从未授粉烟草子房诱导单倍体植株的细胞学和胚胎学研究

由未授粉的子房培养出的单培体植株来自两条途径:1.来自大孢子,直接进行多次分裂,经胚状体各阶段,发育形成;2.来自成熟卵细胞,经胚状体各阶段发育而成。此外,从上述途径产生的芽的基部和顶端形成愈伤组织,在同样培养基上分化形成胚状体,最后发育成植株。外源激素对未授粉子房高频率地诱导形成胚状体足必需的,而对诱导胚性愈伤组织形成胚状体以及进一步分化成植株并非必需。培养基中增加维生素 B_1,B_6,烟酸,叶酸和肌醇等的使用量时,未授粉离体子房和胚性愈伤组织诱导胚状体的频率显著提高。     

火炬松成熟合子胚离体培养过程中诱导不定芽的影响因素研究

火世松（Pinus taed L）界南方松中最重要的针叶树种之一,在环境保护,园林绿化和林业生产中有重要应用价值。有关火炬松未成熟胚的体细胞胚胎发生和器官发生的研究报道不多,其成熟合子胚的愈伤组织器官发生未见报道。本文以取自湖南省邵阳市林场的火炬松成熟种胚为外植体,在诱导其愈伤组织器官发生的基础上,系统地研究了BA浓度,基本培养基（TE）浓度和不同碳源等对愈伤组织上不定芽的发生和发育的影响,优化了火炬松离体再生的培养条件,为火炬松的无性繁殖技术应用于实验生产奠定了基础。研究结果表明：不同的浓度条件下,4mg/LBA培养基上的不定芽诱导频率和每个胚上的芽平均数最高,分别是76．3％和3．4。火炬松器官发生愈伤组织（Fig.1)上的不定芽形成于愈伤组织表面（Fig.2)。不定芽的发生常不同步（Fig.3)。不定芽在低浓度BA(1-2mg/L）条件下发育较好(Fig.4),在高浓度BA（8－16mg/L）条件下发育减慢（Fig.5),在1mg/LBA条件下伸长生长较快（Fig.6);不同浓度基本培养基的实验结果表明,当基本培养基浓度为1．25TE时,不定芽诱导频率（73．5％）;不同浓度基本培养基的实验结果表明。池基本培养基浓度为0．5或0．75TE时,不定芽基部易形成愈伤组织（Fig.7)。在1．5TE培养基上,不定芽瘦弱且发育缓慢（Fig.8);不同碳源的实验结果表明,以2％的葡萄为碳源时,不定芽的诱导频率和每个胚上的芽平均数均最高,分别是83．7％和5．8。由此可见,4mg/LBA,1.25TE基本培养基和2％葡萄糖可能是构成火炬松成熟合子胚离体高效无性快速繁殖体系的决定性和关键因素。     

黄山栾树体细胞胚的发生和组织学观察

黄山栾树无菌苗的节间和叶柄离体培养后,其体细胞胚发生的结果表明：节间愈伤组织可诱导产生体细胞胚,而叶柄愈伤组织则生根：节间愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS＋3．0mg．L～2,4．D＋0．5～3．0mg．L-1NAA;节间胚性愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS＋2．0nag．L-2,4-D;胚性愈伤组织转移到无植物生长调节剂的MS培养基上可发育成正常植株。组织学观察表明,体细胞胚在胚性愈伤组织中有的发生于愈伤组织表层细胞,有的发生在愈伤组织内部。黄山栾树体细胞胚的形成经历球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷胚和子叶胚几个阶段,这与合子胚的发育途径相似。     

