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1.
Radka Kozáková Petr Pokorný Jan Mařík Věra Čulíková Ivana Boháčová Adéla Pokorná 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2014,23(6):701-718
In the High Middle Ages, a wave of landscape transformation which originated in western Europe swept across the east-central part of the subcontinent. In the Czech Republic, this happened during the 13th century and it had the same environmental attributes as in the rest of Europe—a considerable increase in population, vast deforestation resulting in a rapid increase in soil erosion, irreversible changes in forest species composition and overall formation of a cultural landscape. In the Czech Republic, the dynamics of such a radical change are poorly understood because it would require detailed archaeological, historical and palaeoecological insight into developments during the Early Middle Ages—a demand that is mostly not met. The aim of this paper is to fill in this gap. Archaeological and historical data from three early medieval strongholds located in central Bohemia, at Libice nad Cidlinou, Stará Boleslav and Hradi??ko, are summarized and evaluated. The first two sites represent well-known political and religious centres of the early Czech state in the 10 to 11th centuries, while the last was of secondary importance. These archaeological sites have radiocarbon dated pollen and plant macrofossil evidence from oxbow sedimentary sequences which are situated in the immediate vicinity of the strongholds. The issue of fluvial transport of pollen and macrofossils is also discussed. Both pollen and macrofossil data from Hradi??ko show surprisingly small impact of the stronghold on the forested alluvial environment. The vicinity of Stará Boleslav was intensively affected by human activity only during the later 11th century. It has not been possible to trace any impact of the foundation of the stronghold at Libice nad Cidlinou on the landscape. Medieval landscape change began before the 13th century in some places, as shown by the data from Stará Boleslav. 相似文献
2.
Karl-Ernst Behre 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》1999,8(1-2):35-48
The many excavations of medieval sites during recent years have resulted in a strong increase in archaeobotanical records including species which were used as beer additives. Since the first compilation of records by the author in 1984 relating to the two main species, namelyMyrica gale andHumulus lupulus, the number of finds has quadrupled. Distribution maps of the sites with fossil occurrence of these two species are presented and this evidence is complemented by that from written sources.M. gale seems to have been used for brewing as early as the centuries immediately before and after the birth of Christ in a small area at the Rhine estuary in the northern Netherlands. During the early and high Middle Ages there are records of this plant, in what are potentially brewing contexts, across its north-west European area of natural distribution. Written sources confirm its use in brewing as early as the tenth century. The finds ofH. lupulus indicate that this species has been used in brewing from the early Middle Ages and this hypothesis is supported by documentary evidence. Cultivation of hop began around A.D. 859. In the late Medieval period, strong competition developed between both kinds of beer, which resulted in the take-over byH. lupulus in the eighteenth century. Many other herbs of secondary importance have been used to flavour beer or to prepare medicinal beers. These are mentioned in old herbals and have been compiled in this paper. These various flavouring agents, combined with the use of all available species of cereals led to a variety of beers that is unimaginable today. 相似文献
3.
Belen Lopez Eva Garcia-Vazquez Eduardo Dopico 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2011,39(4):527-534
The aim of this study is to investigate the health impact of the introduction of new food resources into the Spanish diet
in the early Modern Age. For this purpose we compare the pathological conditions of teeth from skeletal remains dating from
the Middle (Mediaeval) Ages (11th–15th century) with others of the Modern era (16th–18th century), sampled from historic cemeteries
of north Iberia (Spain). Dental alterations like abscesses, periodontitis, calculus and dental wear, indicate oral hygiene
and habits, and linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) is considered as an indicator of nutritional status. Significant decreases
of LEH occurred in Modern Age individuals in comparison to Mediaeval values, suggesting the positive influence of increased
diversity of nutritional resources mainly due to intercontinental (America–Europe) trade. 相似文献
4.
M. Polcyn 《Plant Ecology & Diversity》2013,6(4):533-534
Summary The period between the 10th and 13th centuries isdenoted in the history of Poland as the latter part of early Middle Ages. Politically, it covers the time span marked by the foundation of the Polish state under the Piast dynasty, on the one hand, and the first attempts to unite the country after its dismemberment, on the other. Socially, the most important landmark of this era is the formation of the early feudal structure. Artistically, it is characterized by the development of the Romanesque style. Archaeological excavations carried out in numerous early mediaeval settlements and strongholds have provided rich archaeobotanical sources which allow one to trace the inter-relations between man and plants. Plant remains help one to determine which species were preferred and cultivated. 相似文献
5.
