朱砂叶螨实验种群的孤雌生殖效应

在温度28±1℃,相对湿度65±5％的条件下,室内以蚕豆叶饲养朱砂叶螨。连续观察3个世代,世代平均历期25.12 d,其中卵平均历期4.34 d,幼螨平均历期2.01 d,若螨平均历期4.66 d,雌螨平均产卵历期14.16 d;组建朱砂叶螨实验种群连续3个世代的生命表。实验结果表明:孤雌生殖对朱砂叶螨实验种群具有强烈的影响作用,表现在缩短了雌螨的产卵历期,使雌螨的产卵高峰期提前,提高了种群的死亡率,降低了种群的净繁殖率、内禀增长率以及周限增长率。同时发现朱砂叶螨实验种群对世代历期、单雌卵量、性比具有极强的保持能力,孤雌生殖对这些指标的影响不能遗传给下一代。     

Wolbachia在山楂双叶螨中的感染及对寄主生殖的影响

【目的】共生菌Wolbachia在多种叶螨寄主中引起细胞质不亲和及适合度改变,影响寄主的生物学特性。山楂双叶螨Amphitetranychus viennensis是重要的果树害螨,常暴发成灾。本研究旨在明确Wolbachia在山楂双叶螨中的感染情况及对寄主生殖的影响。【方法】采集自然种群的山楂双叶螨,运用多位点序列分型技术（multilocus sequence typing, MLST）对其体内Wolbachia感染率及株系进行分析;通过杂交试验及生物学观察,分析感染Wolbachia对山楂双叶螨单雌产卵量、后代孵化率、性比及死亡率的影响。【结果】山楂双叶螨自然种群感染一种株系的Wolbachia （wVie）,该Wolbachia株系与小黑花椿象Orius strigicollis和丽蝇蛹集金小蜂Nasonia vitripennis中的Wolbachia株系亲缘关系较近,而与叶螨属Tetranychus叶螨感染的Wolbachia株系亲缘关系较远。Wolbachia与4种分化较小的线粒体单倍型相关联。Wolbachia感染雌虫与不感染雌虫产卵量没有显著差异（P>0.05）。不感染雌虫与感染雄虫交配,卵孵化率显著低于其他杂交组合 (P<0.05),但孵化率仍达近75%。各交配组合的后代性比及死亡率变化不明显（P>0.05）。【结论】Wolbachia在山楂双叶螨种群中的侵染历史较短,对山楂双叶螨的产卵力、后代性比、死亡率没有影响。Wolbachia在山楂双叶螨中诱导产生弱的CI表型。     

新型杀螨剂丁氟螨酯对土耳其斯坦叶螨亚致死效应

为了解新型杀螨剂丁氟螨酯Tetranychus turkestani对土耳其斯坦叶螨实验种群的亚致死效应,本研究采用叶碟法研究了其亚致死剂量对土耳其斯坦叶螨实验种群成螨和卵生命表参数的影响。结果表明:经丁氟螨酯LC20、LC10亚致死剂量处理成螨后,成螨的平均寿命、产卵量和次代卵的孵化率均显著降低;次代种群除了卵期、LC20幼螨期和LC10若螨期显著延长外,所有处理次代种群成螨期和雌螨寿命均显著缩短,其余处理次代种群幼螨期、若螨期和产卵前期均无显著差异;次代种群的净生殖率(Ro)和平均世代历期(T)均显著降低,内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)增加;存活率和平均每雌日产卵率显著降低。丁氟螨酯LC20、LC10亚致死剂量处理卵后,次代种群除了LC10处理卵期明显延长和幼螨期显著缩短外,所有处理次代种群若螨期、成螨期和雌螨寿命均显著缩短,其余处理卵期、幼螨期和产卵前期均无显著差异;净生殖率(Ro)和平均世代历期(T)均显著降低,内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)增加;存活率和平均每雌日产卵率显著降低。这些结果表明,新型杀螨剂丁氟螨酯亚致死剂量可以降低土耳其斯坦叶螨种群的发育速率,这对土耳其斯坦叶螨的综合防治策略的制定有积极意义。     

