新疆鳞网衣属地衣的初步研究

采用形态解剖、化学等传统分类方法,对新疆天山的鳞网衣属地衣进行了初步研究,发现该属的3个种,其中脑状鳞网衣（Psora cerebriformis W. A. Weber）和小红褐色鳞网衣［Psora luridella (Tuck.) Fink］是中国新记录种。文中对鳞网衣属3个种进行了详细的描述,并提供了相关彩色图片。     

不同生活史阶段秦岭细鳞鲑与同域物种拉氏鱥爆发游泳能力比较研究

爆发游泳能力是表征鱼类生存适合度的重要组分。栖息地破碎化对溪流鱼类(尤其是洄游性鱼类)的生存繁衍构成了严重威胁,同时也对鱼类爆发游泳能力提出了更高要求。秦岭细鳞鲑(Brachymystax tsinlingensis)是我国珍稀特有种、国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物,常需要进行多次重复爆发游泳运动以穿越激流甚至堤坝阻隔,因此爆发游泳能力及其可持续性对该物种生存至关重要。相较于秦岭细鳞鲑显著的洄游性,其分布区最为常见的同域物种拉氏鱥(Phoxinus lagowskii)则趋于定居性,二者既是研究同域物种适应进化理论的优越动物模型,又是鱼类栖息地保护与修复实践中十分理想的受试目标。为探究秦岭细鳞鲑及其同域物种拉氏鱥爆发游泳能力的种间差异与种内变异,采用自制的仿生态鱼类爆发游泳能力测定装置,分别测定了不同生活史阶段两种实验鱼的绝对爆发游泳速度(Burst swimming speed, U_burst)、相对爆发游泳速度(Relative burst swimming speed,rU_burst)及其可持续性。结果表明:(1)两种实验鱼U_burst、rU_burst均具有较高的可持续性(ICC系数 ＞ 0.75),但秦岭细鳞鲑U_burst和rU_burst具有更强的恢复力;(2)总体上秦岭细鳞鲑的U_burst高于拉氏鱥,二者U_burst差异显著、不存在趋同适应;(3)生活史阶段效应对秦岭细鳞鲑和拉氏鱥U_burst、rU_burst均影响显著,两物种爆发游泳能力种内变异模式相近,U_burst随发育年龄增加而增加、rU_burst随发育年龄增加而减少。研究结果提示,未来鱼类游泳能力关联的鱼道设计或涉水工程评价中,应综合考虑生活史阶段效应和不同物种的生态习性及其种间差异。     

贵州寒武系第二统杷榔组有壳变形虫的新发现*

有壳变形虫(testate amoebae)的演化历史最早可追溯至新元古代早期, 以该时期北美、华北、挪威以及澳洲等多个地区浅海相碳酸盐岩、页岩中发现的瓶状微体化石(vase-shaped microfossils)为标志。此前认为, 显生宙的有壳变形虫最早出现在早泥盆世。长期以来, 早古生代的地层中未发现这类原生生物的明确化石证据。本研究通过对岩石样品进行常规孢粉酸泡分析处理和切磨岩石薄片, 获取原位保存的化石标本的技术方法, 从贵州东部剑河县交榜剖面出露的寒武系杷榔组(第2统第4阶)中获得数枚有壳变形虫(testate amoebae)化石标本。基于标本的显微形态特征, 并结合激光拉曼光谱等研究, 对原先记述为疑源类的Plagasphaera balangensis和P. sp. A两形态种进行重新认识和描述。由于它们在结构和形态上与一些现生的鳞壳虫目(Euglyphida)有壳变形虫极为相似, 因此将先前定为疑源类的Plagasphaera balangensis和P. sp. A两形态属、种名, 分别修订为Palaeoassulina balangensis gen. et sp. nov.和?Palaeoassulina sp. A。该发现不仅将显生宙有壳变形虫的原有化石记录从晚古生代泥盆纪向前延伸至寒武纪早期, 还为调查研究有壳变形虫的系统演化提供关键的生物化石证据。     