Vegetation changes and development of agriculture at „Kerfontaine“ (Sérent,Massif Armoricain,France)
Lionel Visset 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》1994,3(1):1-6
As part of a new research programme, studies of peat bogs in Brittany are being carried out to trace the changes that have occurred in the course of time, and to determine the different regional stages related to the human activities of land clearance and agriculture. In this context, a palynological study of the Kerfontaine peat bog was undertaken to consider changes in local and regional vegetation dating from after about 7800 B.P. Local vegetation history from Neolithic times until the Middle Ages involved a succession of twelve pollen zones clearly related to variations in water level resulting from natural or anthropogenic influences. The dominant vegetation was alder carr, bog-myrtle mire and birch woods. Heath vegetation, which appeared at the end of the Iron Age, developed during the Gallo-Roman period, finally invading the entire bog in the Middle Ages. Regional vegetation history was characterised, among other things, by the presence of beech woods which developed after 3000 B.P. and then declined during the Middle Ages in conjunction with an increase of cultivation between the 8th and 11th centuries A.D., an indication of great activity during the Carolingian period. Human activity reached its peak around 1800 A.D. at the time of the first pine plantations. 相似文献
6.
Otto S. Knottnerus 《Helgoland Marine Research》2005,59(1):2-8
Humans have been present in the Wadden Sea area since the end of the last ice age, but their perception of and interference with their marine environment has changed over time. In this paper, I will give an overview on the interactions between man and nature since the 6th millennium B.C., on the opportunities for human settlement as well as on restrictions posed by the maritime environment. Only after many centuries of passive adaptation did the local farming population begin to modify their immediate surroundings. They made a living as cattle breeders, supplemented this with fishing, hunting, weaving, salt production and peat digging. Efforts to transform the agricultural landscape did not start before the 11th century A.D., when the first dikes and canals were constructed. The consequences were profound. By the end of the Middle Ages, the dikes had become totally indispensable. The land under cultivation was perceived as a sacred inner world, conflicting sharply with the marine environment outside its flood-gates. This essentially dichotomous world-view held out until the 19th and early 20th centuries. As we will see, however, the actual settlement history had been marked by various gains and losses, by successes as well as by setbacks. Not only did humans destroy valuable natural resources, but they also created alternative habitats for novel species. I conclude that the initial tendency towards increasing natural and cultural diversity has been reversed during the last few centuries. Yet, mounting conservationist concerns may cause a turning-point.
相似文献
Otto S. KnottnerusEmail: Phone: +31-598-452985 |
7.
Tinde Van Andel 《Economic botany》2010,64(1):1-10
African Rice (
Oryza glaberrima
Steud.): Lost Crop of the Enslaved Africans Discovered in Suriname. African rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.) was introduced to the Americas during the slave trade years and grown by enslaved Africans for decades before mechanical
milling devices facilitated the shift towards Asian rice (O. sativa L.). Literature suggests that African rice is still grown in Guyana and French Guiana, but the most recent herbarium voucher
dates from 1938. In this paper, evidence is presented that O. glaberrima is still grown by Saramaccan Maroons both for food and ritual uses. Saramaccan informants claim their forefathers collected
their first “black rice” from a mysterious wild rice swamp and cultivated these seeds afterwards. Unmilled spikelets (grains
with their husk still attached) are sold in small quantities for ancestor offerings, and even exported to the Netherlands
to be used by Maroon immigrants. Little is known of the evolution of O. glaberrima, before and after domestication. Therefore, more research is needed on the different varieties of rice and other “lost crops”
grown by these descendants of enslaved Africans who escaped from plantations in the 17th and 18th centuries and maintained
much of their African cultural heritage in the deep rainforest. 相似文献
8.
Ilex Vomitoria
Ait. (Yaupon): A Native North American Source of a Caffeinated and Antioxidant-Rich Tea. Yaupon holly (Ilex vomitoria Ait.) is a caffeine-containing shrub native to the southeastern United States where its leaves and twigs were traditionally
used to prepare a stimulating and healthful beverage by Amerindians and more recent colonists. For a variety of mostly socioeconomic
and cultural reasons, widespread consumption of yaupon tea ceased by the late 19th century, but the species is widely used
in ornamental horticulture. Given the environmental damage associated with other caffeine crops, we believe that disuse of
this species is unfortunate, and we report on traits that consumers may consider valuable. We found that total foliar biomass,
caffeine, and antioxidant production all increased with nitrogen fertilization in one common ornamental yaupon cultivar, ‘Nana.’
