大豆抗豆秆黑潜蝇遗传的初步研究

为研究大豆品种抗蝇性遗传规律,利用5个品种配制了3个杂交组合,在田间利用自然虫源,对P_1、P_2、F_1、F_2和F_3的抗感反应进行鉴定。结果表明,大豆品种抗蝇性系受单个显性主基因控制;可能受某些微效多基因及环境的修饰。在大豆抗蝇性遗传中未发现细胞质遗传效应。     

抗虫和感虫大豆混播对产量及害虫种群发生和昆虫群落多样性影响

[目的]利用大豆高抗虫和高感虫品种混播,明确有效控害保产的最优比例,以实现大豆生产中有效的害虫生态防控和提高大豆产量.[方法]本研究选取高抗(Lamar;R)和与高感(JLNMH;S)斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura的大豆品种,进行不同比例的种子混播种植(即R、S单作,90％R和10％S(9R1S)、80％R和20％S(8R2S)、70％R和30％S(7R3S)、50％R和50％S(5R5S)混播),探究对大豆产量和主要害虫种群发生及昆虫群落多样性的影响.[结果]不同比例混播处理间斜纹夜蛾和筛豆龟蝽Megacopta cribraria的百株虫量无显著差异,但均显著低于S单作.混播处理8R2S和9R 1S以及R单作下昆虫群落多样性指数(H)和均匀度指数(E)显著高于其他试验处理,而优势度指数(C)显著低于其他试验处理.此外,昆虫群落丰富度指数(D)随着高感虫大豆混播比例的增加而降低;其中,混播处理8R2S和9R1S,以及R单作都显著高于S单作.对于大豆产量,混播处理显著影响大豆百株籽粒重,但对千粒重的影响不明显.其中,R单作和9R1S混播方式下大豆百株籽粒重最高,且有随着高抗虫品种(R)混播比例的增加而提高的趋势.[结论]高抗虫和高感虫品种混播可有效降低大豆主要害虫发生,且R混播比例≥80％能有效提高昆虫群落多样性、均匀度和丰富度,并对大豆产量提高有利.大豆生产中,建议采用80％以上的高抗虫品种与高感虫品种混播以实现大豆控害保产的生态防控效果.     

大豆花叶病毒（SMV）的侵染对大豆光合作用的影响

大豆品种“广吉”感染大豆花叶病毒(SMV)的 Sg和Sh株系后,光合速率、叶绿素含量、Hill反应活性、3—磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶活性明显下降,而在感染Sh株系的病株中乙醇酸氧化酶活性却明显增加。感染Sh株系的病株光合速率下降程度大于感染Sg株系的病株。感染Sg株系的病株在症状开始出现的早期阶段,光合速率出现短时间的增高。     

野生大豆对大豆花叶病毒株系SC13的抗性遗传和基因定位

大豆花叶病毒(SMV,soybean mosaic virus)病是广泛分布于我国各大豆产区的大豆主要病害之一。SMV株系SC13是我国北方大豆产区广泛分布的株系之一。为拓宽大豆对SMV的抗病种质,研究了中国大豆核心种质材料野生大豆ZYD03715对大豆花叶病毒株系SC13的抗性遗传方式,确定与栽培大豆抗源对同一株系的抗性位点间的等位性关系,并对抗性基因进行了标记定位。结果表明:野生大豆抗源ZYD03715对SMV株系SC13的抗性由1对隐性基因控制,广谱抗源科丰1号的抗性受1对显性基因控制,且两个抗源携带的抗性基因是不等位的。采用分离群体组群分析发现,野生大豆ZYD03715对SC13的抗性位点(r~ySC13)位于大豆14号染色体(B2连锁群)上,处于2个SSR标记Satt416和Satt083一侧,与其距离分别为4.1 c M和0.9 c M。利用科丰1号×南农1138-2的F_2群体,将科丰1号所携带的抗性基因(R~k_(SC13))定位在大豆2号染色体(D1b连锁群)上的Satt558和Sat_254标记之间,遗传距离分别为3.7 c M和16.1 c M。以往发现大豆对SMV不同株系的抗性都分别由1对显性基因控制,本研究在野生大豆中鉴定出隐性抗病基因,并标记定位了该隐性抗病基因,它将为大豆抗病性育种的分子标记辅助选择以及抗性基因的精细定位和克隆奠定基础。     