湖南省发现云开脊蛇兼记棕脊蛇新地模标本

云开脊蛇(Achalinus yunkaiensis)之前仅在广东和广西有分布报道。本文基于形态比较及线粒体COI基因序列分子系统关系分析结果,确定采集于湖南省新宁县的1号雌性脊蛇标本(CIB 119041)为云开脊蛇,为湖南省新记录种。该标本鼻间鳞沟约等于前额鳞沟,上颔齿24枚;背鳞通身23行,腹鳞150枚,尾下鳞55枚;尾长与体长之比为0.203。至此共有4种脊蛇分布于湖南省。此外,本文还报道了棕脊蛇(A. rufescens)1号雄性地模标本(CIB 119042),该标本鼻间鳞沟长于前额鳞沟;背鳞通身23行,腹鳞153枚,尾下鳞62枚;尾长与体长之比0.201。分子系统发育结果显示,棕脊蛇种组各支系的系统地位还需进一步研究厘定。     

短状杆菌的DNA分子杂交与分类学研究

利用非放射性光敏生物素标记DNA分子与固定在微稀释板上的热变性单链DNA杂交的方法,对短状杆菌(Brachybacterium)15个菌株的染色体DNA进行分子杂交．通过测定荧光强度,确定DNA间的同源值．根据其遗传相关性,对难以从形态特征、生理生化特性等进一步分类的细菌在种的水平上定论,确定其应有的分类位置．光敏生物素标记DNA,在微稀释板上进行分子杂交是一种准确、快速的杂交技术,在短状杆菌的分类学研究中起着决定性的作用．     

网衣属3个中国新记录种

该研究以采集于中国新疆地区的网衣科网衣属地衣标本为试验材料,采用形态解剖学、地衣化学物质检测方法和系统发育学方法,观察分析网衣属地衣的形态解剖特征、次生代谢产物以及核糖体DNA内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)系统发育树,依据形态解剖数据、次生代谢产物种类以及系统发育树分类地位更为综合的鉴定种。结果显示：(1)共鉴定出网衣科网衣属3个中国新记录种——暗色网衣(Lecidea fuscoatrina Hertel & Leuckert)、珠光网衣(Lecidea perlatolica Hertel & Leuckert)和多器网衣(Lecidea polypycnidophora U. Rupr. & Türk),并提供了3个新记录的形态解剖图。(2)ITS系统发育树结果表明,暗色网衣与近缘种Lecidea atrobrunnea原种及亚种、Lecidea fuscoatra、珠光网衣与近缘种Lecidea promiscens以及Lecidea polypycnidophora与近缘种Lecidea andersonii各形成一个分支,依据分支组成可将形态差异不明显的近缘种鉴别开。     

国产耳草属长节耳草及其相似种的分类研究

我国耳草属中具有茎四棱和头状花序特征的植物常常被鉴定为长节耳草(Hedyotis uncinella),并且这一名称还包括了基于不同模式的3个分类学异名。由于这一类植物在叶片形态、叶柄长短、花序着生式样以及花梗长度等形态特征方面存在着明显的不同,因此将这一类植物笼统地鉴定为长节耳草并不合理。为清晰区分这类植物,通过模式比对、居群形态特征变异式样的野外观察以及分子系统学分析等方法进行研究,结果表明,以前被鉴定为“长节耳草”的植物实际上包括了6个分类实体,即被归并的丰花耳草(H. borrerioides)、垦丁耳草(H. kuraruensis)和新组合种——团花耳草(H. cephalophora)均应独立成种,而长节耳草本种、被忽略的线叶耳草(H. linearifolia)和我国新记录种——球花耳草(H. multiglomerulata)各自也应得到承认。同时,为了便于进行分类鉴定,也提供了这些种类的分种检索表。     

