Coccidia of Brazilian edentates: Eimeria cyclopei n.sp. from the silky anteater,Cyclopes didactylus (Linn.) and Eimeria choloepi n.sp. from the two-toed sloth,Choloepus didactylus (Linn.)

Summary Eimeria cyclopei n.sp. is described from the silky anteater, Cyclopes didactylus, from Pará State, north Brazil. Undifferentiated oocysts, passed in the faeces, complete sporulation in seven days at 26 to 28°C. Oocysts are ellipsoidal to sub-spherical, with a mean size of 28.1 × 23.6 m: the wall is 1.5 to 2.0 m thick, apparently with an outer thin, colourless membrane and two inner, thicker, striated and yellowish layers. There is no micropyle, oocyst residuum or polar body. The mean measurements of sporocysts are 19.0 × 9.0 m, and they are slightly asymmetrical, elongate pear-shape, with a plug-shaped Steida body projecting beyond the end of the sporocyst. Sporozoites are as long as or longer than the sporocysts: The sporocyst residuum is scattered between sporozoites in younger specimens and becomes condensed into rounded mass in older ones. The endogenous stages occur in the epithelial cells of the ileum, on the lumenal side of the host-cell nucleus. Uninucleate meront, microgamont and macrogamont precursors are recognizable morphologically. Mature meronts are 20.0 × 15.7 m some produce 12 to 20 merozoites which are 8.7 × 2.0 m, and others 10 to 26 merozoites which are 11.4 × 2.0 to 15.0 × 3.0 m. Mature microgamonts which are 27.5 × 24.1 m, produce from 150 to 170 microgametes of 7.1 × 1.0 m: microgametes have two flagella of unequal length. Mature macrogamonts are 28.4 × 24.5 m Eimeria choloepi n.sp. is recorded from the two-toed sloth, Choloepus didactylus, from the same area of Brazil. Undifferentiated oocysts, passed in the faeces, complete sporulation in 23 days at 26 to 28°C. Oocysts with a mean size of 23.0 × 20.3 m, have a wall 2.0 to 2.5 m thick which is composed of two thick, yellowish and striated outer layers and a delicate, colourless inner one. There is no micropyle, oocyst residuum or polar granule. Mature sporocysts with a mean size of 11.3 × 7.1 m, are ellipsoidal to egg-shaped and have a poorly developed Steida body. The sporocyst residuum is composed of a small number of large globules: The sporozoites are longer than the sporocyst and strongly recurved. The endogenous stages occur in epithelial cells of the ileum, on the lumenal side of the host-cell nucleus. Dimorphic meronts produce 8 to 18 merozoites which are either 13.0 × 2.0 m or 13.0 × 3.0 m. Microgamonts produce 50 to 80 microgametes of 8.0 × 1.0 m. Mature macrogamonts are 18.3 × 17.9 m. ac]19820212     

Coral growth in high-nutrient,low-pH seawater: a case study of corals cultured at the Waikiki Aquarium,Honolulu, Hawaii

Fifty-seven species of hermatypic corals have been maintained and grown in high-nutrient seawater at the Waikiki Aquarium, Honolulu, Hawaii. In this study we document the chemical conditions of aquarium water in terms of dissolved nutrients and carbon. Aquarium water is characterized by concentrations of inorganic nutrients that are high relative to most natural reef ecosystems: SiO₃ 200 M; PO₄ 0.6 M; NO₃ 5 M; NH₄ 2 M. In contrast, concentrations of organic nutrients are lower than most tropical surface ocean waters: DOP 0.1 M and DON 4 M. The incoming well-water servicing the facility has low pH, crating over-saturation of carbon dioxide. The coral communities in aquaria took up inorganic nutrients and released organic nutrients. Rates of nutrient uptake into aquaria coral communities were similar to nutrient uptake by natural reef communities. Coral growth rates were near the upper rates reported from the field, demonstrating corals can and do flourish in relatively high-nutrient water. The growth of corals does not appear to be inhibited at concentrations of nitrogen up to 5 M. Statements implying that corals can only grow in low nutrient oligotrophic seawater are therefore oversimplifications of processes that govern growth of these organisms. Some basic guidelines are given for maintenance of coral communities in aquaria.     

