield of recombinant hPL by SDS-PAGE reveals that among the various conditions, pQE30-PL in E. coli strain M15[pREP4] expressed the largest amount of recombinant hPL at 37 degrees C. However, the expressed recombinant hPL was accumulated in inclusion body forms. The inclusion bodies were solubilized in 8M urea and purified by a His6 tagged affinity column under denaturing condition and the final yield of hPL was determined to be 48 mg/L. Intra-chain disulfide bonds could be formed either by oxidation in the refolding buffer or by air oxidation in the presence of urea. The biological activity was examined by the fact that hPL could stimulate erythroid maturation by the formation of hemoglobin in K-562 cells in the presence of erythropoietin. Initial optimization studies resulted in the production of 282.4 mg/L of hPL.     

Modification of human placental lactogen with plasmin. Preparation and characterization of a modified hormone with increased biologic activity.

To determine the structure needed for the biologic activity of human placental lactogen (hPL), we have cleaved hPL with the proteolytic enzyme plasmin. Plasmin modified hPL (PL-hPL) was purified by gel chromatography. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis before and after reduction showed that cleavage had occurred within the Cys53-Cys165 loop and tryptic peptide maps revealed that a single peptide consisting of residues 135 to 140 had been removed. 5-Dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl end group analysis and digestion with carboxypeptidase B confirmed that cleavage was complete and only the single hexapeptide was removed. In a membrane binding assay for lactogenic activity PL-hPL was 2- to 3-fold more potent than hPL. Using growth hormone receptors from rabbit liver membranes, PL-hPL was also more potent than hPL, but still much less potent than growth hormone. The lactogenic activity of PL-hPL in an in vitro bioassay was 75% above that of unmodified hormone. It is concluded that plasmin cleaves homologous peptides from hPL and growth hormone and that removal of the hexapeptide from hPL results in enhanced biologic activity.     

Crystal structure and site 1 binding energetics of human placental lactogen

In primates, placental lactogen (PL) is a pituitary hormone with fundamental roles during pregnancy involving fetal growth, metabolism, and stimulating lactation in the mother. Human placental lactogen (hPL) is highly conserved with human growth hormone (hGH) and both hormones bind to the hPRLR extracellular domain (ECD), the first step in receptor homodimerization, in a Zn2+-dependent manner. A modified surface plasmon resonance method was developed to measure the kinetics for hPL and hGH binding to the hPRLR ECD, with and without Zn2+ and showed that hPL has about a tenfold higher affinity for the hPRLR ECD1 than hGH. The crystal structure of the free state of hPL has been determined to 2.0 A resolution showing the molecule possesses an overall structure similar to other long chain four-helix bundle cytokines. Comparison of the free hPL structure with the 1:1 complex structure of hGH bound to the hPRLR ECD1 suggests that two surface loops undergo conformational changes >10 A upon binding. An 18 residue Ala-scan was used to characterize the binding energy epitope for the site 1 interface of hPL. Individual alanine substitutions at five positions reduced binding affinity by a DeltaDeltaG > or = 3 kcal mol(-1). A comparison of the hPL site 1 epitope with that previously determined for hGH indicates contributions of individual residues track reasonably well between hPL and hGH. In particular, residues involved in the zinc-binding site and Lys172 constitute the principal binding determinants for both hormones. However, several residues that are identical between hPL and hGH contribute quite differently to the binding of the hPRLR ECD1. Additionally, the overall magnitudes of the DeltaDeltaG changes observed from the Ala-scan of hPL were markedly larger than those determined in the comparative scan of hGH to the hPRLR ECD1. The structural and biophysical data presented here show that subtle changes in the structural context of an interaction can lead to significantly different effects at the individual residue level.     

Transcriptional products of the human placental lactogen gene

Poly(A+)RNA from human term placenta was translated in a mouse-derived cell-free system. A major band corresponding to preplacental lactogen (pre-hPL) and a minor band co-migrating with mature hPL represent approximately 15% of the total radioactively labeled proteins. Analysis of the poly(A+)RNA by agarose gel electrophoresis showed a prominent band at approximately 860 nucleotides. A corresponding band was observed in Northern blots of total RNA, hybridized with 32P-labeled recombinant plasmid containing a portion of hPL cDNA. Similar analyses of nuclear RNA showed at least four additional bands at 990, 1200, 1460, and 1760 nucleotides, respectively, which are likely precursors of hPL mRNA. Poly(A+)RNA was also used to construct a cDNA library. Approximately 5% of the clones were found to hybridize to hPL DNA sequences, indicating that hPL mRNA is indeed very abundant in term placental tissue. One recombinant plasmid containing an insert of approximately 815 base pairs was isolated and characterized by restriction enzyme mapping and electron microscopy. Heteroduplexes constructed between the cDNA and the DNA isolated from an hPL genomic clone revealed four small intervening sequences which can account for the lengths observed for the hnRNA molecules.     

Differential distribution of two molecular forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in discrete brain areas of goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Two molecular forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) were identified in the extracts of various brain areas, spinal cord and pituitary in female and male goldfish and had chromatographic and immunological properties similar to [His5, Trp7, Tyr8]-GnRH (cGnRH-II) and [Trp7,Leu8]-GnRH (sGnRH). Radioimmunoassay using different GnRH antisera after high pressure liquid chromatography did not reveal significant peaks of mammalian GnRH, [Gln8]-GnRH and [Tyr3,Leu5,Glu6,Trp7,Lys8]-GnRH in the brain extracts. The proportion of cGnRH-II-like immunoactivity to sGnRH-like immunoactivity was higher in the caudal brain areas compared to the rostral areas. The differential distribution of two GnRH forms suggest that the different GnRH forms may have different physiological functions.     

Growth factors‐based platelet lysate rejuvenates skin against ageing through NF‐κB signalling pathway: In vitro and in vivo mechanistic and clinical studies

IntroductionPlatelets benefit tissue regeneration by secreting growth factors, and platelet products, for example, platelet lysate (PL), have been clinically applied for tissue rejuvenation. To determine the anti‐ageing efficacy and mechanism of human PL (hPL) on skin, this study conducted clinical retrospective analysis, nude mice‐based in vivo study and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs)‐based in vitro study.MethodsFlow cytometry was employed for quality control of hPL, and ELISA was used for quantification of growth factors (EGF, IGF‐1, PDGF and TGF‐β) in hPL. After d‐galactose modelling, skin texture grading, histopathological observation, immunofluorescence analysis and oxidative stress assays were conducted on nude mice, while SA‐β‐gal staining, CCK‐8 and wound healing assays were conducted on HDFs. qPCR and western blot were conducted to clarify hPL''s mechanism.ResultsThe clinical retrospective data showed that hPL obviously rejuvenated human skin appearances without adverse events. The animal data showed that hPL exerted rejuvenative effects on skin, and the cellular data showed that hPL significantly promoted the proliferation and migration of HDFs and suppressed senescence‐associated secretory protein secretion and senescence state of senescent HDFs by suppressing NF‐κB pathway. The NF‐κB‐dependent mechanism was verified positively by using P65 siRNA and negatively by using prostratin. Furthermore, EGF, IGF‐1, PDGF and TGF‐β were found as the main ingredients in hPL, which contributed to the efficacy and mechanism of hPL.ConclusionThis study provided novel knowledge of hPL, making it ideal for skin rejuvenation.

Human platelet lysate (hPL) exerted rejuvenative and regenerative efficacy on skin ageing of nude mice and senescent HDFs through NF‐κB signalling pathway. A retrospective study further verified hPL''s efficacy and safety in clinic.