Increasing light availability was associated with increased antioxidant activity but not with the decreased caffeine production
predicted by the carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis for secondary metabolite production. We also found the highest caffeine
concentrations in another yaupon cultivar, ‘Pendula,’ but suggest that the wide range of chemical variation offered by wild-type
yaupon populations renders them more suitable as sources for the development of high caffeine-producing varieties. The results
of this study suggest that yaupon is a viable caffeine alternative for North Americans living within its range on the southeastern
coastal plain. 相似文献
9.
Martes mandibles from Late Pleistocene and Holocene sites in the Middle Urals were identified to the species level using discriminant analysis. As has been shown, sable lived there in the Late Pleistocene, with its geographic range covering all this area until the end of the 18th century; however, its range started to reduce towards the north and northeast in the early 19th century. Over 150 years, the southwestern boundary of the sable range shifted by 3° to reach the current position by the mid-20th century. The pine marten appeared in the Middle Urals in the Holocene no later than 8000 years ago and inhabits this territory at present. 相似文献
10.
《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》2018,93(3):1421-1437
The number of alien plants escaping from cultivation into native ecosystems is increasing steadily. We provide an overview of the historical, contemporary and potential future roles of ornamental horticulture in plant invasions. We show that currently at least 75% and 93% of the global naturalised alien flora is grown in domestic and botanical gardens, respectively. Species grown in gardens also have a larger naturalised range than those that are not. After the Middle Ages, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries, a global trade network in plants emerged. Since then, cultivated alien species also started to appear in the wild more frequently than non‐cultivated aliens globally, particularly during the 19th century. Horticulture still plays a prominent role in current plant introduction, and the monetary value of live‐plant imports in different parts of the world is steadily increasing. Historically, botanical gardens – an important component of horticulture – played a major role in displaying, cultivating and distributing new plant discoveries. While the role of botanical gardens in the horticultural supply chain has declined, they are still a significant link, with one‐third of institutions involved in retail‐plant sales and horticultural research. However, botanical gardens have also become more dependent on commercial nurseries as plant sources, particularly in North America. Plants selected for ornamental purposes are not a random selection of the global flora, and some of the plant characteristics promoted through horticulture, such as fast growth, also promote invasion. Efforts to breed non‐invasive plant cultivars are still rare. Socio‐economical, technological, and environmental changes will lead to novel patterns of plant introductions and invasion opportunities for the species that are already cultivated. We describe the role that horticulture could play in mediating these changes. We identify current research challenges, and call for more research efforts on the past and current role of horticulture in plant invasions. This is required to develop science‐based regulatory frameworks to prevent further plant invasions. 相似文献
11.
C. Hardy C. Callou J. -D. Vigne D. Casane N. Dennebouy J. -C. Mounolou M. Monnerot 《Journal of molecular evolution》1995,40(3):227-237
The mitochondrial genetic variability in European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) populations present in Europe and North Africa from 11,000 years ago to the present day has been analyzed using ancient DNA techniques. DNA was extracted from 90 rabbit bones found in 22 archaeological sites dated between the Mesolithic and recent times. Nucleotide sequences present in a variable 233-bp domain of the cytochrome b gene were compared to those present in modern-day rabbits. The results show that the structure of ancient populations of wild rabbit exhibited remarkable stability over time until the Middle Ages. At this time, a novel type of mtDNA molecule abruptly appears into most wild populations studied from France. This mtDNA type corresponds to that currently present in the domestic breeds of rabbit examined so far. The relative rapidity by which this mtDNA type established and its absence in all sites examined before 1,700 years ago lend support to the hypothesis that between 2,000 and 1,000 years ago, man may have favored the development, into all regions of France, of animals carrying this particular mtDNA molecule. The origin of such animals has still to be found: animals previously living outside of France or within France but in very restricted areas? This event was concomitant with the documented establishment of warrens after the tenth century a.d. in Europe. 相似文献
12.