Geochemical controls for Al, Fe, Mn, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn during experimental acidification and recovery of Little Rock Lake, WI, USA

Concentrations of Al, Fe, Mn, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were measured in thereference and treatment basins of Little Rock Lake (Vilas County, Wisconsin), alow-alkalinity, seepage system (pH 6.1, alkalinity25eq/L) during six years of a whole-basinacidificationand the first four years of the lake's recovery. The treatment basin wasacidified with H₂SO₄ in three two-year steps to pH5.6, 5.1, and 4.7. By the end of year 4 of recovery, treatmentbasin pH increased to 5.3 as a result of internal alkalinity generation.During acidification, dissolved Mn and Fe (0.4mpore-size filters) increased at pH 5.6; dissolved Al, Cd, and Zn becameelevated at pH 5.1; and dissolved Pb at pH 4.7. Dissolved Cu remainedsimilar in both basins to pH 4.7. Al, Fe and Mn levels declinedsignificantly during the recovery period, approaching values at pH 5.3intermediate between the concentrations at pH 5.6 and 5.1 during acidification.Dissolved Al and Fe in the reference basin were near the equilibrium levels forsolubility of gibbsite (Al(OH)₃) and amorphousFe(OH)₃(s).The acidified basin was undersaturated relative to gibbsite, and dissolved Alwas limited by pH disequilibrium between the water column and sediments andpossibly by Al-DOC precipitation. Dissolved Fe apparently was controlled bysolubility of amorphous Fe(OH)₃(s) and Fe-DOC precipitation.Dissolved Mn levels in both basins were consistent with manganite[-MnOOH(s)] solubility. Elevated levels of Cd, Pb, and Zn in thetreatment basin during acidification probably resulted from less efficientscavenging of atmospherically-deposited Cd, Pb, and Zn by settling particles.     

Identification of a specific protein in the mitochondrial fraction of the rat heart whose phosphorylation is inhibited by taurine

Summary It was previously reported that the mitochondrial fraction of the rat heart contained a specific protein with a molecular weight of approximately 44kDa whose phosphorylation was inhibited by taurine (Lombardini,1994a). Isolation of the 44kDa phosphoprotein on a 1-dimensional polyacrylamide gel using traditional glycine buffers followed by re-electrophoresing the cut out proportion of the gel which corresponds to the 44kDa protein on a tricine-buffered gel resulted in sufficient pure protein for sequence analysis. The results indicate that the 44kDa phosphoprotein is pyruvate dehydrogenase.     

Lipase-mediated homotopic and heterotopic double resolutions of a planar chiral organometallic alcohol

Summary (±)-Tricarbonyl ⁶-3-methylbenzyl alcohol)chromium was resolved to of 100%e.e. and of 92%e.e. by lipase-catalyzed transesterifications arranged in homotopic and heterotopic double resolutions.     

Laboratory culture studies of Trichodesmium isolated from the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon, Australia

Cultures of Trichodesmium from the Northern and Southern Great Barrier Reef Lagoon (GBRL) have been established in enriched seawater and artificial seawater media. Some cultures have been maintained with active growth for over 6years. Actively growing cultures in an artificial seawater medium containing organic phosphorus (glycerophosphate) as the principal source of phosphorus have also been established. Key factors that contributed to the successful establishment of cultures were firstly, the seed samples were collected from depth, secondly, samples were thoroughly washed and thirdly, incubations were conducted under relatively low light intensities (PAR 40–50molquantam^–2s^–1). N₂ fixation rates of the cultured Trichodesmium were found to be similar to those measured in the GBRL. Specific growth rates of the cultures during the exponential growth phase in all enriched media were in the range 0.2–0.3day^–1 and growth during this phase was characterised by individual trichomes (filaments) or small aggregations of two to three trichomes. Characteristic bundle formation tended to occur following the exponential growth phase, which suggests that the bundle formation was induced by a lack of a necessary nutrient e.g. Fe. Results from some exploratory studies showed that filament-dominated cultures of Trichodesmium grew over a range of relatively low irradiances (PAR 5–120molquantam^–2s^–1) with the maximum growth occurring at 40–50molquantam^–2s^–1. These results suggest that filaments of the tested strain are well adapted for growth at depth in marine waters. Other studies showed that growth yields were dependent on salinity, with maximum growth occurring between 30 and 37psu. Also the cell yields decreased by an order of magnitude with the reduction of Fe additions from 450 to 45nM. No active growth was observed with the 4.5nM Fe addition.     