延迟交配对马铃薯块茎蛾繁殖力及寿命的影响

为明确延迟交配对马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella的影响,在室内条件下,分别对初羽化未交配的马铃薯块茎蛾雌虫、雄虫及雌雄虫同时延迟1～5 d配对饲养,研究不同延迟交配处理对该虫产卵量、卵的孵化率及雌雄成虫寿命的影响.结果表明,从产卵量来看,分别将雄虫或雌虫延迟1～3 d交配对产卵量无显著影响,而延迟4和5 d交配能显著降低其产卵量,其中雄虫分别延迟4 d和5 d交配后使单雌产卵量分别降低了 20.50％和42.00％,雌虫分别延迟4 d和5 d交配后单雌产卵量分别降低了 26.01％和35.79％.当将雌雄同时延迟1～2 d交配,对单雌产卵量无显著影响,而延迟3 d、4 d和5 d交配时,产卵量分别降低了 12.50％、23.84％和44.57％.从卵的孵化率来看,延迟1～5 d交配对卵的孵化无明显影响.从成虫寿命来看,不同延迟交配对雌雄虫的寿命均无显著影响.由此表明,马铃薯块茎蛾延迟3d或4 d后交配有利于降低其产卵量,因此可通过在田间设置性诱剂以干扰马铃薯块茎蛾正常交配来降低产卵量,从而达到控制田间马铃薯块茎蛾下一代虫口数量的作用.     

高温冲击对山楂叶螨的影响

为探索高温冲击对山楂叶螨的影响,在室内采用叶碟饲养的方法,将山楂叶螨不同螨态暴露于33-42℃高温下1-6h,然后在温度(25±1)℃、相对湿度(60±7)%、光周期16h∶8h(L∶D)下测定其寿命、产卵量和孵化率。结果表明,高温冲击对山楂叶螨的影响主要表现在对其产卵量和孵化率的影响,而对成螨的寿命无明显影响;影响的程度取决于高温的强度、持续时间以及处理的螨态。卵经历33-42℃的高温处理1-6h,其孵化率无明显变化,但在随后的发育过程中,幼若螨的发育历期在39℃和42℃6h处理中显著延长,发育至成螨后其产卵量分别增加34.50%和37.41%;幼螨经历39℃和42℃的高温处理6h后发育至成螨时产卵量比对照高出27.02%和35.83%;静止期第二若螨经历39℃和42℃的高温处理,其发育成的雌雄螨的交配和受精能力无明显影响;初羽化雌成螨经历39℃和42℃的高温处理6h后,产卵量不受影响,但卵的孵化率降低了7.01%-11.36%。     

山楂叶螨雄螨繁殖潜力

【目的】山楂叶螨Tetyanychus viennensis Zacher是我国北方落叶果树的重要害虫。本研究旨在探索山楂叶螨雄螨的繁殖潜力。【方法】采用叶碟饲养法,在室内温度25±1℃,相对湿度60%±10%,光周期16L∶8D条件下,研究了山楂叶螨雄螨的交配次数、交配时间及可繁育的雌性后代数。【结果】雄螨羽化后可立即进行交配,第1次交配的交配时间最长,随后的交配时间明显缩短;足以使雌螨充分受精的最短有效交配时间为50 s,远短于其正常的交配时间;雄螨终生交配授精雌螨数为26~37头,可繁育雌性后代688~989头,且与性比关系密切;雄螨日龄对其交配能力有明显的影响,日均交配次数在3日龄成螨内无明显变化,5日龄则显著减少,但在7日龄后仍可维持较高的交配能力;交配历史能显著地影响雄螨的交配能力,在经历20次交配后,雄螨日均交配次数显著降低,但即使经历30次交配仍可保持足够的授精能力。【结论】山楂叶螨雄螨具有较强的交配和授精能力。     

甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素对柑橘全爪螨的亚致死效应

通过叶碟饲养的方法, 利用生命表技术,研究了甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素亚致死剂量LC₂₀处理柑橘全爪螨若螨后,对试验种群当代(F₀)和后代(F₁、F₂代)生长发育及繁殖的影响.结果表明: 甲氰菊酯LC₂₀处理若螨后,当代雌成螨产卵量显著增加;F₁、F₂代的产卵前期缩短,后代雌性比例增大,且均与对照差异显著;同时,F₁和F₂代种群内禀增长率(r_m)和周限增长率(λ)增大,世代历期(T)和种群加倍时间(Dt)缩短,且F₂代与对照相比差异显著.用阿维菌素LC₂₀处理若螨后,当代种群雌成螨产卵量显著下降; F₁和F₂代的产卵量也显著下降,但后代雌性比例增大,产卵前期显著缩短;F₁和F₂代的种群r_m和λ增大,T和Dt缩短,且F₂代比F₁代更为明显.总体来看,甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素亚致死浓度LC₂₀对柑橘全爪螨的影响并不完全相同,甲氰菊酯能够促进当代种群的发展,而阿维菌素对当代种群有一定的抑制作用;但两种杀螨剂亚致死浓度处理柑橘全爪螨对后代种群都有一定的促进作用.研究结果对柑橘全爪螨综合防治策略的制定有一定的指导意义.     

湿度对木薯单爪螨Mononchellus mcgregori发育与繁殖的影响

【目的】木薯单爪螨是新入侵我国的重要检疫性害螨,主要危害木薯,也可危害橡胶。近年来,该螨种群数量迅速增多,扩散范围不断增大,目前已在海南、云南、广西、广东等重要木薯产区发生并加重危害,危害严重时可导致木薯减产40%~60%。湿度是影响木薯单爪螨发育和繁殖的重要因素之一,但有关该方面的研究较少。【方法】通过室内饲养,观察比较了不同湿度条件下木薯单爪螨发育及繁殖情况。【结果】当湿度为75%和85%时,卵孵化率均达100%,平均每雌产卵量分别达49.22和43.67粒,雌成螨寿命分别为21.00和22.00 d;当湿度为55%和95%时,卵孵化率和后代产卵量显著降低,雌成螨寿命显著缩短;当湿度为65%时,卵孵化率、平均每雌产卵量以及成螨寿命均与75%和85%湿度处理无显著差异,但其发育历期显著延长。【结论】75%和85%是木薯单爪螨发育与繁殖的适宜湿度条件。     

亚致死浓度除虫脲对朱砂叶螨生长和繁殖的影响

【目的】除虫脲属于苯甲酰脲类杀虫剂,本研究旨在探讨亚致死浓度除虫脲对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus生长发育和繁殖的影响,为除虫脲的合理使用提供一定的理论依据。【方法】本文采用叶碟浸渍法测定了除虫脲对朱砂叶螨的毒力,生命表技术探讨亚致死剂量除虫脲对朱砂叶螨实验种群生长发育和繁殖的影响。【结果】结果表明除虫脲对朱砂叶螨卵的LC50、LC30、LC10分别是15.825、6.089、1.534mg/L。和对照组相比,亚致死剂量(LC10和LC30)除虫脲处理朱砂叶螨卵后,幼螨期、前若期、后若期历期无显著差异,卵期、静息期却显著延长;卵的孵化率、幼螨存活率、若螨存活率、每雌日均产卵量、平均每雌产卵量、雌螨平均寿命均降低;各处理组产卵前期显著延长;产卵期缩短,其中LC30处理组产卵期显著缩短;各处理组的净生殖率(R0)显著降低,LC30组最低;内禀增长率(rm)、周限增长率(λ)均降低,而LC30组显著降低;种群倍增时间(Dt)延长,其中LC30组显著延长;平均世代历期(T)、性比例各处理组均无显著差异。【结论】亚致死剂量(LC10和LC30)除虫脲能够抑制朱砂叶螨的寿命和繁殖力。     

