道路对陆栖野生动物的生态学影响

道路网络为大多数景观所共同具有的空间特征,在增进社会财富、方便人们生活的同时。也会产生严重的生态学后果。就道路对陆栖野生动物的生态学影响进行了综述。道路交通导致动物死亡。已成为野生脊椎动物死亡的首要原因;阻碍动物个体在同种种群问的交流以及在互补性资源间的周期性迁移;迫使森林内部种、边缘敏感种主动回避道路栖息地;导致道路区域栖息鸟类繁殖下降;有利于小型物种沿道路边缘扩散,造成生物入侵。道路区域为一种特殊的边缘。对一些边缘物种以及其它被吸引过来的动物来说是一种死亡陷阱。这些影响的综合作用会导致孤立的小种群问题。从而严重威胁到渐危濒危物种的长期存活。     

中国两栖类种群生态研究概述

两栖类种群生态学研究从深度和广度上看,均无法与哺乳类和鸟类的相比。然而与哺乳类和鸟类一样,随着生态环境的恶化和生态空间的减少,两栖类各物种种群面临巨大的生存压力,甚至濒临灭绝;因此,广泛深入地开展两栖类种群生态学研究,探讨两栖类与外界环境之间的关系,对环境监测和对两栖类种群的保护与利用均有较大的现实意义和理论意义。为此,重点从两栖类的种群结构与动态规律,摄食行为与食性,怕分析与通讯联系,繁殖过程和繁殖习性,越冬准备和冬眠适应,以及两栖类种群数量下降等方面,对中国研究者的工作进行综述,试图阐述研究现状,存在问题,并分析了尚待加强研究的方面和今后的发展趋势。     

道路的生态学影响及其生态建设

道路的生态学影响及其生态建设章家恩,徐琅（中国科学院南京土壤研究所,２１０００８）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＩｍｐａｃｔｓｏｆＲｏａｄｓａｎｄＩｔｓＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎ．￥ＺｈａｎｇＪｉａｅｎ;ＸｕＱｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｏｉ...     

道路生态学研究进展

“道路生态学”是当代景观生态学的最新研究领域。重点探讨道路生态学和生态道路网的研究进展。从景观生态学的点效应、廊道效应和边际效应出发 ,引入景观生态网络的概念 ,即由点、线、网按照一定等级结构、功能分工和空间秩序组合成的生态网络体系 ,其中道路网和水网是最主要的表现形态。根据网络理论构造网络结构影响度模型 ,在 GIS和 RS的支持下 ,通过对北京局部地区道路网动态模拟的分析表明 ,道路网对其他景观的影响是通过点效应、廊道效应、点 -廊道 -网络叠加效应共同作用的结果 ,这种影响与道路网络密度和道路影响带的范围成正比。因此 ,为了最大限度减少道路网对自然生态系统的干扰与破环 ,提出生态道路网络建设的 8点建议     

短尾猴种群生态学研究：Ⅰ.短尾猴种群动态及分析

本文分析了１９８６－１９９２年安徽黄山短尾猴鱼鳞坑群种群动态,结果表明,在研究期间该群以年平均１０．３％的速度增长,年平均产仔率６６．９％。疾病导致个体死亡和雄猴的迁入与迁出对种群数量变化有一影响。     

放牧影响下羊草种群生殖生态学的研究

在种群水平上系统研究了放牧对松嫩草原关草种群无性繁殖、有性生殖和生物量的生殖分配的影响。结果表明,放牧制约了羊草种群无性繁殖和有性生殖的更新途径,表现在随放牧强度增加,无性繁殖体营养技密度、根茎牙密度和有性生殖体种子生物量、结实数和生殖枝分化率等指标均显著下降,是生牧后下降迅速。随放牧强度增加,关草种群根茎生物量的分配比例显著增加,而同化器官、非同化器官和种子生物量分配比例都显著下降,极牧阶段几科     

无性系植物种群生态学研究进展及有关概念

无性系植物种群生态学研究进展及有关概念刘庆钟章成（中国科学院成都生物研究所,６１００４１）（西南师范大学生物系,重庆６３０７１５）ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｓｉｎＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｆＣｌｏｎａｌＰｌａｎｔＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＳｏｍｅＲｅ...     

布氏田鼠种群生态及行为生态学研究进展

布氏田鼠种群生态及行为生态学研究进展尹峰房继明（北京师范大学生物学系,１００８７５）ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＡｄｖａｎｃｅｓｉｎＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＥｃｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＢｅｈａｖｉｏｒａｌＥｃｏｌｏｇｙｏｆＢｒａｎｄｔ’ｓＶｏｌｅｓ（Ｍｉｃｒｏｔｕｓｂｒａｎ...     

