印度尼西亚输华植物产品截获的有害生物情况分析

【目的】印度尼西亚与我国有着多元素的农产品贸易往来,通过统计印度尼西亚输华植物及植物产品所携带的有害生物,分析其对我国农产品进出口的影响,能为应对印度尼西亚技术性贸易措施提供思路,并为我国农产品企业"走出去"提供参考。【方法】经动植物检验检疫信息资源共享服务平台查询,统计印度尼西亚输华植物及植物产品所携带的有害生物类别、截获途径及截获地区。【结果】我国在印度尼西亚输华植物及植物产品中检出有害生物共计2512种96958批,鉴定至种且检出超过1000批次的有害生物共计14种,检疫性有害生物共计72种5286批。昆虫类有害生物占比达78.5%,检疫性昆虫达65.2%。【结论】在首要做好木材类有害生物检疫的同时,也需警惕一些非检疫性的仓储害虫,保持并加强南方各省份港口的有害生物查验力度,加强印度尼西亚输华货物的检疫。     

A SCAR-based method for rapid identification of four major lepidopterous stored-product pests

Since Taiwan became a World Trade Organization member in 2002, large quantities of grain have been imported from different countries, and insect pests are frequently intercepted from these imported commodities in quarantine inspection. Because most insects are intercepted as immature forms, morphological identification is problematic; therefore, we developed a DNA identification method based on a sequence-characterized amplified region- polymerase chain reaction (SCAR-PCR). Three sets of multiplex SCAR-PCR mixtures, namely SCAR-I, -II, and -III, were developed with each set composed of four species-specific primer pairs derived from the genomic DNA of four major lepidopterous stored-product pests: Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton), Cadra cautella (Walker), Sitotroga cerealella Oliver, and Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). The SCAR-I amplicons of C. cephalonica, C. cautella, S. cerealella, and P. interpunctella were 205, 550, 324, 382 bp, respectively, while those of SCAR-II were 341, 565, 261, and 170 bp, and those of SCAR-III were 514, 555, 445, and 299 bp. These multiplex PCR mixtures could sensitively and unambiguously detect and identify in approximately 5 h individuals among the four lepidopterous pests intercepted in imported stored-products. In summary, the SCAR-PCR method we developed represents a rapid, sensitive and accurate technique for identifying insect species of stored products in plant quarantine operation.     

中国进境水果携带粉蚧疫情分析(2013—2016)

【目的】中国是水果生产大国和进口大国。水果是最容易携带虫害的产品之一,粉蚧是口岸水果检疫过程中常发现的害虫类群,中国口岸每年从进境水果截获大量粉蚧。通过分析中国进境水果携带粉蚧疫情,可为一线口岸检疫查验提供指导,为相关部门开展产地检疫和口岸监测提供依据,以防止危险性粉蚧的传入,保障中国水果生产安全,促进国际水果贸易健康发展。【方法】通过FAO网站、动植物检验检疫信息资源共享服务平台、中国知网等收集中国进境水果贸易数据及其携带粉蚧疫情,统计分析了中国水果进口贸易情况、粉蚧截获情况以及截获粉蚧的种类、来源地、截获口岸和寄主。【结果】2013—2016年,中国口岸从进境水果上截获的昆虫中粉蚧科昆虫截获量最大,占47.31%;其中截获量前十的粉蚧种类为杰克贝尔氏粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、双条拂粉蚧、大洋臀纹粉蚧、南洋臀纹粉蚧、柑橘棘粉蚧、甘蔗簇粉蚧、康氏粉蚧、菠萝灰粉蚧和李比利氏灰粉蚧;而这些有害生物的主要来源地为越南和泰国;粉蚧的主要截获口岸为广西、深圳和云南;而火龙果、榴莲、龙眼和山竹是截获粉蚧最多的进境水果。【结论】中国进境水果粉蚧疫情与水果的贸易量和贸易方式、输出国有害生物发生和检疫除害处理措施、口岸关注度和能力建设等情况相关。     

云南省外来有害生物入侵现状及口岸疫情截获分析

【目的】云南是外来入侵生物的重灾区,了解外来有害生物入侵现状、加强防控尤为紧迫。【方法】从入侵云南外来有害生物类别、入侵途径、造成的损失等方面对云南省外来有害生物的入侵现状进行了阐述,对云南口岸疫情进行统计分析。【结果】按进境检疫物上截获有害生物批次及疫情货物批次统计的国家主要为缅甸、老挝、泰国、越南、荷兰5个国家;按检疫方式分类统计,货检截获批次最多,旅检次之,二者之和占总截获批次的99%;按有害生物类别分类统计,昆虫截获最多,占总截获批次的70.0%至73.9%,杂草、真菌居次,细菌、线虫、病毒、螨类、其他又次之;按货物类别统计,截获有害生物批次最多为粮豆类,占总截获批次的46%。【结论】提出了相应的检疫监管对策与建议,以期为口岸检疫提供参考,降低外来有害生物的入侵风险。     