A model of associative memory in the brain

A model of associative memory for time varying spatial patterns is proposed and simulated on a digital computer. This is a network composed of many neuron-like elements, and shows an ability for associative memory similar to that of the brain.Suppose a number of sequences of spatial patterns are presented to this network, for example, 12345, ABC, and so on. Then, these patterns are memorized in the network. After that, if any part of one of these sequences, say 23, is presented to the circuit, the rest of the sequence, 45, is recalled following to it. It resembles to such a situation — if we hear a part of a melody which we have memorized in the past, the rest of the melody is recalled even after it is stopped half-way. Although the recalled patterns are not always 100% correct, they are not completely destroyed even if the presented patterns are imperfect.     

Myosatellite cells associated with different muscle fibre types in the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa,L.)

Summary The incidence of myosatellite cells associated with white and red muscle fibres of the parietal muscle and red fibres of the craniovelar muscle was estimated by quantitative electron microscopy in the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.). Myosatellite cell nuclei constitute 3, 11 and 23 % of the total number of nuclei inside the basal lamina of the three types of muscle fibres, respectively. However, the total number of nuclei is highest in white fibres, most of the nuclei belonging to striated muscle cells. Myosatellite cell profiles in transverse sections constitute 23, 41 and 61 % of the number of muscle fibre profiles of the three types, respectively. The intervals between adjacent myosatellite cells are 135 m in white fibres, 55 m in red parietal fibres, and only 25 m in craniovelar fibres. Since craniovelar fibres are also comparatively thin, myosatellite cells constitute a significant fraction of the volume inside the basal lamina in these fibres. The myosatellite cells are 30–50 m long and up to 5 m thick. Some myosatellite cells possess few organelles, whereas others appear to contain many free ribosomes, granular endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi apparatus and lysosome-like bodies.This investigation was supported by the Norwegian Research Council for Science and the Humanities (NAVF grant No. C20.30–37). The authors are indebted to Jorunn Line Vaaland and Berit Branil for technical assistance, and to Dr. Finn Walvig, Biological Station, University of Oslo, Drøbak, for supplying the hagfish     

Effect of PPX1 inactivation on the exopolyphosphatase spectra in cytosol and mitochondria of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Inactivation of PPX1 encoding exopolyphosphatase PPX1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae results in a change in the exopolyphosphatase spectrum in the yeast cells. In the PPX1-deficient strain, elimination of an 45 kD exopolyphosphatase is observed in the cytosol, and activity of an exopolyphosphatase with molecular mass of 830 kD increases fivefold. The latter activity differs greatly in properties from the low-molecular-mass enzyme of the parent strain. In the soluble fraction of the mutant mitochondria, exopolyphosphatase of 45 kD characteristic of the soluble mitochondrial fraction in the parent strain is eliminated, and exopolyphosphatase with a molecular mass of 440 to 830 kD is found. On PPX1 inactivation, a membrane-bound form of mitochondrial exopolyphosphatase is unaffected in its activity level and properties. Therefore, the membrane-bound exopolyphosphatase of mitochondria and the high-molecular-mass enzyme of the cytosol of S. cerevisiae are not encoded by the PPX1 gene, unlike the soluble low-molecular-mass exopolyphosphatase of mitochondria, which is probably a product of this gene with a posttranslational modification. In the PPX1 mutant, exopolyphosphatase properties in the cell as a whole undergo modifications including the ability to hydrolyze polyphosphates (polyP) with different polymer degree.     

Synthesis of nanophase hydroxyapatite by a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Serratia</Emphasis> sp. from waste-water containing inorganic phosphate

Synthesis of nanophase hydroxyapatite (HA) on a bacterial surface was achieved at the expense of CaCl₂ and inorganic phosphate (Pi). After initial nucleation, calcium was precipitated on and around the cells as calcium phosphate at the expense of inorganic phosphate in the challenge solution, with no precipitation in cell-free controls. HA was also biomanufactured using inorganic phosphate ions scavenged from a phosphate-containing waste-water. With additional Ca²⁺, the concentration of phosphate was decreased from 0.27 (25ppm) to 0.02m (2ppm) in the waste-water. Crystals of calcium phosphate manufactured by the cells were located by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and identified as HA by X-ray powder diffraction, with an average crystal size calculated as 25nm. Possible application of bioHA as a biomaterial and implications for one-step `waste-into product' are discussed.     