杜鹃花属映山红亚属植物叶表皮显微形态特征及其分类学意义

为澄清映山红亚属(Rhododendron subg. Tsutsusi)内的系统关系问题,该研究选择杜鹃花属映山红亚属37种植物作为对象,其中29种为首次报道,通过扫描电镜观察其叶表皮显微特征。结果表明:(1)气孔器均为无规则型且均在远轴面。(2)根据叶片微形态特征将映山红亚属的种类分为杜鹃型(R. simisii-type)、岭南杜鹃型(R. mariae-type)、皋月杜鹃型(R. indicum-type)、崖壁杜鹃型(R. saxatile-type)及丁香杜鹃型(R. farrerae-type)5种类型。(3)杜鹃型植物的气孔器周边无或具间断的条形突起。(4)岭南杜鹃型植物的气孔器周围有多层条形突起环绕,保卫细胞两极不具T型加厚。(5)皋月杜鹃型植物的叶表皮保卫细胞两极具有T型加厚,与叶状苞亚属(Subg. Therorhodion)叶状苞杜鹃(R. redowskianum)的气孔器特征相似,推测其与叶状苞亚属具有一定的亲缘关系。(6)崖壁杜鹃型植物的叶表皮毛单一,多呈卷曲状,与其他类型有所不同且未见腺体。(7)丁香杜鹃型植物的叶表皮仅有腺体。(8)依据叶表皮微形态特征讨论了一些近缘种类的关系,如倾向于将背绒杜鹃(R. hypoblematosum)和千针叶杜鹃(R. polyraphidoideum)处理为独立的种,支持保留紫薇春(R. naamkwanense var. cryptonerve)作为南昆杜鹃(R. naamkwanense)的变种地位,不支持将腺花杜鹃(R. adenanthum)并入细瘦杜鹃(R. tenue)作异名处理等。该研究结果表明叶表皮显微特征在映山红亚属内物种划分上具有重要价值。     

中国多胞锈属的分类研究

多胞锈属(Phragmidium)是Link在1816年建立的.全世界已承认的种约60个以上,但有些种之间差异不大.至今未有世界专著.所有的已知种都自主寄生在蔷薇科(Rosaceae)上,特别是悬钩子属(Rubus),蔷薇属(Rosa)和委陵菜属(Potentilla)上的种为最多.多数种为长型,但也有缺夏型和短生型的种.此属分布广泛,但以北半球为主. 本属的主要特征是:冬孢子多隔,壁具色素,双层,柄常吸水性.种的分类和鉴定主要靠冬孢子的性状.春孢子和夏孢子时期由于孢子形态简单近似,区别较困难. Arthur (1934)划分了Earlea和Euphragmidium两个组.前者冬孢子光滑,柄非吸水性;后者冬孢子有优,柄吸水性.有些种具有无隔丝的夏孢子型春孢子,Sydow (1921)把它们另立新属Phragmoteliume Thirumalachar和Mundkur (1949)也承认它的存在.Hiratsuka(1980)将它作为Phragmidium属的一个组 .Phragmidium kamtschatkae通常仅有一隔膜,柄发育不良,有些研究者将它作为Teloconia属的种.我同意Hiratsuka(1980)的观点将它归人Phragmidium属中. 毛云章(1951)在《中国锈菌索引》中记录了中国多胞锈属28种,包括同物异名.戴芳澜(1979)在《真菌总汇》中记录了25种.其中10个是错误鉴定,2个由戴芳澜首次描述的种已作为异名,4种由于缺乏标本没有研究而未被列人本文.有关中国多胞锈属的种,刘振钦(1983),庄剑云(1986)等曾有过报导.本文共报告29种,包括2新种,即Phragmidium rasae-omeiens.和Phr. rubi-eucalypti.每种都有描述,并列出异名,寄主,地理分布和标本号.有些种作了简短讨论.     