我国大豆种子中球蛋白2S组分的分离纯化及部分性质的研究

根据大豆种子球蛋白和清蛋白溶解性不同的原理,分离出我国红丰3号大豆种子球蛋白2S粗制剂,再用SephadexG-100柱层析对其进行纯化。纯化后的球蛋白表现SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳非均一性。对这样纯化过的2s球蛋白进行DEAE-纤维素离子交换柱层析分离,用0.1—0.5mol/L pH7.6磷酸盐缓冲液进行线性梯度洗脱,得到四个洗脱峰,每个峰都获得了PAGE单一条带。四个组分分别命名为SⅡP_1,SⅡP_2,SⅡP_3和SⅡP_4。然后对这四种蛋白质的某些性质进行了研究,结果表明四者的分子量按以上顺序分别为22800,21500,19200和17800。所含残基数分别为191,179,163和147个。SⅡP_1,SⅡP_2和SⅡP_3三者的沉降系数(S_(20),w)分别为2.1S,1.9S和1.8S。N-末端分析表明这四种蛋白质的N-末端均为天门冬氨酸.还发现SⅡP_2具有能抑制α-胰凝乳蛋白酶的活性。本实验所提纯的这个抑制剂的一个ATEE(N-乙酰-L-酪氨酸乙酯)单位为0.4μg抑制剂蛋白(仅指对α-chymotrypsin发生作用)。α-chymotrypsin与此抑制剂相互作用时的摩尔数比初步判断为E/I=2/1。     

不同大豆与大豆花叶病毒组合中胼胝质的荧光标记及其功能初探

选用6个大豆品种与4个不同的大豆花叶病毒株系,分别组成抗病级别不同的组合,通过对接种叶片与上位叶症状观察、苯胺蓝染色辅以荧光显微镜观察和药物学试验,探讨了不同抗病级别组合中胼胝质（即β-l,3-葡聚糖）积累的特点及其在大豆抵抗大豆花叶病毒侵染过程中的作用。试验结果表明,大豆接种病毒后,在抗病级别分别为0-3的各个组合的叶肉细胞中,在侵染早期（接种后6-72 h）不同的组合在不同时间点分别观察到了胼胝质荧光,且胼胝质荧光出现的时间与抗病级别密切相关,即品种的抗病性越强在侵染点处观察到胼胝质的时间越早;而在抗病级别为5的组合中一直未能观察到胼胝质荧光。另外,在抗病级别为0级和1级的各组合中给叶片预注射2-DDG(2-deoxy-D-glucose,一种胼胝质合成抑制剂）再接种病毒,在上位叶能观察到坏死斑的出现并且通过RT-PCR能够检测到大豆花叶病毒外壳蛋白基因。以上结果表明,大豆被大豆花叶病毒侵染后,品种的抗病性越强就会在侵染点处越早的积累胼胝质,胼胝质的沉积与大豆抗病毒侵染密切相关。     

大豆基因工程根瘤菌田间结瘤和共生固氮效应

利用三亲本接合转移方法,将快生型大豆根病菌B_(52)的基因文库克隆转移到受体菌慢生型大豆根瘤菌2210中,获得4株大豆基因工程根瘤菌(32.43、B—2—6、B—3—8)。田间接种试验表明:在大豆分枝期(V2),43和32结瘤效分别比不接种对照增加117.9％和100.4％;在初花期(R_1),32和B—2—6结瘤数分别比对照增加122.5％和91.6％,根瘤固氮酶活性增加233.3％和195.6％;在结荚始期(R3),B—2—6和32结瘤数比对照增加78.5％和70.1％,根瘤固氟酶活性43和B—2—6分别比对照增加53.4％和49.3％。产量统计表明:32、B—2—6和43比对照分别增产16.8％、14.3％和12.2％,亩增收大豆分别为28.2、24.1和20.6公斤。以上三个菌株均比受体菌株2210增产率高。     