性比对草地螟生殖潜力和寿命的影响

【目的】探明性比对草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.种群繁殖的影响,为预测预报提供科学指导。【方法】室内条件(温度(22±1℃,相对湿度70%±5%,光周期16L︰8D)下,研究了草地螟成虫雌雄比例(♀︰♂=1︰3,1︰2,1︰1,2︰1,3︰1)对主要繁殖参数和寿命的影响。【结果】草地螟成虫的产卵前期随着雌蛾比例的增大而延长;性比为1︰1时雌蛾的产卵同步性最高;雌蛾的交配次数、产卵量以及最终孵出的后代幼虫量在不同性比组之间差异变化不大,而雄蛾的交配次数、对后代的贡献量却随着雌蛾比例的加大而显著增加,而当雌雄比为3︰1时,雌雄蛾的寿命均显著下降;在雌雄比为3︰1的条件下,雄蛾的交配次数以及对后代的贡献量均为雌蛾的2倍左右。【结论】性比对草地螟雌蛾生殖影响较小,而对雄蛾生殖的影响较大。在雌成虫比例较低(性比为1︰3)的情况下,雄成虫的交配和生殖能力不能得到充分发挥,进而造成种群生殖资源的浪费。根据雌雄成虫交配潜力及对后代贡献量的比较分析,可以推测性比为2︰1至1︰1时,有利于草地螟大发生种群的形成。     

豆野螟延迟交尾和多次交尾对生殖的影响

豆野螟Maruca vitrata(Fabricius)是一种严重的泛热带豆类蔬菜害虫。本文研究了豆野螟延迟交尾和多次交尾对其生殖的影响。延迟交尾实验结果表明:豆野螟雌雄同时延迟交尾,雌雄虫的寿命、产卵量均表现为先上升后下降的趋势,但是对卵的孵化率没有显著影响;雌虫延迟交尾,随着延迟时间的增加,雌虫的寿命、产卵量、卵的孵化率表现为下降的趋势,而雄虫的寿命延迟交尾第3天达到最大值;雄虫延迟交尾,随着延迟交尾时间的增加,雌雄虫的寿命、产卵量均表现为先上升后下降的趋势,卵的孵化率随着延迟逐渐下降。多次交尾实验结果表明,随着雄虫交尾次数的增加,成功交尾率逐渐降低,用于交尾的时间延长,雌虫和相应雄虫的寿命逐渐缩短,雌虫的产卵量下降,但对卵的孵化率影响不大;豆野螟雌虫一生只交尾一次,未见到雌虫2次交尾。     

水稻二化螟的交配行为

在室内条件下,对水稻二化螟Chilo suppressalis的交配行为及能力进行了研究.结果表明：大多数二化螟雌蛾一生只交配一次,平均0.92次;而雄蛾具有多次交配能力,最多达4次,平均2.72次.二化螟雌蛾的日龄影响其交配率、交配起始时间和持续时间,随二化螟雌蛾日龄的增加,其交配率逐渐下降,交配起始时间逐渐提前,而交配持续时间逐渐上升.相反,二化螟雄蛾日龄对其交配率、交配起始时间和持续时间没有明显影响.交配日龄对二化螟雌蛾的生殖力也存在显著影响,随着二化螟雌蛾交配日龄的增加,雌蛾产卵量下降,卵孵化率降低,产卵期缩短,它们都与雌蛾交配日龄存在显著的负相关;而雌蛾产卵前期和雌蛾寿命随雌蛾交配日龄的增加而延长,与雌蛾交配日龄存在显著的正相关.但二化螟雄蛾交配日龄对雌蛾的生殖力没有明显影响,二化螟雄蛾一生都具有较强的交配繁殖能力.同时,不同交配史的雄蛾与雌蛾交配,对雌蛾的生殖力也没有显著影响.表明二化螟的交配活动是由雌蛾主导控制的.最后,对这些结果在二化螟性信息素防治中应用的可行性进行了探讨.在应用性信息素控制二化螟的实践中,可以在两方面取得实效,一是性信息素可以阻碍雌雄之间正常交配,降低交配率;二是可以推迟二化螟雌虫的交配,使其产卵量和卵孵化率降低.     