Nucleotide sequence and expression of the two genes encoding D2 protein and the single gene encoding the CP43 protein of Photosystem II in the cyanobacterium synechococcus sp. PCC 7002

The unicellular photoheterotrophic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 was shown to encode two genes for the Photosystem II reaction center core protein D2 and one gene for the reaction center chlorophyhll-binding protein CP43. These three genes were cloned and their DNA sequences determined along with their flanking DNA sequences. Northern hybridization experiments show that both genes which encode D2, psbD1 and psbD2, are expressed at roughly equivalent levels. For each of the two psbD genes, there are 18 nucleotide differences among the 1059 nucleotides which are translated. The DNA sequences surrounding the coding sequences are nearly 70% divergent. Despite the DNA sequence differences in the genes, the proteins encoded by the two genes are predicted to be identical. The proteins encoded by psbD1 and psbD2 are 92% homologous to other sequenced cyanobacterial psbD genes and 86% homologous to sequenced chloroplast-encoded psbD genes.The single gene for CP43, psbC, overlaps the 3 end of psbD1 and is co-transcribed with it. Results from previous sequencing of psbC genes encoded by chloroplasts suggest that the 5 end of the psbC gene overlaps the 3 end of the coding sequence of psbD by 50 nucleotides. In Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, the methionine codon previously proposed to be the start codon for psbC is replaced by an ACG (threonine) codon. We propose an alternative start for the psbC gene at a GTG codon 36 nucleotides downstream from the threonine codon. This GTG codon is preceded by a consensus E. coli-like ribosome binding sequence. Both the GTG start codon and its preceding ribosome binding sequence are conserved in all psbC genes sequenced from cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. This suggests that all psbC genes start at this alternative GTG codon. Based on this alternative start codon, the gene product is 85% identical to other cyanobacterial psbC gene products and 77% identical to eucaryotic chloroplast-encoded psbC gene products.     

Pepsin fragmentation of botulinum type E neurotoxin: Isolation and characterization of 112, 48, 46, and 16 kD fragments

Controlled digestion of 150 kD single chain botulinum type E neurotoxin with pepsin atpH 6.0 produced 112, 48, 46, and 16 kD fragments. These were chromatographically purified; their locations in the 1300 amino acid residue long neurotoxin were determined by identifying the amino terminal 10 residues of 112 and 48 kD fragments, 50 residues of 46 kD fragment, and 59 residues of 16 kD fragment. The 48 and 112 kD fragments contain the N-terminal segment of the neurotoxin (i.e., residue no. 1 to 425 and 1 to 990, respectively), the 46 kD fragment corresponds to 407 residues of the C-terminal region, and the 16 kD fragment contains the 140 residues from a segment nearer to the C-terminus. The 48 kD fragment is similar to the 50 kD N-terminal light chain of the 150 kD dichain neurotoxin, which is generated by tryptic cleavage of the 150 kD single chain neurotoxin, and is separated from the 100 kD C-terminal heavy chain by dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction of an intrachain disulfide bond in the presence of 2 M urea (Sathyamoorthy and DasGupta,J. Biol. Chem. 260, 10461, 1985). The pepsin-generated 48 kD fragment, unlike the light chain, was isolated without exposure to DTT and urea. The single chain 112 kD fragment following trypsin digestion yielded 48 and 60 kD fragments that were separable after DTT reduction of the intrachain disulfide which links them. The N-terminal residues of the smaller fragment were identical to that of the single chain 150 kD neurotoxin; the single chain 112 kD fragment is therefore the neurotoxin minus the 50 kD C-terminal half of the heavy chain. The biological activities of the 48 and 112 kD fragments can be demonstrated in permeabilized PC12 cells (Lomnethet al., J. Neurochem. 57, 1413, 1991); they inhibit norepinephrine release.     