防风组织培养中畸形胚状体的发生和控制

采用组织培养和石蜡切片法,分析多种因素对防风畸形胚状体发生和发育过程的影响及控制。结果表明,诱导正常体细胞胚高频发生的培养基组合是：启动胚性愈伤组织的培养基是MS 0．5mg／L 2．4-D,蔗糖浓度3％;分化培养基是MS 1mg／L 6-BA 0．2mg／L NAA 0．5mg／L ABA,蔗糖浓度4％～5％;成熟培养基是MS培养基,蔗糖浓度3％。结论：一定浓度的生长素是诱导防风胚性愈伤组织的关键因素,细胞分裂素在体细胞胚的分化和发育过程中起协同作用;蔗糖浓度、ABA、接种方法以及适宜的培养条件和培养容器等均可有效降低畸形胚状体的发生率。     

不同基因型玉米的再生能力和胚性与非胚性愈伤组织DNA的差异

研究了细胞分裂素在玉米愈伤组织诱导的植株再生中的作用,结果表明低浓度（０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ）的细胞分裂素能促进玉米幼胚诱导的愈伤组织再生,６－ＢＡ的效果比ＫＴ更好。不同品种的玉米幼胚诱导的愈伤组织的再生能力差异显著,普甜１号和苏玉１号的再生频率高达７８％和７５％,糯玉米和掖单９号仅为１０％和８％。植株再生途径也有所不同,普甜１号以器官发生为主要途径,苏玉１号则以体胚发生途径为主。经长期继代的愈伤组织失去     

华山松胚性愈伤组织诱导与幼胚离体培养

探索华山松（Pinus armandii）体细胞胚胎发生技术对其实施规模化无性繁殖和开展遗传转化具有重要意义。本文以1／2LM为基本培养基,通过激素调节等措施对华山松的胚性愈伤组织诱导和幼胚的离体培养技术进行了初步研究。研究结果：胚性愈伤组织诱导率最高可达52．71％,但愈伤组织继代培养后没有体细胞胚胎的分化;首次从其子叶期的幼胚中直接诱导出具有根和茎的完整植株,诱导率达92％以上。文章确认了采集的幼胚发育状态对胚性愈伤组织的诱导有重要影响,并对诱导的培养条件等进行了探讨。     

几种植物体细胞胚胎发生标记蛋白的研究

利用ＳＤＳ一聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对西洋参（ＰａｎａｘｑｕｌｎｇｕｅｆｏｌｉｕｓＬ．）、香雪兰（Ｆｒｅｅｓｎｉｒｅ－ｆｒａＫｌａｔｔ．）、光棘豆（ＯｘｙｔｒｏｐｏｌｅｐｔｏｐｈｙｌｌａＬ．）和草木气（Ｍｅｄｌ’ｃａｇｏｓｕａａｖｅｏｌｅｎｓＬ．）４种植物的胚性、非胚性愈伤组织及胚状体的可溶性蛋白组成进行了分析。结果表明,在这几种植物的胚性愈伤组织中均存在非胚性愈伤组织中没有的特异蛋白质。在西洋参和光棘豆中,这些胚性蛋白质在胚状体中也能检测到。另外,在香雪兰和光棘豆的非胚性愈伤组织中还发现了胚性愈伤组织中没有的蛋白质成分。特异性的胚性蛋白质可以作为分子标记来鉴别潜在的胚性培养物,跟踪胚胎发育,并为进一步探讨体细胞胚胎发生的基因调控和分子机制提供基础。     

不同基因型玉米的再生能力和胚性与非胚性愈伤组织DNA的差异

研究了细胞分裂素在玉米愈伤组织诱导和植株再生中的作用,结果表明低浓度（０ ．２ ｍｇ／Ｌ） 的细胞分裂素能促进玉米幼胚诱导的愈伤组织再生,６ＢＡ 的效果比ＫＴ更好。不同品种的玉米幼胚诱导的愈伤组织的再生能力差异显著,普甜１ 号和苏玉１ 号的再生频率高达７８ ％ 和７５ ％ ,糯玉米和掖单９ 号仅为１０ ％ 和８ ％ 。植株再生途径也有所不同,普甜１ 号以器官发生为主要途径,苏玉１号则以体胚发生途径为主。经长期继代的愈伤组织失去再生能力,通过ＲＡＰＤ 方法比较发现胚性与非胚性愈伤组织的基因组之间存在差异,说明组织培养过程中愈伤组织的ＤＮＡ 发生了变异。     

