长白山植被类型特征与演替规律的研究

根据多次对长白山植被调查和长期定位观测资料 ,全面系统地总结了长白山植被类型特征和演替规律 ,详细描述了长白山地带性和非地带性植被类型的性质、组成、结构和分布规律 ,探讨了长白山植被演替与火山爆发的关系。提出长白山植被垂直分布基带应是红白松阔叶混交林 ,也是长白山地带性植被类型。但由于长期受人类活动影响 ,削弱了地带性表现 ,形成大面积的天然次生林和耕地。据此不应该认为 ,人类能消灭客观自然规律的植被分布的地带性 ,为了恢复地带性植被和定向改造自然 ,应引进地带性树种 ,营造结构合理、种类多样和稳定性强的森林群落。     

全球不同气候带陆地植被净初级生产力变化趋势与可持续性

分析全球不同气候带陆地植被净初级生产力(NPP)的变化趋势与可持续性,对于估算全球陆地生态系统的结构、功能和碳源(汇)具有重要意义。运用Mann-Kendall突变检验、Theil-Sen斜率估计、Hurst指数分析全球不同气候带陆地NPP的变化趋势与可持续性。结果表明：(1)全球陆地NPP有明显的地域分异规律,呈现低纬高、高纬低,沿海高、内陆低的特点。约48.79%陆地生态系统的植被NPP得到了改善,其中显著改善的面积占全球陆地生态系统的8.45%,主要分布在北美洲北部和中部、亚马逊河流域西部、刚果盆地、欧洲南部、印度半岛西北部、中国黄土高原;轻微改善的面积占全球陆地生态系统的40.34%,主要分布在南美洲中南部、亚洲东部和澳大利亚大陆东部。(2)各气候带NPP变化趋势和突变点表现为：热带、亚热带、极地带的NPP呈不显著下降趋势(R²=0.111,P=0.176;R²=0.144,P=0.120;R²=0.002,P=0.854),热带无明显突变点,亚热带突变点为2015年,极地带突变点为2005年;干旱气候带的NPP...     

城市植物挥发性有机化合物排放与臭氧相互作用及其机制

近地面臭氧(O₃)已成为继PM_2.5后影响我国空气质量的一种重要二次污染物。随着氮氧化物浓度的持续下降和气候变暖的加剧,城市O₃的形成对挥发性有机化合物的浓度更加敏感。近年来城市绿色空间显著增长,植物源挥发性有机化合物(BVOCs)排放和浓度逐年增加。针对BVOCs与近地面O₃之间复杂的交互作用,从植物BVOCs的特性与作用出发,综述了不同因素尤其是O₃浓度增加对树木生理状态及BVOCs排放速率的影响,定量分析了已有研究中O₃对不同植物异戊二烯和单萜烯排放速率的影响,以及BVOCs对O₃形成的贡献,总结了BVOCs与O₃相互作用研究领域存在的不足。未来亟需加强的研究包括：(1)城市树种BVOCs排放因子的实测,建立物种的排放速率数据库,优化模型参数,提升精细尺度BVOCs排放量估算模型精度;(2)多种环境因子,比如污染物浓度、温湿度等对城市植物BVOCs排放的交互作用和综合影响的研究;(3)植物BVOCs对O     

昆虫取食对亚热带幼树叶挥发性有机化合物释放与光合特性的影响

植食昆虫食叶能影响森林生态系统林木生长、群落结构和生态过程。本研究以亚热带2种生活型乔木香樟(阔叶树)和柳杉(针叶树)幼树为对象,比较昆虫食叶和人为剪叶对乔木幼树叶挥发性有机化合物(BVOCs)的释放组分、异戊二烯(ISO)和单萜烯(MTs)通量的影响,以及植物叶光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数等光合生理特性的响应机理。结果表明: 与无虫食(对照)相比,昆虫食叶和人为剪叶处理增加香樟和柳杉叶BVOCs的释放组分,并且在处理结束后第3天,昆虫食叶处理香樟和柳杉叶ISO释放通量提高4.9和3.1倍,而人为剪叶处理仅提高香樟叶ISO释放通量4.6倍。与对照相比,昆虫食叶提高香樟叶光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度和蒸腾速率,而对柳杉叶光合参数的影响不显著,人为剪叶显著降低柳杉叶绿素荧光参数。通过Pearson相关性分析和结构方程模型发现,香樟叶ISO和MTs释放通量与植物叶光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数存在显著相关性,且与叶绿素荧光参数相比,植物光合参数对ISO和MTs释放通量的影响更大;柳杉叶ISO释放通量与植物叶绿素荧光参数存在显著相关性,而昆虫食叶所引起的化学诱导对柳杉叶ISO释放通量的影响更显著。综上,昆虫食叶能够提高亚热带乔木叶BVOCs释放,但不同树种对昆虫食叶的响应及机理存在差异,香樟BVOCs通过提高光合速率促进BVOCs释放,柳杉与昆虫食叶所引起的化学诱导相关。     