大豆合丰25复合诱变研究

以大豆合丰25为试验材料,经过航天搭载与^60Co-γ辐射的复合诱变处理,对M2代4个株系的主要农艺性状进行研究。结果表明经过复合诱变后大豆群体株高、底荚高度、主茎节数、单株荚数、单株粒数等主要农艺性状发生不同程度的变化,存在着与对照达到显著或极显著的株系;只有1个株系主茎节数存在单株变异率,其它株系主茎节数单株变异不明显;株高、底荚高度、单株荚数、单株粒数等农艺性状均有不同程度的单株变异率,可以为大豆种质创新所利用。     

大豆不同花叶病毒抗性品种胼胝质荧光标记初探

选用6个大豆品种与4个不同的大豆花叶病毒株系,分别组成抗病级别不同的组合,通过对接种叶片与上位叶症状观察、苯胺蓝染色辅以荧光显微镜观察和药物学试验,探讨了不同抗病级别组合中胼胝质(即β-l,3-葡聚糖)积累的特点及其在大豆抵抗大豆花叶病毒侵染过程中的作用。试验结果表明,大豆接种病毒后,在抗病级别分别为0～3的各个组合的叶肉细胞中,在侵染早期(接种后6、72 h)不同的组合在不同时间点分别观察到了胼胝质荧光,且胼胝质荧光出现的时间与抗病级别密切相关,即抗病性越强的组合在侵染点处观察到胼胝质的时间越早;而在抗病级别为5的组合中一直未能观察到胼胝质荧光。另外,在抗病级别为0级和1级的各组合中给叶片预注射2-DDG(2-deoxy-D-glucose,一种胼胝质合成抑制剂)再接种病毒,在上位叶能观察到坏死斑的出现并且通过RT-PCR能够检测到大豆花叶病毒外壳蛋白基因。以上结果表明,大豆被大豆花叶病毒侵染后,抗病性越强的品种就会在侵染点处越早地积累胼胝质,胼胝质的沉积与大豆抗病毒侵染密切相关。     

黑龙江省主要栽培大豆品种(系)对大豆疫霉根腐病的多抗性评价

用下胚轴伤口接种方法接种鉴定黑龙江省60个栽培大豆品种和育成品系对5个具有不同毒力大豆疫霉菌菌株41-4、PMCl、USAR4、PSZJ6和USAR17的抗性.有50个品种(系)抗1个或1个以上茵株或表现中间类型,其中有5个、8个、16个和21个品种(系)分别对4个、3个、2个和1个菌株表现抗性或中间类型.60个品种(系)对5个菌株共产生12种反应模式,其中呈RRSSR反应类型的品种(系)可能含有Rpslα或Rpslc基因,品系农大3861可能含有Rps3c基因,呈SSSSS反应模式的品种(系)可能含有Rps7基因,或不含抗病基因;其它9种反应模式与含有已知单基因品种或单基因组合的反应模式不同,可能具有未知抗病基因.该研究结果表明,黑龙江省具有较丰富的抗大豆疫霉根腐病大豆品种(系),大部分品种(系)的抗性是有效的,可合理地用于大豆生产和抗疫霉根腐病育种.     

心脑血管疾病大额住院消费统计分析

通过对医院2004-2006年心脑血管疾病大额住院消费(消费大于50000元,以下简称大额消费)病例发病率高的前五种疾病的构成情况、药费、材料费消耗情况进行分析,认为加强大额病例中发病率高的病种的重点管理,是降低医疗费用的有效途径。建议制定常见病大额病种预定额付费方案和审查报销制度;采用适宜技术;控制药费,防止过度医疗,有效地遏制医疗费用的过快增长。     

Evidence that the C-terminus of OprM is involved in the assembly of the VceAB-OprM efflux pump

Although the architecture of tripartite multiple drug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria has been well characterized, the means by which the components recognize each other and assemble into a functional pump remains obscure. In this study we present evidence that the C-terminal domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprM and the α-helical hairpin domain of Vibrio cholerae VceA play an important role in the recognition/specificity/recruitment step in the assembly of a functional, VceAB-OprM chimeric efflux pump. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence directly linking the C-terminal domain of an outer membrane efflux protein to its recruitment during the assembly of a tripartite efflux pump.     