短尾猴种群生态学研究Ⅱ.繁殖方式

黄山短尾猴鱼鳞坑群为季节性繁殖,属产仔节律型。据１９８８、１９９０和１９９２年有全年婴猴出生日期的记录,计算出平均产仔日期在４月２日。雌猴性成熟年龄为５．４±０．５岁,其繁殖率受年龄和个体在群内的社会顺位的不同而有所不同。顺位高的繁殖率高,产仔时间亦早。本文还首次提出了雌性产仔经历对一年度产仔影响的数据。     

壶菌病与两栖动物的种群衰退

两栖类种群全球性衰退是21世纪最紧迫的环境问题之一。越来越多的证据表明壶菌(Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis)与澳大利亚、美洲北部、中部、南部及欧洲的两栖类种群衰退有关。由壶菌引起的壶菌病是变态后的无尾类所患的一种显性传染病,其令人质疑的快速传播及广泛爆发对世界范围内的两栖类种群构成重大威胁。本文对这种致病壶菌的病理学、生态学、生物地理学及其治疗方面的进展进行了综述。     

应用人工掩蔽物法监测两栖动物种群动态

人工掩蔽物法是一种取法自然而加以人工改造的两栖动物监测方法。该法利用两栖动物昼伏夜出的习性,在其栖息环境中按照一定的方式布设人工掩蔽物来吸引两栖动物栖居,从而达到白昼监测其种类和种群数量的目的。该方法主要用于监测草地、湿地、灌丛、滩涂、松林等自然掩蔽物较少的生境,作者的监测实践和有关报道的监测工作证实,此方法对于习居于这类生境中的陆生有尾类和无尾类两栖动物具有较好的监测效果。     

Anthropogenic and Ecological Drivers of Amphibian Disease (Ranavirosis)

Ranaviruses are causing mass amphibian die-offs in North America, Europe and Asia, and have been implicated in the decline of common frog (Rana temporaria) populations in the UK. Despite this, we have very little understanding of the environmental drivers of disease occurrence and prevalence. Using a long term (1992-2000) dataset of public reports of amphibian mortalities, we assess a set of potential predictors of the occurrence and prevalence of Ranavirus-consistent common frog mortality events in Britain. We reveal the influence of biotic and abiotic drivers of this disease, with many of these abiotic characteristics being anthropogenic. Whilst controlling for the geographic distribution of mortality events, disease prevalence increases with increasing frog population density, presence of fish and wild newts, increasing pond depth and the use of garden chemicals. The presence of an alternative host reduces prevalence, potentially indicating a dilution effect. Ranavirosis occurrence is associated with the presence of toads, an urban setting and the use of fish care products, providing insight into the causes of emergence of disease. Links between occurrence, prevalence, pond characteristics and garden management practices provides useful management implications for reducing the impacts of Ranavirus in the wild.     

Amphibian Population Declines in Latin America: A Synthesis1

The loss of global amphibian biodiversity has been well documented in recent years. The greatest information from Latin America came from countries such as Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, and Puerto Rico. The five papers in this special section illustrate the critical status of Latin American amphibians and further demonstrate certain commonalities of amphibian population declines within the region. These studies provide a framework by which future research and management could proceed in all tropical regions.     

海南省尖峰岭保护区海南特有两栖类分布和种群密度调查

2005年8月、10月和2006年3月、7月,4次对海南省尖峰岭自然保护区的两栖类进行了专项调查,共发现海南特有两栖类8种,样带法计算种群数量最大的是细刺蛙（681只／km^2）,依次为脆皮蛙（376只／km^2）、小湍蛙（298只／km^2）、海南溪树蛙（207只/km^2）、海南湍蛙（90只／km^2）、海南疣螈（31只／km^2）、鳞皮厚蹼蟾（12只／km^2）、眼斑小树蛙（4只／km^2）。建议保护区对这些特有种开展长期的种群数量监测和分布范围调查。     