鄂西奥陶系庙坡组短剑类化石新材料*

短剑类(Machaeridia)属于环节动物(Annelida), 其主要特征为个体微小且左右两侧对称, 是一类相对稀少但是分布范围广泛的海相动物化石。在摩洛哥Anti-Atlas地区、中国华南、塔里木等地的奥陶系中皆有短剑类的报道, 但是研究程度相对较低。本文报道并描述了产自湖北省远安县嫘祖剖面庙坡组的短剑类标本3枚, 经初步鉴定为Plumulites sp. A (羽毛虫)和Lepidocoleus sp. (鳞鞘虫), 这项发现拓展了短剑类在华南地区的时限和地理分布, 也可看作是华南奥陶纪生物大辐射期间短剑类在扬子台地局部凹陷区域定居的反映。此外, 本文还讨论了短剑类的形态特征和分类框架, 认为早古生代的短剑类根据形态特征和骨片结构, 可以划分为3科: 羽毛虫科 Plumulitidae Jell, 1979、鳞鞘虫科Lepidocoleidae Clarke, 1896、塔形壳虫科Turrilepadidae Clarke, 1896。     

Microstructural characteristics of the stony coral genus Acropora useful to coral reef paleoecology and modern conservation

Identification of fossil corals is often limited due to poor preservation of external skeleton morphology, especially in the genus Acropora which is widespread across the Indo‐Pacific. Based on skeleton characteristics from thin section, we here develop a link between the internal skeleton structure and external morphology. Ten characteristics were summarized to distinguish Acropora and five related genera, including the type and differentiation of corallites, the skeleton nature of corallites (septa, columellae, dissepiments, wall), and calcification centers within septa. Acropora is distinctive for its dimorphic corallites: axial and radial. Isopora is similar to Acropora but possess more than a single axial corallites. Montipora and Astreopora (family Acroporidae) have monomorphic corallites and a synapticular ring wall, with clustered calcification center in the former and medial lines in the latter. Pocillopora and Porties are classified by distinctive dissepiments, columellae and septa. These microstructural skeleton characteristics were effective in the genus identification of fossil corals from drilled cores in the South China Sea. Eighteen detailed characteristics (ten of axial corallites, four of radial corallites, and four of coenosteum) were used in the Acropora species classification. The axial corallites size and structure (including corallite diameter, synapticular rings, and septa), the septa of radial corallites, and the arrangement of coenosteum were critical indicators for species identification. This identification guide can help paleoenvironmental and paleoecological analyses and modern coral reef conservation and restoration.     

Description of Espielia columellata gen. and sp. nov. (Rugosa) from the Sierra del Castillo Unit (upper Viséan, Córdoba, SW Spain)

The Brigantian rugose coral Espielia columellata gen. and sp. nov. from the Viséan (Carboniferous) Sierra del Castillo Unit (Córdoba, SW Spain) is described in detail. This phaceloid coral has thick wall and septa, one to three rows of regular dissepiments, thick amygdalophylloid columella, typically aulophylloid tabularium, basically fibrous microstructure, and non-parricidal peripheral increase. It is similar to Cionodendron Benson and Smith, 1923, but differs in the shape of the columella, the structure of the tabularium and in having thicker septa. The genera Rylstonia and Carruthersella have similar structures, but they are solitary and possess well developed cardinal fossulae. The new genus is placed in the subfamily Amygdalophyllinae because of the structure of its tabularium and columella.     

中国安徽巢湖瓜德鲁普世二叠异蝎蛉科新类群的发现(昆虫纲,长翅目)

二叠异蝎蛉科是二叠纪长翅目的代表性类群, 也是长翅目的基干类群。二叠纪是长翅目昆虫的繁盛期, 但中国该时期长翅目昆虫化石记录非常稀少, 目前仅报道了1种。本文根据发现于中国安徽省巢湖市瓜德鲁普统银屏组的一枚标本, 建立了1新属1新种––––廖氏巢湖异蝎蛉(Chaohuchorista liaoi gen. et sp. nov.)。该新属的鉴定特征为翅细长, Rs₁和Rs₂合并为1条脉, Rs₄具2分支, M具5分支, M₂具2分支。该新发现增加了中国二叠纪长翅目的多样性。     

Upper Permian (Murghabian) rugose corals from Oman (Ba’id area,Saih Hatat): Community structure and contributions to reefbuilding processes