籼型杂交稻亲本成熟胚愈伤组织再生体系的建立

本文给出了6个籼型杂交稻亲本成熟胚愈伤组织再生体系建立优化措施。采用6个有重要育种价值的杂交籼稻亲本成熟胚盾片诱导愈伤组织作为分化再生的外植体,通过调节2,4-D浓度、培养基成分、接种方式、激素组合和愈伤组织分化途径,建立适合籼稻遗传转化的再生体系。结果表明,MB培养基是较为合适的愈伤组织诱导培养基类型,6个品种在MB培养基上的愈伤组织诱导率均在60％-80％之间。半粒米的接种方式能够明显提高愈伤组织诱导率,提高幅度达到28．2％。通过调节2,4-D浓度和激素组合,愈伤组织诱导率最高可达到97．9％,两步分化法和适当干燥处理能够提高愈伤组织的分化效率,6品种愈伤组织分化率均在50％-90％之间。初步建立了6个杂交籼稻亲本品种成熟胚愈伤组织的再生体系,为以后遗传转化奠定基础。     

欧石楠体细胞胚发生和植株再生

以欧石楠茎段为外植体,研究其体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生。对影响茎段不定芽分化及胚性愈伤组织诱导的主导因子进行比较分析,并研究其体胚萌发、生根及移栽;同时,采用树脂切片法对茎段脱分化产生胚性愈伤组织及体胚发育过程进行组织细胞学观察。结果表明,接种在1／2WPM基本培养基上的茎段,胚性愈伤组织诱导率为88．7％,显著高于其他处理,不定芽诱导率可达90．6％,平均分化倍数为3．6个,平均分化苗高3．82cm;体细胞经过成熟培养后。在添加1．0mg·L-1 ZT和0．3mg·L-1 IBA的1／2WPM培养基上萌发,萌发的体胚在I／2WPM附加0．2mg·L-1 NAA和0．3mg·L-1 IBA的培养基上形成完整的体胚苗植株,体胚苗生根率达到87．4％,经炼苗后移栽到蛭石：珍珠岩=3：1（V／V）的栽培基质中,成活率可达63．7％。在显微镜下可观察到球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷形胚和子叶形胚;体细胞胚以间接方式发生,表现为愈伤组织外层细胞直接发生和愈伤组织组织内部细胞发生。     

Embryological Studies on In Vitro Pollination in Rice

n vitro pollination and its embryological studies were carried out in two japonica cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.), “Chunjiang 05" and “95046". N6 basic medium supplemented with different exogenous hormones was used for ovary culture after in vitro pollination. The main results were as follows: (1) both cultivars were induced to set kernels after in vitro pollination. The frequency of seedset was 52.1%, including 28.4%normal embryo development, 2.2% abnormal embryo development and 21.5% callus formation. (2) The processes of embryo and endosperm development after in vitro pollination were basically as normal as those in vivo , except there was some retardation in the first division of zygotes and primary endosperm nuclei as well as in their subsequent development. However, both kernels and plantlets could be produced finally. (3) A few abnormal embryos were observed, for instance, proembryos with elongated suspensor and vacuolated proembryos. (4) Two types of calli in the cultured ovaries appeared, namely, the compact callus and the fragile callus, which were able to differentiate into adventitious buds and roots.     

Maize in vitro pollination with single pollen grains

Fertilization of maize (inbred A188)_was achieved by placement of individual pollen grains on silks of cob segments cultured in vitro. Fertilization rates were highly variable, ranging from 0% to 75% following single grain pollination and from 10% to 100% following abundant pollination. This variability may indicate cryptic genetic variability within the A188 inbred or environmental variability. Whether the variability was due to heterogeneity of pollen source, ears, or both was not determined. Double fertilization, required to produce normal kernels with both embryo and endosperm, apparently failed in a small proportion of cases (2.6%). Such failure was as prevalent following single grain pollination as it was after abundant pollination.     