Further cytogenetic analyses of the Croatian triploid shallot “Ljutika” (Allium cepa var.viviparum, Alliaceae) and its comparison with the Indian triploid “Pran”

Feulgen and silver-stained karyotypes and meiosis of two triploid viviparous onion forms (Allium cepa var.viviparum), the Croatian Ljutika and the Indian Pran, were comparatively analyzed. The results of chromosome measurements show that Ljutika and Pran are karyologically not identical, although significant similarities were found in the morphology of their chromosomes. Five geographically distant clones of Ljutika showed good agreement in the number and gross morphology of the chromosomes and in the number and position of NORs and interphase nucleoli. Heterotrivalents were predominant in meiosis of Ljutika but a relatively high frequency of higher multivalents together with univalents and bivalents were also observed. The relationship between Ljutika and Pran and their possible origin are discussed.     

Ultrastructure of four types of striated muscle fibers in the atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa,L.)

Summary Four types of striated muscle fibers with distinctive ultrastructure were defined in the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.): white, intermediate, and red fibers of m. parietalis, and red fibers of m. craniovelaris.White fibers are thick, contain very few mitochondria and fat vacuoles, and possess distinct and separate myofibrils with thin Z-disks and distinct M-lines. Intermediate fibers are thinner, possess largely similar myofibrils that often are even better separated due to a higher content of fat vacuoles and especially mitochondria and glycogen granules. Red fibers of m. parietalis contain large amounts of mitochondria, fat vacuoles, and glycogen granules. Their myofibrils possess M-lines, and although branching more, the myofibrils of red fibers conform with a Fibrillenstruktur pattern like those of white and intermediate fibers. Red fibers of m. craniovelaris are very thin, possess many smaller fat vacuoles, and large amounts of mitochondria and glycogen granules. The myofibrils are significantly thinner than in m. parietalis fibers, run as quite independent well separated units, possess thicker Z-disks, and lack M-lines. Large amounts of myosatellite cells are associated with these red fibers.Triads are located near A/I-junctions in all four fiber types and occur irregularly, the density of triads being different in the various fiber types.We are indebted to Dr. Finn Walvig, Biological Station, University of Oslo, Drøbak, for supply of hagfishes, and we also wish to thank Dr. Jan K. S. Jansen, Institute of Physiology, University of Oslo, for valuable suggestions during this study.     

Discards of the Algarve (southern Portugal) crustacean trawl fishery

This paper presents the first Holocene continuous record from the southern Bolivian Altiplano. In this area, the climate is now characterized by weak summer monsoon rains. The record is located north of Salar de Uyuni in a non-glacial valley (Rio Baja). Between 11600 and 2210 cal year BP, the rivers accumulated fine deposits, while under the present climatic conditions, the fine particles are carried downstream by strong water floods. These deposits contain a rich diatom flora showing that the valley floor was occupied by paleowetlands. Water input needed to be more or less continuous to explain that the paleowetlands survived over a long period of time. We show that diatoms can be used to reconstruct the relative variations in the water level and the salinity throughout time, despite of the spatial complexity of this type of environment. During the Holocene, the water level was low except during some periods, dated 11600–9800, 6330–5300, and 3110–2210 cal year BP. Saline and freshwater microhabitats were simultaneously present in the valley floor as indicated by a mixed diatom flora evidenced throughout the record. We propose a paleoclimatic scenario based on the assumption that the NE wet atmospheric flow of the monsoon was replaced by the westerlies of the southern hemisphere at the latitude of the study site.     

Immature erythroid cells with novel morphology and cytoskeletal organization in adultXenopus