Summary Coral-dominated communties are rare in Upper Permian reefs. The study of Murghabian rugose and tabulate corals from allochtonous carbonates (‘Oman exotics’) of the Hawasina Complex and autochthonous carbonates of the Saih Hatat area/Arabian Platform (Oman) provides evidence for a significant contribution of rugose corals to the formation of Late Permian reefs. The corals are described with respect to taxonomy, microfacies and community structure. 8 genera and 7 species were recognized.Monothecalis minor n.sp.,Praewentzelella regulare n.sp. andWentzelella katoi magna n.ssp. are new. The corals represent three communities: (1)Praewentzelella community (Hawasina Complex), (2) cerioid coral community (Hawasina Complex), and (3)Waagenophyllum community (Hawasina Complex and Saih hatat). The corals from the Hawasina Complex and the Saih Hatat flourished in significantly different environments: Rugosa from the Hawasina Complex are representatives of reefs, whereas their counterparts from the Saih Hatat lived in level-bottom communities. Coral-bearing reefal boundstones are characterized by a diverse assemblage of sphinctozoans, inozoans, chaetetids, bryozoans, crinoids,Tubiphytes, Archaeolithoporella and algae. These communities produced bafflestones or framestones and were part of a sponge reef complex. The level-bottom community of the Saih Hatat is low-diverse only comprising rugose and tabulate corals. These of isolated colonies locally acted as bafflers.     

On the causes of density banding in skeletons of corals of the genus Montastraea

To obtain a reliable climate reconstruction from coral skeletons it is first necessary to understand the way these grow and incorporate information. Thickness of skeletal elements (exothecal and endothecal dissepiments, costae, septa, and theca-wall) as well as the spacing between exothecal and endothecal dissepiments of the four extant Atlantic species of Montastraea (M. annularis, M. faveolata, M. franksi and M. cavernosa) were measured through high and low density bands. Our results show that growth periodicity, controlled by the effect of temperature, is expressed in changes in thickness of costae and exothecal dissepiments in the four studied Montastraea species, with no changes in endothecal elements and theca-wall thickness which, in turn, has implications for research on inclusive records using these species. Spacing between both exothecal and endothecal dissepiments resulted without changes along the high and low density bands, and we found evidence that there is a rhythmical formation of these structures linked somehow to lunar cycles.     

Anatomy and phylogenetic significance of Eoconularia loculata, a conulariid from the Silurian of Gotland

The type material of Eoconularia loculata (Wiman, 1895), a conulariid with high, bifurcated septa, was originally found in an erratic boulder, hence the source-rock is as yet unidentified. Recently, a rich material of the species has been discovered at eleven localities in the Silurian Hemse Beds of Gotland Another two localities in the Slite Beds (Wenlockan, Sheinwoodian) revealed what is assumed to be the ancestor of E loculata. This ancestral form probably constitutes a separate taxon distinguished from E. loculata in having simple, unbranched septa. E. loculata is re-described, and four ontogenetic stages in septal development are recognized. During stage 1, the most juvenile stage, the septa are simple. The septa in stages 3 and 4, the adult stages, are coarse and bifurcated. The affinities of conulariids are discussed, with the conclusion that the group shares a number of similarities with modem scyphomans. The microstructures of the exoskeleton show several similarities with coronatids, and the septa are interpreted to be homologous with the internal structures of stauromedusids. The stratigraphical distribution of all currently known septate conulariids suggests that septa were a primitive morphologic feature ranging from early? Ordovician to late Silurian. The simplest type, however, persisted at least into the early Permian. Five of the eleven described septa types have been found only among the conulariids from Gotland. □Conulariida, EOCONULARIA LOCULATA, bifurcated septa, taxonomy, ecology, morphology, Scyphozoa, Sweden, Gotland, Silurian.     