Geoffrey R. Dixon 《Journal of Plant Growth Regulation》2009,28(3):194-202
The significance of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin and clubroot disease which it incites in members of the family Brassicaceae is reviewed as the focus for this special
edition of the Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. This is a monographic treatment of recent research into the pathogen and disease; previous similar treatments are now well
over half a century old. Vernacular nomenclature of the disease indicates that it had a well-established importance in agriculture
and horticulture from at least the Middle Ages onward in Europe and probably earlier. Subsequently, the pathogen probably
spread worldwide as a result of transfer on and in fodder taken by colonists as livestock feed. It is a moot point, however,
whether there was much earlier spread by P. brassicae into China and subsequently Japan as Brassica rapa (Chinese cabbage and many variants) colonized those lands in archaeological time. Symptoms, worldwide distribution, and economic
impact are briefly described here to provide a basis for understanding subsequent papers. Clubroot disease devastates both
infected field and protected vegetable and agricultural Brassica crops. Particular importance is placed on recent reports of crop losses in tropical countries, albeit where the crops are
grown in cooler altitudes, and in the Canadian prairie land canola crops. The latter is of enormous importance because this
crop is the single most important and essential source of vegetable oils used in human foodstuffs and in industrial lubricants
where mineral oils are inappropriate. 相似文献
13.
Laura I. Kooistra 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2008,17(1):113-125
Botanical investigation of archaeological sites situated in the northwest of the region bounded by the rivers Maas, Scheldt
and Demer (‘MSD region’), west of the city of Breda, has provided a great deal of evidence about the landscape and its use
in the period between 2000 b.c. and a.d. 1500. From pollen analysis, it appears that this cover-sand area gradually lost its woodlands through human activity after
the beginning of the Bronze Age (ca. 2000 b.c.). Patches of woodland did survive there, however, until the early Middle Ages. In contrast to the cover-sand area in the
vicinity of ’s-Hertogenbosch and Oss-Ussen in the northeast of the MSD region, the first large heathlands in the Breda area
did not evolve until the early Middle Ages. In late prehistory, land use in this area was not much different from that in
the micro-region of ’s-Hertogenbosch and Oss-Ussen. In the Bronze Age, Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare (hulled six-row barley) and Triticum dicoccon (emmer wheat) were grown. During the Iron Age, Panicum miliaceum (common millet) and T. spelta (spelt wheat) were introduced, but these crops disappeared during the Roman period. The Roman period is remarkable because
of the lack of any Mediterranean culinary herbs or exotic fruits. Only pollen of Juglans regia (walnut), found around the transition from the Roman period to the early Middle Ages, indicates the introduction of an exotic
tree into the region. From the early Middle Ages onwards, Secale cereale (rye) was the most important cereal, which was grown as a winter crop. In the course of the Middle Ages, arable weeds of
the Sclerantho annui-Arnoseridetum plant community appeared, which is associated with the continuous growing of rye. 相似文献
14.
Wall Pellitory as a Glass Cleaning Material in the Land of Israel in the Middle Ages This article describes the unique uses of the plant wall pellitory (Parietaria judaica L.), as based on Arabic sources from the Middle Ages. These sources reveal that this plant was used in Israel for producing
alkaline substances, in general, and material to clean glass, in particular. Examination of the plant’s composition demonstrates
that it contains sodium and potassium in high concentrations, even in comparison with salt flat vegetation (desert and coastal),
such as prickly saltworts (Salsola kali L.), which were known in the ancient world as a source of cleaning materials. Thus, corroboration was found for the information
obtained from the historical sources. 相似文献
15.
I. V. Murav’ev E. A. Artem’eva I. R. Beme 《Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin》2014,69(3):130-137
Analysis of literature data on the distribution and ecology of the yellow wagtail Motacilla citreola Pallas, 1776 (Passeriformes, Motacillidae, Motacillinae), was performed at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Its current abundance has been estimated. Distribution patterns of the species at the studied territory within the European part of Russia, including the Middle Volga region, have been revealed. 相似文献
16.