两个猪苓菌株生长速度及酯酶同工酶比较研究

对不同地理分布的猪苓纯培养菌株进行了种性和酯酶同工酶的比较研究,结果表明,鸡爪苓（Z）纯培养菌株和猪屎苓（ZJ）纯培养菌株的种性有很大不同,两个纯培养菌株的酯酶同工酶酶带类型差异较大,亲缘关系较远。     

Synthesis of modified fragments of fibrinogen and their effect on the activity of proteolytic enzymes

New analogues of the Gly-Pro-Arg and Arg-Gly-Asp fragments of fibrinogen were synthesized: Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro (I), Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Met-OMe (II), Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Phe (III), Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Asp (IV), Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Glu (V), and Arg-Asn-Trp-Asp (VI). Their effect on the activity of proteases of various types was studied with the method of lysis of fibrin plates. All the peptides were found to inhibit plasmin activity (by 60–85%) and the γ-subunit of nerve growth factor (by 55–93%). Tetrapeptide (VI) proved to be an effective inhibitor of tissue activator of plasminogen and the γ-subunit of nerve growth factor (by 96 and 93%, respectively). The peptides exerted practically no effect on the activity of urokinase and moderately inhibited the activity of streptokinase [(III), IV), and (VI)], papain [(I), (II), IV), and (VI)], subtilisin [(V) and (VI)], α-chymotrypsin [(III), (V), and VI)], and Bacillus subtilis metalloprotease (VI). They inhibit trypsin [except for (I) and (III)] when applied on fibrin plates at a concentration of 1 × 10^?2 M, while, at the concentration of 1 × 10^?3 M, (I) and (II) induced an increase in proteolytic activity by 35 and 47%, respectively.     

Studies on the energy coupling sites of photophosphorylation IV. The relation of proton fluxes to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Photosystem II

1. By using dibromothymoquinone as the electron acceptor, it is possible to isolate functionally that segment of the chloroplast electron transport chain which includes only Photosystem II and only one of the two energy conservation sites coupled to the complete chain (Coupling Site II, observed P/e₂ = 0.3–0.4). A light-dependent, reversible proton translocation reaction is associated with the electron transport pathway: H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone. We have studied the characteristics of this proton uptake reaction and its relationship to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Coupling Site II.

2. The initial phase of H⁺ uptake, analyzed by a flash-yield technique, exhibits linear kinetics (0–3 s) with no sign of transient phenomena such as the very rapid initial uptake (“pH gush”) encountered in the overall Hill reaction with methylviologen. Thus the initial rate of H⁺ uptake obtained by the flash-yield method is in good agreement with the initial rate estimated from a pH change tracing obtained under continuous illumination.

3. Dibromothymoquinone reduction, observed as O₂ evolution by a similar flash-yield technique, is also linear for at least the first 5 s, the rate of O₂ evolution agreeing well with the steady-state rate observed under continuous illumination.

4. Such measurements of the initial rates of O₂ evolution and H⁺ uptake yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio close to 0.5 for the Photosystem II partial reaction regardless of pH from 6 to 8. (Parallel experiments for the methylviologen Hill reaction yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 1.7 at pH 7.6.)

5. When dibromothymoquinone is being reduced, concurrent phosphorylation (or arsenylation) markedly lowers the extent of H⁺ uptake (by 40–60%). These data, unlike earlier data obtained using the overall Hill reaction, lend themselves to an unequivocal interpretation since phosphorylation does not alter the rate of electron transport in the Photosystem II partial reaction. ADP, P_i and hexokinase, when added individually, have no effect on proton uptake in this system.

6. The involvement of a proton uptake reaction with an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 0.5 in the Photosystem II partial reaction H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone strongly suggests that at least 50% of the protons produced by the oxidation of water are released to the inside of the thylakoid, thereby leading to an internal acidification. It is pointed out that the observed efficiencies for ATP formation (P/e₂) and proton uptake (H⁺/e⁻) associated with Coupling Site II can be most easily explained by the chemiosmotic hypothesis of energy coupling.     