干扰与生态系统演替的空间分析

演替不光是生态系统在时间序列上的替代过程,而且也是生态系统在空间上的动态演变。演替的空间属性有演替系列的格局、范围、尺度、演替方向和速率、稳定的程度、多样性、以及在自然和人为干扰下的恢复等。干扰破坏了生态系统的稳定性,形成生态系统结构和功能的破损,使生态系统处于一种过渡状态。但是干扰也是生态系统演替的外在驱动力,自然的和人为的干扰引起的生态系统的对称性破缺,推动了系统的进化和演变。外界因素作用于生态系统的干扰因子包含了很多种类,如火、风倒、洪水、病虫害、人类活动等。干扰的属性有范围、频度、季节、强度、损害度、返回时间和循环周期。讨论了这些干扰的类型和生态系统演替所具有空间的特征,并且介绍了干扰和生态系统演替空间分析常用的方法,如空间解绎和辨识、空间统计分析、空间格局分析和地理信息系统的空间分析、以及空间模拟。利用了一些典型的实例来深入阐明空间分析在干扰和生态系统演替中的应用。利用美国加利福尼亚北部火干扰的历史和空间分布的记录,进行了火干扰的空间分析的研究;用Spies等在美国俄勒冈州西部1972～1988年的多时段的变化的实例说明了收获干扰的影响;利用俄勒冈州东部山地的主要两个虫害(山地松树甲虫(Mountain Pine Beetle)和云杉蚜虫(Spruce Budworm))22a的数据分析了病虫害干扰的空间分布格局及其与海拔、温度、降水和植被类型的关系。在生态系统演替的空间分析方面,以美国俄勒冈州西部的历史和现实植被演替格局的分析为例,讨论了如何利用空间分析方法研究区域尺度生态系统的演替,同时比较了历史和现实植被的空间格局指数的变化;用两个实例来说明空间分析在辨识大陆和国家尺度生态系统变迁中的应用,一个是美国原生的老森林(Old～growth)植被从1620年到1920年,300a的空间格局变化,另外一个是加拿大植被从1600年到2000年,大约400a的空间分布变化。最后,对生态系统演替的空间分析的一些重要问题作了探讨,例如：空间分析可否帮助确定地带性顶极群落;如何将外貌与成分结合更好地识别生态系统演替的空间格局与演变趋势;以及如何利用空间分析研究由于人类活动干扰加剧所造成的生态系统自然演化规律的异化。     

生态退耕与植被演替的时空格局

综述了多重尺度上生态退耕的时空格局及其对植被演替时空变异影响的研究进展,提出了生态退耕与植被演替的时空格局研究方向.在自然和人文等因子的驱动下,全球兴起了生态退耕的热潮,生态退耕类型正在由人工恢复为主向自然弃耕为主发展.尽管国内外很多学者开始关注不同尺度上生态退耕的时空格局及其影响因子,但是生态退耕的时空变异性研究仍然比较薄弱,尤其缺乏多重尺度上生态退耕时空格局及其驱动因子的综合研究,在很大程度上限制了研究结果外推.研究表明,受到多因子的综合影响,生态退耕后植被演替呈现出复杂多样的时空变化特征;退耕植被演替研究从植物群落结构特征分析为主向群落功能分析发展,从传统的演替过程规律分析转向退耕植被演替的时空变异性分析;相对来说,生态退耕后植被演替的时空分异、影响因子和机制方面的研究比较薄弱.加强多重尺度上生态退耕时空格局与植被演替时空变异的综合研究是将来的研究重点.     

江西省不同类型退化荒山生态系统植植被恢复与重建措施

对江西省5种不同类型退化荒山生态系统进行综合治理,开展植被恢复与重建技术及理论研究,研究结果表明：优选的植物组合及合理的配置并辅以工程措施是快速启动植被恢复进程,控制水土流失、重建退化荒山生态系统的有效措施。一林多用的树种组合,合理的生物体系设计和针、阔叶树种混交是改良地力、改善环境,促进退化荒山生态系统进行演替的优良途径。先进造林技术的应用和林农牧业结合的复合经营方式是提高综合治疗效益,促进并持续生态恢复过程稳定的先决条件。     