Frédéric Surmely Yannick Miras Pascal Guenet Violaine Nicolas Aurélie Savignat Boris Vannière Anne-Véronique Walter-Simonnet Gabriel Servera Stéfan Tzortzis 《Comptes Rendus Palevol》2009,8(8):737-748
A multidisciplinary investigation combining archaeological and palaeoecological approaches (pollen, micro-charcoal, major elements geochemistry, and radiocarbon data) has been carried out since 2000 in the southern Cantal (French Massif Central) in order to achieve a better understanding of the environmental/anthropogenic interactions in a mountain ecosystem ranging from 1000 to 1600 m a.s.l. from the Mid-Holocene to the end of Modern Times. This medium mountain area must be considered as a complex landscape shaped during a long-term land-use history. Pollen and archaeological evidences suggest a human frequentation as early as the beginning of the 6th millennium BC. For the following periods, different stages related to the human settlement and anthropogenic activities of land clearance and agro-pastoralism have been documented: the final Neolithic/Early Bronze Age and the Roman period (mainly the 3rd and 4th centuries AD). Middle Ages (between the 10th and the 12th centuries AD) and Modern Times (since the 14th–16th centuries AD) appear to be two key phases revealing complex spatial patterns of land-use. 相似文献
17.
Yves Gleize Fanny Mendisco Marie-Hélène Pemonge Christophe Hubert Alexis Groppi Bertrand Houix Marie-France Deguilloux Jean-Yves Breuil 《PloS one》2016,11(2)
The rapid Arab-Islamic conquest during the early Middle Ages led to major political and cultural changes in the Mediterranean world. Although the early medieval Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula is now well documented, based in the evaluation of archeological and historical sources, the Muslim expansion in the area north of the Pyrenees has only been documented so far through textual sources or rare archaeological data. Our study provides the first archaeo-anthropological testimony of the Muslim establishment in South of France through the multidisciplinary analysis of three graves excavated at Nimes. First, we argue in favor of burials that followed Islamic rites and then note the presence of a community practicing Muslim traditions in Nimes. Second, the radiometric dates obtained from all three human skeletons (between the 7th and the 9th centuries AD) echo historical sources documenting an early Muslim presence in southern Gaul (i.e., the first half of 8th century AD). Finally, palaeogenomic analyses conducted on the human remains provide arguments in favor of a North African ancestry of the three individuals, at least considering the paternal lineages. Given all of these data, we propose that the skeletons from the Nimes burials belonged to Berbers integrated into the Umayyad army during the Arab expansion in North Africa. Our discovery not only discusses the first anthropological and genetic data concerning the Muslim occupation of the Visigothic territory of Septimania but also highlights the complexity of the relationship between the two communities during this period. 相似文献
18.
《Plains anthropologist》2013,58(62):344-349
AbstractProjectiles from nine Middle Missouri tradition sites in two contiguous archaeological regions are analyzed. These sites date from the 12th to 17th centuries. Discriminant Analysis was used to cluster sites on the basis of similarities in projectile size and shape. The site groupings provided by this analysis crosscut geographic boundaries, suggesting that the variation is not due to local manufacturing practices; rather, the noted differences probably reflect pattern changing through time. 相似文献
19.
Radial and ulnar ridge counts on each of the 10 fingers, total finger ridge count, bilateral summed radial and ulnar finger
ridge counts, an index of asymmetry between homologous fingers and two indices of intraindividual diversity of finger ridge
counts were used to identify biological relationships among Sardinian linguistic groups. Stepwise discriminant analysis of
26 digital traits of 1258 Sardinians, 647 females and 611 males, was carried out. The results indicate high intergroup heterogeneity;
moreover, with p≤0.01 as F-to-enter and p≤0.05 as F-to-remove, only 5 of the 26 digital variables are in the model (URC R5,
RRC L5, RRC R5, URC R4, URC L5). The pattern of interpopulation biological relationships shows a clearly distinct position
of the Gallurian group (both males and females), which speaks an Italian dialect. It originated mainly from Corsican immigration
to the Gallura region starting from the XVII century. While the properly Sardinian linguistic groups (Campidanian and Logudorian)
and the Sassarian group, which speaks an Italian dialect that developed as a “lingua franca” during the Middle Ages (XII–XIV
centuries) due to linguistic contact between Sardinians and Italians, are positioned close to one another. This pattern agrees
more with the ethno-historical back-ground than with the linguistic one. 相似文献
20.
A Nitschke 《Anthropologischer Anzeiger; Bericht über die biologisch-anthropologische Literatur》1989,47(1):51-55
The paper touches the problem which of the results of historical anthropology having aroused much attention over the past years require more scepticism than has usually been assumed, i.e. the function of the nurses during the Middle Ages and the different way of life of children and adolescents between birth and the age of fifteen. Subsequently, some examples are adduced to show during which centuries of the Middle Ages a fear of future diseases of the children was wide-spread and during which centuries contacts among men and children in the course of their early years were especially close. 相似文献