Effect of Delayed Mating on Oviposition Pattern, Fecundity and Fertility in Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Female codling moth ( Cydia pomonella ) were mated either on the day of emergence or 2 or 4 d after emergence. Oviposition was checked daily and fertility (% egg hatch) of eggs laid 1–4 d and 5 + d after mating was determined from a sub-sample of females in each treatment. From these data, net reproduction rate (R₀) was calculated. the effect of delayed mating of males was also determined. Mean fecundity, fertility and net reproduction rate of females mated 4 d after emergence were significantly lower than for females mated either on the day of emergence (day 0) or 2 d after emergence. There were no significant differences between the three treatments in terms of the proportion of females that mated or female longevity, although there was a trend towards increased longevity with increasing delays in mating. Mean longevity of unmated females was significantly greater than that of mated females. Oviposition pattern was similar in females regardless of when they were mated and in all cases maximum oviposition took place 2 d after mating. There was no effect on the fecundity of 2 d old females or on the fertility of their eggs when they were paired with either 2 or 6 d old males. the significance of these findings in relation to control of codling moth by mating disruption is discussed.     

延迟交配对橘小实蝇繁殖适度的影响

橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel是一种世界性的入侵害虫,严重为害多种经济果蔬。本文通过响应面分析方法,研究了延迟交配对橘小实蝇交配率、产卵量、孵化率和寿命的影响。结果表明,交配率随雌虫交配日龄的延迟先增后减,雌、雄成虫均为35日龄处理组中的交配率最高,为81.00%±2.00%;而雄虫交配日龄的延迟则对其卵孵化率有明显的负面作用,在56日龄雄虫与35日龄雌虫处理组中,其卵孵化率最低,仅为27.56%±4.55%。雌成虫产卵量和寿命受到雌、雄虫双方交配日龄的的影响,产卵量（y）与雄虫日龄（x1）和雌虫日龄（x2）的回归方程为y=514.36+3.08x1-11.05x2,雌成虫寿命（y）与雄虫日龄（x1）和雌虫日龄（x2）的回归方程为y=35.85+0.23x1+0.40x2。研究结果为田间使用性信息素迷向法防治橘小实蝇提供了理论依据。     

Effect of three diaspididae prey species on development and fecundity of the ladybeetle Chilocorus bipustulatus in the laboratory

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the most suitable prey for the development and fecundity of the predatory coccinellid, Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) on three different diaspidid species: Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), and Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti). Life tables were constructed at constant 25°C and the developmental time, longevity, fecundity, and the sex ratio were determined. Individuals fed with A. nerii displayed the shortest larval and pupal developmental time (26.0 days), lowest immature mortality rate (16.6%), highest net reproduction rate (264.7 females/ female), shortest generation time (72.9 days), and the highest intrinsic rate of increase (0.077 females/female/day). The results showed that under laboratory conditions C. bipustulatus developed best on A. nerii.     

Effects of delayed mating on the fecundity,fertility and longevity of females of diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella

Abstract The effects of delayed mating on the copulation duration, female fertility, fecundity, egg fertility, longevity and the number days alive after mating of females of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, were studied. When male mating was delayed, the female fertility, fecundity, egg fertility, longevity and number days alive after mating of DBM decreased, and there was a negative correlation between the age of the moth with those variables except copulation duration. When female mating was delayed, the female fertility, fecundity, percent egg fertility and number days alive after mating of DBM also decreased, but the longevity increased, which also showed a negative relationship between the age of the moth with the variables except copulation duration and longevity. When both males and females delayed mating, the female fertility and fecundity decreased; egg fertility was affected marginally, and the longevity of females increased. The moth age was negatively correlated with those variables.     