石羊河下游盐渍化弃耕地植被演替与土壤养分相关性分析

以石羊河下游不同年代盐渍化弃耕地自然群落为对象,利用优势种群的消长和土壤养分的动态变化进行相关性分析,研究退耕地群落演替与土壤养分之间的动态变化以及相互关系。结果表明:1)植被类型一般经历3个阶段:田间杂草→荒漠草本→荒漠灌木,但群落演替可分为4个阶段:藜+田旋花群落(1～2年)→骆驼蒿群落(3～10年)→苏枸杞+黄毛头群落(10～40年)→黄毛头群落(顶极群落);2)土壤养分在整个植被演替过程中一般经历消耗-积累-消耗3个阶段,但速效钾不存在初期消耗阶段,演替后期土壤养分处于消耗状态,并逐渐接近本区域自然植被土壤养分;3)由于前期土壤养分处于消耗阶段,骆驼蒿种群对土壤养分的贡献不明显,其中与速效磷之间呈显著负相关,与速效钾呈显著正相关;苏枸杞种群与土壤养分呈正相关,其中与有机质、全氮、30～60cm速效钾相关性显著;而黄毛头种群与土壤养分之间呈显著负相关。黄毛头具有较强的适应性,可作为盐渍化弃耕地上的适宜引种物种,以调控和加速植物群落演替。     

东北长白山垂直林带下现代表土花粉与植被关系

在长白山北坡5个垂直植被带的林下采集29个表土(苔藓)样品进行孢粉分析，同时将其结果作对应分析。结果表明，除个别样品，在长白山垂直植被带的孢粉组合中乔木花粉占优势，其中以松属和桦木属最多，在各植被带均有分布。松属花粉最高含量出现在以红松为主的针阔混交林带的孢粉组合中；桦木属花粉则大量见于亚高山岳桦林带和以栎桦为主的阔叶落叶林带，但前者伴有耐寒、旱的小灌从杜鹃花属花粉，而在后者中则见有大量蕨类孢子。阔叶落叶林带的孢粉组合是以类型多、百分含量高的落叶乔木花粉和大量蕨类饱子为特征。亚高山针叶林带的孢粉组合中出现数量众多的云杉属花粉。在高山苔原带孢粉组合中虽然乔木花粉略占优势，但极少或不见蕨类孢子，与其他植被带比较，草本植物和小灌丛花粉明鲜较多，其中杜鹃属花粉含量在草本中占优势，其中出现苔原带的指示花粉——仙女木属。     

The Long-term Effects of Disturbance on Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen Export in the White Mountains, New Hampshire

Traditional biogeochemical theories suggest that ecosystem nitrogen retention is controlled by biotic N limitation, that stream N losses should increase with successional age, and that increasing N deposition will accelerate this process. These theories ignore the role of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) as a mechanism of N loss. We examined patterns of organic and inorganic N export from sets of old-growth and historically (80–110 years ago) logged and burned watersheds in the northeastern US, a region of moderate, elevated N deposition. Stream nitrate concentrations were strongly seasonal, and mean (± SD) nitrate export from old-growth watersheds (1.4 ± 0.6 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) was four times greater than from disturbed watersheds (0.3 ± 0.3 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹), suggesting that biotic control over nitrate loss can persist for a century. DON loss averaged 0.7 (± 0.2) kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ and accounted for 28–87% of total dissolved N (TDN) export. DON concentrations did not vary seasonally or with successional status, but correlated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which varied inversely with hardwood forest cover. The patterns of DON loss did not follow expected differences in biotic N demand but instead were consistent with expected differences in DOC production and sorption. Despite decades of moderate N deposition, TDN export was low, and even old-growth forests retained at least 65% of N inputs. The reasons for this high N retention are unclear: if due to a large capacity for N storage or biological removal, N saturation may require several decades to occur; if due to interannual climate variability, large losses of nitrate may occur much sooner. Received 27 April 1999; accepted 30 May 2000.     

Correlation analysis of Normalized Different Vegetation Index (NDVI) difference series and climate variables in the Xilingole steppe, China from 1983 to 1999

There is a crucial need in the study of global change to understand how terrestrial ecosystems respond to the climate system. It has been demonstrated by many researches that Normalized Different Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series from remotely sensed data, which provide effective information of vegetation conditions on a large scale with highly temporal resolution, have a good relation with meteorological factors. However, few of these studies have taken the cumulative property of NDVI time series into account. In this study, NDVI difference series were proposed to replace the original NDVI time series with NDVI difference series to reappraise the relationship between NDVI and meteorological factors. As a proxy of the vegetation growing process, NDVI difference represents net primary productivity of vegetation at a certain time interval under an environment controlled by certain climatic conditions and other factors. This data replacement is helpful to eliminate the cumulative effect that exist in original NDVI time series, and thus is more appropriate to understand how climate system affects vegetation growth in a short time scale. By using the correlation analysis method, we studied the relationship between NOAA/AVHRR ten-day NDVI difference series and corresponding meteorological data from 1983 to 1999 from 11 meteorological stations located in the Xilingole steppe in Inner Mongolia. The results show that: (1) meteorological factors are found to be more significantly correlation with NDVI difference at the biomass-rising phase than that at the falling phase; (2) the relationship between NDVI difference and climate variables varies with vegetation types and vegetation communities. In a typical steppe dominated by Leymus chinensis, temperature has higher correlation with NDVI difference than precipitation does, and in a typical steppe dominated by Stipa krylovii, the correlation between temperature and NDVI difference is lower than that between precipitation and NDVI difference. In a typical steppe dominated by Stipa grandis, there is no significant difference between the two correlations. Precipitation is the key factor influencing vegetation growth in a desert steppe, and temperature has poor correlation with NDVI difference; (3) the response of NDVI difference to precipitation is fast and almost simultaneous both in a typical steppe and desert steppe, however, mean temperature exhibits a time-lag effect especially in the desert steppe and some typical steppe dominated by Stipa krylovii; (4) the relationship between NDVI difference and temperature is becoming stronger with global warming. __________ Translated from Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2005, 29(5): 753–765 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