Summary Nucleated erythrocytes of non-mammalian vertebrates are a useful model system for studying the correlation between changes in cell shape and cytoskeletal organization during cellular morphogenesis. They are believed to transform from spheres to flattened discs to ellipsoids. Our previous work on developing erythroblasts suggested that pointed cells containing incomplete, pointed marginal bands (MBs) of microtubules might be intermediate stages in the larval axolotl. To test whether the occurrence of such pointed cells was characteristic of amphibian erythrogenesis, we have utilized phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-induced anemia in adultXenopus. In this system, circulating erythrocytes are destroyed and replaced by erythroblasts that differentiate in the blood, making them experimentally accessible. Thus, we followed the time-course of morphological and cytoskeletal changes in the new erythroid population during recovery. During days 7–9 post-PHZ, pointed cells did indeed begin to appear, as did spherical and discoidal cells. The percentage of pointed cells peaked at days 11–13 in different animals, subsequently declining as the percentage of elliptical cells increased. Since degenerating old erythrocytes were still present when pointed cells appeared, we tested directly whether pointed ones were old or new cells. Blood was removed via the dorsal tarsus vein, and the erythrocytes washed, fluorescently tagged, and re-injected. In different animals, 2–8% of circulating erythrocytes were labeled. Subsequent to induction of anemia in these frogs, time-course sampling showed that no pointed cells were labeled, identifying them as new cells. Use of propidium iodide revealed large nuclei and cytoplasmic staining indicative of immaturity, and video-enhanced phase contrast and anti-tubulin immunofluorescence showed that the pointed cells contained pointed MBs. The results show that pointed cells, containing incomplete, pointed MBs are a consistent feature of amphibian erythrogenesis. These cells may represent intermediate stages in the formation of elliptical erythrocytes.Abbreviations MB marginal band - MS membrane skeleton - PHZ phenylhydrazine     

Fromβ-lactams toα- andβ-amino acid derived peptides

Summary The potential of-lactams as intermediates for the access to- and-amino acid-derived peptides is shortly reviewed, with major focus on the technologies developed in our group. The two general strategies lie, on one side, in the oxidative ring expansion of 3-hydroxy-lactams toN-carboxy-amino acid anhydrides or Leuch's anhydrides and subsequent coupling with-amino acid esters and, on the other side, in the nucleophilic ring opening ofN-Boc--lactams. Both approaches have been successfully applied to the synthesis of,-diamino acid,-amino--hydroxy acid, polyhydroxylated-amino acid,,-disubstituted-amino acid,-amino acid,-amino--hydroxy acid and,-disubstituted-amino acid derived peptides. Because of the mild reaction conditions needed for the above transformations and the highly stereoselective procedures employed for the construction of the starting-lactam ring, the whole process allows the production of optically pure final products.     

Efficient secretion of human lysozyme from the yeast, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kluyveromyces lactis</Emphasis>

Efficient secretion of human lysozyme from the yeast, Kluyveromyces lactis, was achieved by using more stable vectors in the order of S11 replication origin-containing episomal vector < full-length K. lactis plasmid pKD1-containing vector < centromeric vector < chromosome-integrated vectors. Cells containing a PGK (phosphoglycerate kinase) promoter-driven integration vector grown in non-selective rich medium achieved the highest level of secretion, 100 g lysozyme secretion ml ^–1 culture: this level was 10-fold higher than that achieved by episomal vectors. An additional copy of the protein disulfide isomerase gene further facilitated the secretion.     

Structure of root nodules formed by Rhizobium on the non-legume Trema cannabina var. scabra

The structure of the nodules formed by Rhizobium on the non-legume Trema cannabina var. scabra was studied using the light microscope. The overall features of the nodules showed greater resemblance to the non-legume rather than the legume nodule. Nodule squashes yielded bundles of infection threads and bacteroids with morphological differences from rhizobial cells grown on yeast-mannitol-glucose agar. Two types of cell infection occurred within the bacterial zone; plant cells were either, like legumes, filled with rhizobia released from the infection threads (less than one third of infected cells) or were filled with the extensive growth and development of the infection thread. The rate of nitrogen fixation in the Trema nodule was high. It seemed that host cells filled with threads were active in N fixation.     

α-and β-Glycosidases in maize roots

Four glycosidases were analyzed in 10 mm apical segments prepared from growing roots (15 mm) of Zea mays L. The pH optima were found to be 5.8 for -glucosidase, 4.4 for -galactosidase, 6.4 for -glucosidase and 6.0 for -galactosidase. The -glucosidase showed 4-fold higher activity than the -galactosidase. The distribution of the -glucosidase activity was signifcantly different from that of the -galactosidase, -glucosidase and -galactosidase.Abbreviations -Glu -glucosidase - -Gal -galactosidase - -Glu -glucosidase - -Gal -galactosidase