麦长管蚜抗吡虫啉品系和敏感品系的生殖力比较

通过建立抗性品系和敏感品系的种群生命表,比较麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)抗吡虫啉品系和敏感品系的生殖力差异,结果表明,抗性品系适合度显著下降,世代历期延长,成蚜寿命缩短;在繁殖上表现为产仔量下降,生殖期缩短。以净生殖率(R0)和内禀增长率(rm)来评价抗性品系的相对生物适合度,抗性品系分别是敏感品系的0.5200和0.7481。因此,麦长管蚜对吡虫啉的抗性品系存在显著的生殖劣势。     

Multiple mating in the traumatically inseminating Warehouse pirate bug, Xylocoris flavipes: effects on fecundity and longevity

Optimal mating frequencies differ between sexes as a consequence of the sexual differentiation of reproductive costs per mating, where mating is normally more costly to females than males. In mating systems where sexual reproduction is costly to females, sexual conflict may cause both direct (i.e. by reducing female fecundity or causing mortality) and indirect (i.e. increased risk of mortality, reduced offspring viability) reductions in lifetime reproductive success of females, which have individual and population consequences. We investigated the direct and indirect costs of multiple mating in a traumatically inseminating (TI) predatory Warehouse pirate bug, Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), where the male penetrates the female's abdomen during copulation. This study aimed to quantify the effects of TI on female fecundity, egg viability, the lifetime fecundity schedule, longevity and prey consumption in this cosmopolitan biocontrol agent. We found no difference in the total reproductive output between mating treatments in terms of total eggs laid or offspring viability, but there were significant differences found in daily fecundity schedules and adult longevity. In terms of lifetime reproduction, female Warehouse pirate bugs appear to be adapted to compensate for the costs of TI mating to their longevity.     

Biological studies on Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), egg parasitoid of Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The tomato moth, Tuta absoluta Meyrick, is one of the most important tomato pests in South America. In Argentina, management strategies include only chemical control. In this work, the parasitoid wasp Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja was evaluated as a potential natural enemy against this pest. Biological and population parameters were estimated by developing a life table under laboratory conditions at 25 ± 1oC, 14:10 photoperiod and 60 ± 10% RH. Three cohorts of 26-30 T. bactrae females each were placed with one of the three following treatments: 1 - Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) eggs on a piece of cardboard; 2 - S. cerealella eggs on a piece of tomato leaf, and 3- T. absoluta eggs on a piece on tomato leaf. The following parameters were estimated for each cohort: survival (egg to adult), longevity, fecundity and oviposition period of females, sex proportion of the F1, net rate of reproduction (Ro), mean generation time (T) and intrinsic rate of population increase (r m). Survival of the T. bactrae immatures was higher than 90% on both, S. cerealella and T. absoluta eggs. The female survival curves corresponded to type III and showed no significant differences among treatments. The three cohorts did not show significant differences between sex ratio, female longevity, oviposition period, fecundity and the population parameters studied. These results indicate that T. bactrae would be a potential biological control agent of T. absoluta.     

引进天敌越南斧瓢虫的形态特征和生物学特性

引进天敌越南斧瓢虫Axinoscymnus apioides Kuznetsov & Ren原产于东南亚,是烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci(Gennadius)的重要捕食性天敌之一。文章详细描述越南斧瓢虫的形态特征,并研究其基本的生物学特性。越南斧瓢虫可取食烟粉虱的卵、若虫、伪蛹等各虫态,可有效地控制烟粉虱种群,具有很好的利用价值。在(26±1)℃条件下,越南斧瓢虫捕食烟粉虱的世代平均发育历期为20.33d,世代存活率为73.04%,雌成虫寿命为143.17d,平均单雌产卵量为284.33粒。越南斧瓢虫取食烟粉虱的内禀增长率(rm)为0.0457,净增殖率(R0)为103.4050,平均世代历期(T)为99.3626,周限增长率(λ)为1.0478。