从日本进境邮寄物中截获伤残短体线虫

【背景】2015年北京出入境检验检疫技术中心植物实验室从日本邮寄进境的鸡爪槭中检出一种短体线虫。【方法】通过采用形态学鉴定、rDNA序列测定及系统进化分析,对该线虫进行鉴定。【结果】将该线虫的形态特征和测计值与已知种群比较,与Pratylenchus vulnus最为接近;系统进化分析表明,其r DNA-ITS区序列特征与P.vulnus序列相似度为99%;系统发育树表明,其与P.vulnus聚为一组,证实该线虫为伤残短体线虫P.vulnus。【结论与意义】伤残短体线虫是一种重要的植物寄生线虫,我国进出境检疫部门曾多次从入境货物中检出该线虫,但从入境邮寄物中检中尚属首次。     

在非洲进口木材中截获的长蠹科害虫的分类

报道了近年来从非洲进口木材检疫中截获的长蠹科 1 4种害虫 ,并分别对细齿叉尾长蠹Xylionadustus、多齿叉尾长蠹X .plurispinis、毛额奸狡长蠹Apatefemoralis、大角胸长蠹Bostrychoplitesmegaceros、长缘缝棘长蠹Xyloperthodesdiscedens、三胝双棘长蠹Sinoxylonsenegalense、红角双棘长蠹S .ruficorne、褐斑木长蠹Xylodectesornatus、多毛碎木长蠹Xyloperthacrinitarsis、棕异翅长蠹Heterobostrychusbrunneus等重要长蠹成虫的主要形态特征进行了描述 ,编制了分种检索表。     

惠州口岸进境粮谷外来杂草调查与监测

【目的】随着国际农产品贸易的发展,外来杂草入侵我国的形势越来越严峻。对惠州口岸进境粮谷外来杂草进行调查与监测,能够为惠州口岸进境粮谷检疫监管工作提供参考。【方法】通过实地调查、监测,对惠州口岸进境粮谷厂区及周边外来入侵杂草的种类组成、分布、生活型、原产地、入侵途径和危害程度进行了分析。【结果】惠州口岸进境粮谷厂区及周边外来杂草有12科28种,其中,检疫性杂草有4种。在外来入侵杂草中,菊科植物种类最多,生活型以一年生草本为主;原产地以美洲为主,主要以无意引入,有7种杂草较严重危害当地生态环境。【结论】首次调查和总结了惠州口岸进境粮谷厂区及周边外来入侵杂草的名单和类别,提出了外来杂草口岸防控的建议。     

日本仙人掌中仙人掌孢囊线虫形态和分子鉴定

【背景】近年来,种苗等植物通过邮寄包裹进入我国的数量越来越多,有害生物随之入侵的风险与日俱增。深圳口岸曾多次从入境包裹中截获孢囊线虫、根结线虫等。【方法】2015年10月12日,深圳口岸在对日本邮寄来的仙人掌进行检疫时,从其根部发现了一种孢囊线虫。对该线虫进行分离,结合形态学和28S r DNA序列扩增并测序的方法,对截获的线虫进行鉴定。【结果】分离到了一种孢囊线虫,其形态特征与仙人掌孢囊线虫基本吻合,28S r DNA序列与Gen Bank数据库中登录号为DQ328702的德国群体的同源性高达99%。因此,判定截获的线虫为仙人掌孢囊线虫。【结论与意义】入境包裹检疫需要引起口岸检疫部门的高度重视。采用形态学和分子生物学相结合的方法对植物寄生线虫进行鉴定,可以得到更加准确的结果。     

进境美国高粱截获杂草种子现状分析

【目的】近年来,美国高粱开始大量进入我国,其携带的杂草种子状况尚未有相关研究。通过对进境美国高粱携带的杂草种子现状进行分析,可为出入境检验检疫机构的检疫监管和后续监测提供依据。【方法】通过对2014—2016年进境美国高粱截获的杂草种子的研究,了解其携带的杂草种子状况。【结果】黄埔检验检疫局和南沙检验检疫局从进境的美国高粱中截获的杂草种子种类共涉及19个科106种。主要包括禾本科27种、菊科14种、大戟科3种、茄科2种、苋科15种、豆科10种、蓼科7种、锦葵科4种、旋花科7种、十字花科4种、藜科4种等,其中检疫性杂草共涉及5科25种,检出率高。【结论】美国高粱携带的杂草种子数量大,种类丰富,检疫性杂草含量大,应予以高度重视。     