林带阻力系数与透风系数关系的理论分析

根据冲量定理分析了林带对气流的阻力,首次得到了林带阻力系数的估算模式（Ｃｄ＝（１．８＋０．２α）（１－α）ｓｉｎ２ω,并利用有关文献发表的资料进行了验证．文章还对来流平行林带时林带对气流的阻力进行了讨论,指出来流平行林带时林带对气流的阻力仅为来流垂直林带时林带对气流阻力的０．７—１．１％,可以不予考虑．     

2种嵩草属植物形态特征对生境干旱化的响应

该研究于西藏自治区东南部的东达山高山草甸沿生境干旱化梯度设置10个样地,采用线性回归方法分析优势种高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)和矮生嵩草(K.humilis)叶片数量与其它构件数值(分株数量、茎基直径、根系数量和根系长度)之间的关系,并采用线性回归斜率测度分株功效、叶片萌生能力、根系分生功效和根系伸长功效,以探讨嵩草的分株能力、茎基生长和根系生长对生境干旱化过程的响应机制。结果显示:(1)2种嵩草植物的叶片数量与4种构件数值均为显著线性正相关关系。(2)随着生境干旱化程度增加,高山嵩草分株数量增加,矮生嵩草分株受干旱抑制程度高,分株数量呈下降趋势;2种嵩草分株功效下降,即单株叶片数量因干旱化程度增加而减少。(3)2种嵩草的茎基直径、叶片萌生能力随着生境干旱化程度增加而下降;高山嵩草叶片萌生能力的变化与生境干旱化梯度一致,具有连续性;矮生嵩草叶片萌生能力对生境干旱化的适应性弱,干旱到一定程度发生骤降。(4)随着生境干旱化,高山嵩草的根系数量和长度均增加,矮生嵩草根系长度增加,但数量却无规律变化;2种嵩草的根系分生功效和根系伸长功效均下降。研究表明:嵩草属植物分布的最适宜生境为表面稍有积水的沼生生境。为适应生境干旱化,高山嵩草降低叶片萌生率以减少蒸腾作用,增加分株数量以增强对空间的占有能力,并增加根系数量和长度来提高对土壤水分的吸收能力,因此对干旱有较强适应性且分布范围广;矮生嵩草只通过降低叶片萌生率,增加根系长度响应干旱化生境,其分布范围较窄。     

The detection of salivary enzymes of phytophagous Hemiptera: a compilation of methods

The role of Hemipteran saliva and salivary enzymes is central to an understanding of the etiology of damage that these insects cause to plants. The dilute nature of the salivary secretions and the minute quantities in which they are often obtainable have made analysis and detection of salivary components very difficult. Such investigations in this laboratory have led us to formalise the techniques involved and we believe that the compilation of these methods presented herein may be useful to other research workers in this area. Methods are described for acid and alkaline phosphatase, esterase, /S-glucosidase, carbohydrases, invertase, amylase, proteinase, pectinase, cellulase, catalase, peroxidase, catechol oxidase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbic oxidase.     

民勤绿洲边缘地下水位变化对植物种群生态位的影响

在民勤绿洲边缘,利用空间区域不同地下水位(湖区8～12m,泉山区15～17m,坝区20～23m)和时间序列(1984～1992年)民勤沙井子地区地下水位下降(7.45～11.65m)梯度,研究地下水位下降对荒漠植物种群生态位的影响。结果表明:空间区域地下水位下降,植物种群生态位宽度均减小,种群退化;时间序列地下水位下降,白刺种群在扩展,其它植物种群在退化。白刺种群生态位宽度在民勤绿洲边缘荒漠植物群落中最大,是该区的建群种。由于白刺种群在地下水位7.45～11.65m范围内扩展,民勤绿洲生态环境治理中地下水位达到该范围是一个主要目标。     

The Method of Unweighted Means in Unbalanced Analysis of Variance

For factorial experiments with unbalanced data the method of unweighted means is an alternate method of analysis which is computationally simpler than likelihood ratio based F-tests. The quality of the null approximation to the F-distribution of the statistic for the method of unweighted means and the power of this test relative to the likelihood ratio test are discussed. Recommendations are made of when in the course of data analysis the superior operating characteristics of the likelihood ratio test may not outweigh the computational simplicity of the method of unweighted means test.