长白山国家级自然保护区两栖类动物道路致死特征分析

为了解旅游道路交通导致的两栖类致死效应,于2007~2014年在环绕长白山国家级自然保护区的环长白山旅游公路(环区公路)、头道环区公路以及白山公路分别选取1条样线,采用直接计数法统计了交通致死的两栖类种类、数量,以及致死个体处于交通路段的位置,共统计257次,累计调查样带总长2 441 km。道路致死两栖类种类有5种,累计致死个体数为7 910只,平均致死率为3.34只/km。最容易致死的两栖类动物是中国林蛙(Rana chensinensi)、东方铃蟾(Bombina orientalis)、中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargariza),这3种动物占到致死总数的96.36%;经Moses Test检验,白山公路的致死率、头道公路的致死率及环区公路致死率均与对照土路致死率差异显著(白山公路:n=67,P=0.000;头道公路:n=76,P=0.000;环区公路:n=164,P=0.000)。白山公路与头道公路两栖类致死率差异显著(n=93,P=0.010),白山公路与环区公路的两栖类道路致死率差异显著(n=181,P=0.000);头道公路与环区公路的两栖类道路致死率差异显著(n=190,P=0.000)。两栖类道路致死高峰期在8月份,其次较集中出现在4~6月的繁殖期。从公路年度致死变化来看,2007~2014年期间除了中国林蛙和中华蟾蜍致死率呈小幅波动外,其他种类致死率总体呈下降趋势,只有日本树蟾(Hyla japonica)年度致死率差异显著(Kruskal Wallis Test:χ2=18.031,df=7,P=0.012);不同月份中华蟾蜍(Pearson:R=0.939,n=7,P=0.002)、中国林蛙(Pearson:R=0.912,n=7,P=0.004)、日本树蟾(Pearson:R=0.904,n=7,P=0.005)致死率与交通量显著相关。本研究认为,两栖类的道路致死率与两栖类种群大小、种群密度、生活史及交通量等都存在显著相关性。     

Chytridiomycosis and Amphibian Population Declines Continue to Spread Eastward in Panama

Chytridiomycosis is a globally emerging disease of amphibians and the leading cause of population declines and extirpations at species-diverse montane sites in Central America. We continued long-term monitoring efforts for the presence of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and for amphibian populations at two sites in western Panama, and we began monitoring at three new sites to the east. Population declines associated with chytridiomycosis emergence were detected at Altos de Campana National Park. We also detected Bd in three species east of the Panama Canal at Soberanía National Park, and prevalence data suggests that Bd may be enzootic in the lowlands of the park. However, no infected frogs were found further east at Tortí (prevalence <7.5% with 95% confidence). Our results suggest that Panama’s diverse and not fully described amphibian communities east of the canal are at risk. Precise predictions of future disease emergence events are not possible until factors underlying disease emergence, such as dispersal, are understood. However, if the fungal pathogen spreads in a pattern consistent with previous disease events in Panama, then detection of Bd at Tortí and other areas east of the Panama Canal is imminent. Therefore, development of new management strategies and increased precautions for tourism, recreation, and biology are urgently needed.     

Hydrologic Variability Governs Population Dynamics of a Vulnerable Amphibian in an Arid Environment

Dynamics of many amphibian populations are governed by the distribution and availability of water. Therefore, understanding the hydrological mechanisms that explain spatial and temporal variation in occupancy and abundance will improve our ability to conserve and recover populations of vulnerable amphibians. We used 16 years of survey data from intermittent mountain streams in the Sonoran Desert to evaluate how availability of surface water affected survival and adult recruitment of a threatened amphibian, the lowland leopard frog (Lithobates yavapaiensis). Across the entire study period, monthly survival of adults ranged from 0.72 to 0.99 during summer and 0.59 to 0.94 during winter and increased with availability of surface water (Z = 7.66; P < 0.01). Recruitment of frogs into the adult age class occurred primarily during winter and ranged from 1.9 to 3.8 individuals/season/pool; like survival, recruitment increased with availability of surface water (Z = 3.67; P < 0.01). Although abundance of frogs varied across seasons and years, we found no evidence of a systematic trend during the 16-year study period. Given the strong influence of surface water on population dynamics of leopard frogs, conservation of many riparian obligates in this and similar arid regions likely depends critically on minimizing threats to structures and ecosystem processes that maintain surface waters. Understanding the influence of surface-water availability on riparian organisms is particularly important because climate change is likely to decrease precipitation and increase ambient temperatures in desert riparian systems, both of which have the potential to alter fundamentally the hydrology of these systems.     

虎纹捕鸟蛛实验种群的生态观察

对虎纹捕鸟蛛在人工饲养条件下的各种生态条件进行了多方面的实验,观察和分析。结果表明,该蛛对低温的耐受能力较差,对强光呈负趋性,土壤湿度最适范围为16%-22%。土壤pH值最适范围为5.1-5.5。对噪声敏感,具较强的耐饥力和相互残杀习性。