Fungi intercepted from Afghanistan

Fungi obtained and isolated from plant material coming in from Afghanistan and intercepted at Quarantine Station, Jamrud have been described. Out of eight species of fungi isolated from different seeds, at least one is not known to occur in Pakistan. Importance of studying seed borne fungi from Quarantine point of view is discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Pilze, die von Pflanzenmaterial von Afghanistan erhalten, isoliert und bei der Auarantänestelle Jamrud erwischt worden sind, sind hier beschrieben. Von acht Pilzarten, die von verschiedenen Samen isoliert worden sind, ist eine in Pakistan noch nicht vorgefunden worden. Die Wichtigkeit der Untersuchung von den mit den Pilzen behafteten Samen vom Standpunkt der Quarantäne ist diskutiert.

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Department of Plant Protection     

山西口岸全国首次截获危险性蚧虫并蛎蚧

【目的】并蛎蚧属盾蚧科并蛎蚧属,该虫食性杂,危害植物种类多,极易随水果、苗木、景观花卉植物等寄主传播入境。并蛎蚧分布于美国、日本和我国台湾省,在我国大陆地区尚未见该虫的发生报道。2016年5月山西口岸从来自台北的水果释迦上截获了并蛎蚧,为我国大陆首次截获。【方法】通过显微形态特征的观察和测量进行种类鉴定,并研究并蛎蚧的生物学、生态学相关资料,对其进行风险评估。【结果】并蛎蚧与近似种的主要区别:中臀叶与第二臀叶愈合中间有腺刺,有第三对臀叶,中臀叶有向内延伸的硬化区。通过风险评估认为,来自我国台湾、日本的并蛎蚧入侵我国大陆的风险较大。并蛎蚧在大陆亚热带地区的定殖和扩散风险很大。【结论】我国大陆地区的气候条件、植物种类可为并蛎蚧的定殖提供可能的适生条件,各口岸应对进境的并蛎蚧寄主植物加强检验检疫。     

广州口岸截获腹点纹牙甲Dactylosternum abdominale(Fabricius)及腐生昆虫传播探讨

报道了从菲律宾进口的废纸中截获的一种我国无分布的牙甲——腹点纹牙甲Dactylosternum abdominale（Fabricius）。讨论了腐生性昆虫世界性扩散的问题。     

Investigation of Fungal Strains Composition in Fruit Pollens for Artificial Pollination

Plants pollination are conducted through various pollinators such as wind, animals, and insects. Recently, the necessity for artificial pollination is drawing attention as the proportion of natural pollinators involved is decreasing over the years. Likewise, the trade in pollen for artificial pollination is also increasing worldwide. Through these imported pollens, many unknown microorganisms can flow from foreign countries. Among them, spores of various fungi present in the particles of pollen can be dispersed throughout the orchard. Therefore, in this study, the composition of fungal communities in imported pollen was revealed, and potential ecological characteristics of the fungi were investigated in four types of imported pollen. Top 10 operational taxonomic unit (OTU) of fungi were ranked among the following groups: Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp., and Didymella glomerata which belong to many pathogenic species. Through FUNGuild analysis, the proportion of OTUs, which is assumed to be potentially plant pathogens, was higher than 50%, except for apple pollen in 2018. Based on this study of fungal structure, this information can suggest the direction of the pollen quarantine process and contribute to fungal biology in pollen     

澳大利亚输华农林产品口岸有害生物截获概况

【目的】口岸截获有害生物的数据分析可为进境农林产品检疫监管提供依据。【方法】对澳大利亚自2010至2015年输华农林产品及其入境口岸有害生物截获情况做综合分析。【结果】2010—2015年从澳大利亚输华农林产品货物中截获各类检疫性有害生物115种。其中,粮谷中以截获的杂草种类和截获频次最多,分别达到59种和31801批次;木材及木制品中以截获的蠹虫最多,达43种,共2456批次;从水果和种苗中截获病原菌6种,共79批次。另外,从入境旅客携带物中共截获检疫性有害生物9种,共66批次。【结论】澳大利亚输华农林产品可携带的检疫性有害生物自口岸传入的风险较高,相关部门应加强口岸检疫工作。     

Fungal entomopathogens: new insights on their ecology

An important mechanism for insect pest control should be the use of fungal entomopathogens. Even though these organisms have been studied for more than 100 y, their effective use in the field remains elusive. Recently, however, it has been discovered that many of these entomopathogenic fungi play additional roles in nature. They are endophytes, antagonists of plant pathogens, associates with the rhizosphere, and possibly even plant growth promoting agents. These findings indicate that the ecological role of these fungi in the environment is not fully understood and limits our ability to employ them successfully for pest management. In this paper, we review the recently discovered roles played by many entomopathogenic fungi and propose new research strategies focused on alternate uses for these fungi. It seems likely that these agents can be used in multiple roles in protecting plants from pests and diseases and at the same time promoting plant growth.     