四倍体大燕麦与六倍体裸燕麦的受精作用和胚胎发育

用石蜡切片法,对四倍体大燕麦（Avena magna L.）和六倍体裸燕麦（Avena nuda L.）杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育进行了观察。结果表明,六倍体裸燕麦花偻在四倍体大燕麦柱头上萌发良好,花粉管可顺利长入花柱和胚囊,观察的168个四倍体大燕麦子房中,2.38%发生了双受精,产生了胚和胚乳;1.79%发生了单卵受精,只产生胚乳而无胚;总受精率为5.36%;成胚率为4.17%。由于胚乳的缺管或发育异常及败育,最终难以获得有生活力的种子,为四倍体大燕麦和六倍体裸燕麦杂交提供了细胞胚胎学证据。     

In vitro development of early proembryos and plant regeneration via microculture in Oryza sativa

Two convenient and efficient microculture techniques (liquid droplet and shallow-layered culture) were used to rear 2-day-old and 3 to 4 day-old proembryos in rice. Among four cultivars, growth rate and frequency of embryogenesis were higher in the japonica cultivars than in the indica cultivars during proembryo culture. Two-day-old proembryos could grow and form callus only in Km8p and N6 among four kinds of tested media, and plantlets regenerated via organogenesis. Plant regeneration from callus initiated from three- and four-day-old proembryos occurred through somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis. For in vitro embryogenesis it was essential to supplement the medium with 14 amino acids and coconut milk. The highest frequency of embryogenesis and the frequency of total induction after 14 days of culture were approximately 42% and 95% for 3-day-old proembryos, and 45% and 100% for 4-day-old proembryos, respectively. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Pseudogamous Apomixis in Maize and Sorghum in Diploid-Tetraploid Crosses

Apomictic seed development is a complex process including formation of unreduced embryo sac, parthenogenetic embryo development from the egg cell, and endosperm formation either autonomously, or due to fertilization of polar nuclei by the sperm (under pseudogamous form of apomixis). In the latter case, an obstacle to the normal endosperm development is disturbance of maternal (m) -to-paternal (p) genomic ratio 2m: 1p that occurs in the cases of pollination of unreduced embryo sac with haploid sperms. Usage of tetraploid pollinators can overcome this problem because in such crosses maternal-to-paternal genomic ratio is 4m: 2p that provides formation of kernels with plump endosperm. Using tetraploid lines as pollen parents we observed formation of plump kernels on the ears and panicles of diploid maize and sorghum accessions. These kernels had hybrid endosperm and diploid maternaltype embryo or hybrid embryo with different ploidy level (2n, 3n, 4n). The frequencies of plump kernels on the ear ranged from 0.2-0.3% to 5.7-6.2% counting from the number of ovaries. Maternal-type plants were found in two maize lines, their frequency varying from 10.7 to 37.5% of the progeny plants. In CMS-lines of sorghum pollinated with tetraploid sorghum accessions, the frequency of plump kernels ranged from 0.6 to 14.0% counting from the number of ovaries; the frequency of maternal-type plants varied from 33.0 up to 96.1%. The hybrid nature of endosperm of the kernels that gave rise to maternal-type plants has been proved by marker gene expression and by SDS-electrophoresis of endosperm proteins. These data testify to variable modes of seed formation under diploid × tetraploid crosses in maize and sorghum both by amphi- and by apomixis. Therefore, usage of tetraploid pollinators might be a promising approach for isolation of apomixis in maize and sorghum accessions.     