Correlation analysis of Normalized Different Vegetation Index (NDVI)difference series and climate variables in the Xilingole steppe,China from 1983 to 1999

There is a crucial need in the study of global change to understand how terrestrial ecosystems respond to the climate system.It has been demonstrated by many researches that Normalized Different Vegetation Index (NDVI)time series from remotely sensed data,which provide effective information of vegetation conditions on a large scale with highly temporal resolution,have a good relation with meteorological factors.However,few of these studies have taken the cumulative property of NDVI time series into account.In this study,NDVI difference series were proposed to replace the original NDVI time series with NDVI difference series to reappraise the relationship between NDVI and meteorological factors.As a proxy of the vegetation growing process,NDVI difference represents net primary productivity of vegetation at a certain time interval under an environment controlled by certain climatic conditions and other factors.This data replacement is helpful to eliminate the cumulative effect that exist in original NDVI time series,and thus is more appropriate to understand how climate system affects vegetation growth in a short time scale.By using the correlation analysis method,we studied the relationship between NOAA/AVHRR ten-day NDVI difference series and corresponding meteorological data from 1983 to 1999 from 11 meteorological stations located in the Xilingole steppe in Inner Mongolia.The results show that:(1)meteorological factors are found to be more significantly correlation with NDVI difference at the biomass-rising phase than that at the falling phase;(2)the relationship between NDVI difference and climate variables varies with vegetation types and vegetation communities.In a typical steppe dominated by Leymus chinensis,temperature has higher correlation with NDVI difference than precipitation does,and in a typical steppe dominated by Stipa krylovii,the correlation between temperature and NDVI difference is lower than that between precipitation and NDVI difference.In a typical steppe dominated by Stipa grandis,there is no significant difference between the two correlations.Precipitation is the key factor influencing vegetation growth in a desert steppe,and temperature has poor correlation with NDVI difference;(3)the response of NDVI difference to precipitation is fast and almost simultaneous both in a typical steppe and desert steppe,however,mean temperature exhibits a time-lag effect especially in the desert steppe and some typical steppe dominated by Stipa krylovii;(4)the relationship between NDVI difference and temperature is becoming stronger with global warming.     

Love Handles in Aquatic Ecosystems: The Role of Dissolved Organic Carbon Drawdown, Resuspended Sediments, and Terrigenous Inputs in the Carbon Balance of Lake Michigan

During the unstratified (winter) and stratified (summer) periods of 1999 and 2000, we examined carbon (C) dynamics in the upper water column of southern Lake Michigan. We found that (a) bacterial respiration (BR) and planktonic respiration (PR) were major sinks for C, (b) C flux through bacteria (CFTB) was diminished in winter because of reduced bacterial production (BP) and increased bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) at colder temperatures, and (c) PR exceeded primary production (PP) during the spring–summer transition. Drawdown of dissolved organic C (DOC), resuspended organic matter from the lake floor, and riverine organic matter likely provided organic C to compensate for this temporal deficit. DOC in the water column decreased between winter and summer (29–91 mg C m² d⁻¹) and accounted for 20%–53% of CFTB and 11%–33% of PR. Sediment resuspension events supported elevated winter heterotrophy in the years that they occurred with greatest intensities (1998 and 2000) and may be important to interannual variability in C dynamics. Further, riverine discharge, containing elevated DOC (5×) and dissolved P (10×) relative to lake water, peaked in the winter–spring season in southern Lake Michigan. Collectively, terrigenous inputs (river, stream, and groundwater discharges; storm water runoff; and atmospheric precipitation) may support approximately 10%–20% of annual in-lake heterotrophy as well as autotrophy. Terrestrial subsidies likely play a key role in the C balance of even very large lakes, representing a critical linkage between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Received 11 June 2001; Accepted 14 December 2001.