Dasycladales from the Permian Jamal Formation of the Shotori Mountains,northeast Iran

Calcareous algae of the Permian Jamal Formation were studied in three sections of the Shotori Mountains, located in northeastern Iran. In this paper, four genera including Imperiella Elliott and Süssli, Nanjinoporella Mu and Elliott, Tabasoporella nov. gen., and Pseudotabasoporella nov. gen. are described from the Howz-e Dorah locality, which is exposed about 2 km northeast of the type section of Jamal Formation in Mount Jamal. Tabasoporella nov. gen. is characterized by metaspondyl arrangement of phloiophore and wine-glass-shaped laterals with a stalk grouped to tufts. The individual tufts are separated by a ring-like cavity appearing as triangular, oval, or trapezoid in longitudinally dissected section. The arrangement and shape of the laterals in Pseudotabasoporella nov. gen. is similar to Tabasoporella nov. gen., but there are no cavities between the tufts. All four genera are highly developed and limited to the Permian period. They disappear at the end of Permian and are not found in the Triassic sediments. Until today, two species of Imperiella are found in Iran and Afghanistan. I. iranica Elliott and Süssli was described only from the Ruteh Formation of Alborz Mountains in north Iran and I. afghanica was described from the Permian of Afghanistan. The Jamal Formation of the Shotori Mountains is the second locality where both species are discovered. Moreover, species I. crassiparietalis and I. gracilis are the two new species described here. The genus Nanjinoporella—with type species N. pagoda Mu and Elliott—was known from the Permian (Artinskian) Chishia Formation of Nanjing, China. We describe the new species Nanjinoporella iranica from the Permian Jamal Formation of the Shotori Mountains, northeast Iran.     

Habitats of colonial rugose corals: the Mississippian of western Europe as example for a general classification

Aretz, M. 2010: Habitats of colonial rugose corals: the Mississippian of western Europe as example for a general classification. Lethaia, DOI: 10.1111/j.1502‐3931.2010.00218.x. Colonial rugose corals are a major constituent of shallow‐water marine benthic communities in Mississippian times. The study of western European rugose coral habitats from the base of the Tournaisian stage to the Serpukhovian stage allows the recognition of four basic habitat types, which can be divided into a total of 11 subtypes. The classification is mainly based on field data, and thus rapidly applicable. Level‐bottom communities in which large colony distances are characteristic (type A) represent the most basic community type; polyspecific (subtype A1) and monospecific (subtype A2) subtypes occur. Reduced colony distances result in the formation of coral meadows (type B), which either show homogenous coral distribution (subtype B1) or the development of patches (subtype B2). Coral biostromes (type C) represent a spectrum between hydrodynamically controlled biostromes (nothing in place, subtype C1) and biologically constructed and controlled biostromes (subtype C2). The bulk of the biostromes represent mixtures of those two subtypes (subtype C3). Colonial rugose corals are widely encountered in Mississippian bioherms where they are dwellers (subtype D1), form capping beds (subtype D2), support framework building along with other organisms (subtype D3) and form coral framework (subtype D4). The latter is probably the most uncommon of all subtypes in Mississippian times. The classification is widely applicable to other groups. □Classification, habitats, Mississippian, palaeoecology, palaeoenvironment, rugose corals.     

EVOLUTION OF POLYSPORANGIATE ANTHERS IN ONAGRACEAE

The microsporogenous tissue of at least some species of all 17 genera of Onagraceae is divided by transverse septa composed only of tapetum or of both tapetum and parenchyma. The presence of these septa apparently constitutes a distinctive characteristic of the family. In Calylophus sect. Salpingia, Gaura, Clarkia, Heterogaura, and two unrelated species of Ludwigia, the septa are transverse and mostly parenchymatous. In Hauya and Calylophus sect. Calylophus, similar transverse septa together with vertical ones divide the sporogenous tissue into many small spheroidal or ellipsoidal packets. The condition in which occasional tapetal septa divide the sporogenous tissue is clearly the ancestral one in Onagraceae. Polysporangiate anthers divided by parenchymatous septa have evolved independently at least twice each in the branches leading to Ludwigia and to all other members of the family, for a total of no less than four times. Based on this feature and the unique pattern of histogenesis of their integuments, Hauya (despite its retention of many plesiomorphic features), Calylophus, and Gaura may well be directly related to one another.