进口竹藤中竹长蠹五近似种的鉴别(鞘翅目:长蠹科)

介绍了近年从进口竹藤检疫中多次截获的5种竹长蠹:双窝竹长蠹 Dinoderus bifoveolatus (Wollaston)、小竹长蠹D. brevis Horn、日本竹长蠹D. japonicus Lesne、竹长蠹D. minutus Fabricius及小点竹长蠹D. ocellari Stephens,分别介绍了头、前胸背板、鞘翅、腹面及足的主要鉴别特征,并编制了这5个近似种的检索表.     

进口美国松木中截获齿小蠹的鉴定(鞘翅目:小蠹科)

本文对2010—2015年全国口岸从美国进境松木中截获的齿小蠹进行了分析,分别对美云杉齿小蠹Ips borealis、美雕齿小蠹I.calligraphus、混点齿小蠹I.confusus、重齿小蠹I.duplicatus、南部松齿小蠹I.grandicollis、蒙大拿齿小蠹I.montanus、似混齿小蠹I.paraconfusus、白云杉齿小蠹I.perturbatus、美松齿小蠹I.pini、平额重齿小蠹I.plastographus、十二齿小蠹I.sexdentatus、云杉八齿小蠹I.typographus 12种昆虫的进境寄主进行统计,对截获频次进行分析对其成虫的主要形态特征进行了描述,编制了分种检索表,对检疫鉴定工作具有指导意义。     

A new species of Coccidohystrix (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) intercepted in Japan from Pachypodium spp. (Gentianales: Apocynaceae) imported from Madagascar

A new species of Coccidohystrix Lindinger, intercepted by plant quarantine in Japan from imported Madagascar plant species, Pachypodium inopinatum Lavranos (Apocynaceae), and Pachypodium sp., is herein described and illustrated based on adult female. The new species is quite distinct in the genus in having anterior and posterior ostioles and trilocular pores on marginal cerarii and on elevated dorsal cerarii. The species is similar to Coccidohystrix primigenia Gavrilov-Zimin from Madagascar in having some morphological features mentioned above. However, the new species differs from C. primigenia in lacking multilocular pores on the dorsum, having fewer circuli, having numerous translucent pores on the back side surface of the hind tibiae, having 7–9 conical setae on anal lobe marginal cerarii, having only 2–3 conical setae on penultimate cerarii and having only 1–5 (mostly 1–2) conical setae on submarginal dorsal cerarii. An identification key for the genus, including the new species, is also provided.www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9CEDFC41-D0C9-4569-9E7D-317B02AE424F     

Zinc-dependent intermembrane space proteins stimulate import of carrier proteins into plant mitochondria

Mitochondrial inner membrane carrier proteins are imported into mitochondria from yeast, fungi and mammals by specific machinery, some components of which are distinct from those utilized by other proteins. Import of two different carriers into plant mitochondria showed that one contains a cleavable presequence which was processed during import, while the other imported in a valinomycin-sensitive manner without processing. Mild osmotic shock of mitochondria released intermembrane space (IMS) components and impaired carrier protein import. Adding back the released IMS proteins as a concentrate in the presence of micromolar ZnCl2 stimulated carrier import into IMS-depleted mitochondria, but did not stimulate import of a non-carrier control precursor protein, the alternative oxidase. Anion-exchange separation of IMS components before addition to IMS-depleted mitochondria revealed a correlation between several 9-10 kDa proteins and stimulation of carrier import. MS/MS sequencing of these proteins identified them as plant homologues of the yeast zinc-finger carrier import components Tim9 and Tim10. Stimulation of import was dependent on either Zn2+ or Cd2+ and inhibited by both N-ethylmalamide (NEM) and a divalent cation chelator, consistent with a functional requirement for a zinc finger protein. This represents direct functional evidence for a distinct carrier import pathway in plant mitochondria, and provides a tool for determining the potential function of other IMS proteins associated with protein import.