Phenotypic analysis and molecular cloning of discolored-1 (dsc1), a maize gene required for early kernel development

Recessive mutations in the maize dsc1 locus prevent normal kernel development. Solidification of the endosperm in homozygous dsc1– mutant kernels was undetectable 12 days after pollination, at which time the tissue was apparently completely solidified in wild-type kernels. At later times endosperm did solidify in homozygous dsc1– mutant kernels, but there was a marked reduction in the volume of the tissue. Embryo growth in homozygous dsc1– kernels was delayed compared to wild-type kernels, but proceeded to an apparently normal stage 1 in which the scutellum, coleoptile, and shoot apex were clearly defined. Embryo growth then ceased and the embryonic tissues degraded. Late in kernel development no tissue distinctions were obvious in dsc1– mutant embryos. Immature mutant embryos germinated when transplanted from kernels to tissue culture medium prior to embryonic degeneration, but only coleoptile proliferation was observed. The dsc1 gene was isolated by transposon tagging. Analysis of the two different dsc1– mutations confirmed that transposon insertion into the cloned genomic locus was responsible for the observed phenotype. Dsc1 mRNA was detected specifically in kernels 5–7 days after pollination. These data indicate Dsc1 function is required for progression of embryo development beyond a specific stage, and also is required for endosperm development.     

四倍体大燕麦与六倍体裸燕麦的受精作用和胚胎发育

用石蜡切片法,对四倍体大燕麦(Avena magna L.)和六倍体裸燕麦(Avena nuda L.)杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育进行了观察。结果表明,六倍体裸燕麦花粉在四倍体大燕麦柱头上萌发良好,花粉管可顺利长入花柱和胚囊。观察的168个四倍体大燕麦子房中,238%发生了双受精,产生了胚和胚乳;179%发生了单卵受精,只产生胚乳而无胚;总受精率为536%;成胚率为417%。由于胚乳的缺乏或发育异常及败育,最终难以获得有生活力的种子。为四倍体大燕麦和六倍体裸燕麦杂交提供了细胞胚胎学证据。     

硬粒小麦与珍珠栗远缘杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育

对硬粒小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｎｄｕｒｕｍＤｅｓｆ．）和珍珠栗（Ｐｅｎｎｉｓｅｔｕｍｇｌａｕｃｕｍｓｙｎ．Ｐ．ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｕｍ）远缘杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育进行了研究。对授粉后的１９２个硬粒小麦子房进行制片观察,７．８１％发生双受精,具胚和胚乳,但胚乳发育往往落后于胚的发育;３．１３％只发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;１．０４％发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚。总受精率为１１．９８％,成胚率为１０．９４％。由于胚乳的缺乏或发育异常及败育,最终难以获得有生活力的种子     

硬粒小麦与珍珠栗远缘杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育

对硬粒小麦(Triticum durum Desf.)和珍珠栗(Pennisetum glaucum syn.P. americanum)远缘杂交的受精作用和胚胎发育进行了研究。对授粉后的192个硬粒小麦子房进行制片观察,7.81％发生双受精,具胚和胚乳,但胚乳发育往往落后于胚的发育;3.13％只发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;1.04％发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚。总受精率为11.98％,成胚率为10.94％。由于胚乳的缺乏或发育异常及败育,最终难以获得有生活力的种子。     

In vitro pollination as a model for studying fertilization in maize (Zea mays L.)

Summary In vitro pollination was conducted using excised segments of maize female spikelets to determine the effects of age and silk length on fertilization efficiency and developmental pattern. Ovary development after 15 days resulted in: (1) normal kernels, (2) abnormal kernels and (3) enlarged ovaries; the percentages of each class varied with age. Evidence of double fertilization was observed in both normal and abnormal kernels. In vitro fertilization was traced using silk excision and autoradiography with ³²P-radiolabelled pollen and occurred between 4 and 7 h after the pollination of 4.5-cm-long silks. This study supports the validity of the in vitro pollination method for studying fertilization and emphasizes the importance of using a developmentally sensitive index (silk length) for establishing female developmental stage.